• Journal of Science and Technology Studies
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.143-174
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• 2010

How can a regulatory policy to address potential hazards be made legitimate in the face of scientific uncertainty? The precautionary principle has been gradually regarded as the most persuasive answer to this intricate question in Europe since the 1970s and generally recognized as a guiding principle in international environmental law. This principle, however, has often been subject to diverse concerns and criticisms due to its vague definition. This article tries to elaborate the precautionary principle while reviewing both the validity and unreasonableness of these criticisms over this principle. Then, this article explores the policy relevance of this principle by applying this elaborated definition to the concrete case of risk governance such as