• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.93-125
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• 2011

The International Civil Aviation Convention (Chicago Convention) has been a backbone of international air transport system whereby air transport between States should be based on bilateral agreements, and in particular, international airfares, which are set up through IATA(International Air Transport Association) rate-fixing machinery could be approved by the governments concerned. International airfares are fares for transporting passenger and freight and their conditions between two or more countries. However, since U.S. pursued th deregulation policy in 1978 whereby routes, capacity and fares could be freely determined by airlines, many States have been following so called open-skies agreements. In many cases, aeronautical and competent authorities have been reviewing whether airlines' commercial activities including air fares could possibly conflict with free competition rules envisaged in relevant laws and regulations. As competition among airlines gets intense, airlines often resort to cooperation with other airlines in the forms such as equity exchange, M&A, code-sharing, fares consultation and resource pooling, mainly with a view to effectively use resources available and to avoid monopoly situation resulting from excessive and destructive competition among players. Whereas bearing in mind that application of competition laws is important to secure consumers' interests by preventing airlines's malpractices such as bargaining exorbitant fares, it is also important to comprehensively consider as many factors as possible, from that unilateral measure by governments may bring about retaliatory measures by the governments affected, to that airlines' cooperative practices may rather increase consumers' benefits by lowering air fares.

• International Area Studies Review
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.235-256
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• 2016

The local governments have utilized overseas offices of businesses within their jurisdiction as a forward operating base to discover and expand the overseas market. In addition, overseas offices of businesses are expected to play a big role in economic, cultural, and personal exchange, and collection of information regarding overseas market trends. Recently, inviting foreign capital, promoting cities, and attracting foreign tourists are being done through them. Since foreign capital invitation has an effect on creating jobs, the population influx, increasing local government revenues, there is a high degree of competition for it among local governments. Also, while local governments have set out to actively attract foreign tourists through city promotion marketing and developing products in connection with their region, overseas offices of businesses are playing a major role in doing the job. However, due to low performance satisfaction against the budget invested, there have been criticisms that they need to improve efficiency. As a result, each local government is faced with a task to seek efficient operational plans since overseas offices of businesses in each local government are expected to play a bigger role in trade support and international exchanges.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.4
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• pp.455-479
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• 1998

The handling of food garbage should be effectively accomplished to strengthen national competitive power, conserve the environment and improve the public health. But the study of this subject left much to be desired. So we studied about present situation, specific character and decreasing method of food garbage and practical application of Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point(HACCP) system to handling of food garbage. Actually eight trillion won per year which corresponds to the one fifth of the debt from international monetary found(IMF) as these day's exchange rate was wasted by the form of food garbage, so the government should have willing of support the revenue source of investment to develop and accomplish the effective handling of food garbage. National public relations(P.R.) into improvement of eating and drinking culture and enlightenment of environment movement will be needed. Under the organic cooperation of industrial, academic, government circles, active studies should be accomplished. we hope this study can be used as the basal material of filed of handling of food garbage.

• Journal of Information Processing Systems
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.67-75
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• 2024

In the promotion of Chinese language, the funding that Confucius Institutes can rely on only comes from Hanban. From 2009 to 2014, the number of new Confucius Institutes opened is much higher than before. With the increasing number of Confucius Institutes established in various countries, the funding for promoting Chinese language has limited its development. The development situation of Confucius Institutes in Australia is diversified with very rich experience. The market-oriented development of Confucius Institutes has also tried many times. The Confucius Institutes in the Lancang-Mekong region have less experience but they can learn from various experiences from Australia to provide better ideas and paths for the development of Confucius Institutes in this region and the promotion of Chinese. This paper uses the strength, weakness, opportunity, and threat (SWOT) model to analyze the market feasibility of financial support for the development of Confucius Institutes and makes certain suggestions for the promotion of Chinese language in the Lancang-Mekong region.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.689-695
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• 2021

In the current technology-driven era, Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) have been deemed as one of the leading and prominent drivers of sustainable economic progress in emerging and developing economies such as in the Bangladesh context. Hence, it is of significance to understand what might fuel accelerating performance of SME business as increased SME performance will bring about more sustainability and strong development of SME sector within the country, through which more employment is anticipated to be generated. Therefore, the current study examines the impact of three factors: risk-taking, innovativeness, and proactiveness on SME performance in Bangladesh. The study has gathered data from SME entities in Dhaka city of Bangladesh, by applying a non-probability sampling strategy. 250 SME owners were contacted to act as respondents and finally, 180 SME owners fully completed the survey questionnaire, indicating that the final sample size is n=180. SPSS is used as a purpose of testing the hypotheses by considering a 5% significance level as acceptance criteria of the hypothesis. Hierarchical regression analysis was run to understand the impact of control variables and independent variables on SME performance and found that age of business, risk-taking, innovativeness, and proactiveness have an important impact on SME performance in Bangladesh.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.391-410
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• 2008

Emphasis on relationship management might be found out from Williamson (1975), who tried to elucidate why an organization exists. According to his transaction cost theory, an organization is established to evade opportunistic actions of the market and build up a hierarchy of value chain. However, judged from the perspective of exchange relationship in a trade, the transaction cost theory was likely to approach to buyer-seller relationship by the mechanism of competition. Therefore, an organization exists to control the competition of the market. Relationship management suggested by relationship marketing focuses on cooperation between buyers and sellers, rather than competition against each other. Relationship management aims to provide a framework for making a market relationship that might become an asset or a resource of the firm. In the process of maintaining and strengthening long-term and cooperative relationship with all stakeholders included customers, suppliers and staff, they continue to create new values. The purpose of this empirical research, by investigating how relationship management of multinational enterprises influences on their competitive advantages and performances, is to suggest that a cooperative relationship established for a long time in the market, so-called quasi-market relationship, substitutes for an organization.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.48
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• pp.57-76
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• 2010

This study reviews maritime transport policy regarding liner conference and the changes in the liner market over the decades. Liner shipping industry has long been protected from competition by block exemption. To prevent excessive competition in punctual operation and its inelastic market structure, liner shipping companies formed conferences that are protected to fix the prices under the law. In the US, deregulation in transport sector began from 80's and continuing with OSRA 1998, conferences were dissolving. On the other hand, the EU with close conference system, Regulation 4056/86 contained block exemption remained in force for unlimited time without review clause. However, in Oct 2008, the EU has announced its removal, and conferences were no longer permitted to fix the price nor exchange information. Although OSRA 1998 has already broken up conferences by allowing individual service contracts, but the repeal of the immunity for price fixing will alter significantly the rule on cooperation in the industry since it is a unilateral move by the EU, especially in transatlantic lane. There are rapid changes in shipping market getting much more complicated, and with removal of 4056/86 allowing the market to be more competitive, opening up the industry with far more diverse strategic options. Hence this paper reviews on liner shipping industry and its changes of policies over the years from protected market to open competition market of today.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.17
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• pp.111-132
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• 2003

The air transport industry is the most important as means of human exchange between the countries. Because the spread effect and the durability by aviation cooperation between the countries are much higher than any other industry, a research about air transport industry is very important to allied industry field as well as national policy about International cooperation and integration. Specially, according to the economic interchange with North Korea becomes active, the role of air transport as related traffic network with North Korea becomes more important. The number of flights is increasing sharply after South-North summit meeting, and two sides established and are using temporary direct route between South-North Korea. When we consider that the number of flights utilizing temporary direct route is increasing every year, It is not desirable to use temporary routes continuously because the current agreement between South and North cant be reliable far the case of unexpected circumstance. In addition, the current agreement is not based on the international standards. The paper is to study the condition to promote the coordination of civil aviation in the whole Korean peninsula. As known, the aviation system in North Korea is mainly operated by military unit. The study will review the current status of air transport system of South and North and the effective way of cooperation of civil aviation between both sides. The cooperation between governments as well as between airlines is studied. The establishment of Air Traffic Service Agreement is going to be handled heavily because the stable air traffic service is the most required base for the operation of air transport. The authors also try to find a way to support the development of infrastructure of aviation industry in North Korea.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.252-269
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• 2019

Since the inauguration of the Kim Jong-un regime in 2012, the safeguarding and management system of cultural heritage in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) has been changing to a form similar to that of a democratic country's legal system. In addition, the National Authority for the Protection of Cultural Heritage (NAPCH) has continuously recorded and cataloged intangible cultural heritage elements in the DPRK, listing Arirang, kimchi-making, and ssireum on the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Representative List. In particular, the multinational nomination of ssireum in October 2018 is symbolic in terms of inter-Korean exchanges and cooperation for peace and reconciliation, raising expectations for the further multinational nomination of the two Koreas' intangible cultural heritage. Currently, South Korea lists 20 items on its Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, three of which are shared by various countries with multinational nominations such as falconry, tug-of-war, and ssireum. However, when comparing the process of applying for multinational nomination in the three elements that follow, it is necessary to discuss whether these cases reflect the nature of multinational nomination. In particular, in the case of ssireum, without a working-level consultation between the two Koreas to prepare an application for a multinational nomination, each applied for a single registration; these applications were approved exceptionally as a multinational nomination by the Intergovernmental Committee under the leadership of the Secretary-General of UNESCO, and no bilateral exchanges have taken place until now. This is symbolic, formal, and substantially similar to the individual listings in terms of the spirit of co-listing on the premise of mutual exchange and cooperation. Therefore, the only way to strengthen the effectiveness of the multinational nomination between the two Koreas and to guarantee the spirit of multinational nomination is to request multilateral co-registration, including the two Koreas. For this, the Korean government needs a strategic approach, such as finding elements for multilateral co-listing; accumulating expertise, capabilities, and experience as a leading country in multilateral co-listing; and building cooperative governance with stakeholders. Besides, to reduce the volatility of inter-Korean cultural exchanges and cooperation depending on political situations and the special nature of inter-Korean relations, measures should be taken toward achieving inter-Korean cultural heritage exchanges and cooperation under a multilateral cooperation system using UNESCO, an international organization.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.20 no.12
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• pp.2274-2281
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• 2016

In the long-term ecological research community, personal information is an important factor for the collaboration of data management and data usage in international long-term ecological research as well as on the national level. If lots of personal information was disclosed, collaborative researchers are useful to carry out research cooperation, whereas, information providers tend to be burdened to disclose it. LTER system should be considered to provide both maximum personal information required by a community and minimum personal information to be provided to unrelated people due to the scale of personal information and a number of the constraints on disclosure in the aspect of information distribution of the laws associated with personal information protection. In this article, we analyze international ecological metadata standard, EML, and trends in personal information management throughout international long-term ecological research platforms and propose a system model capable of managing personal information based on related domestic laws for the international data exchange through design and implementation.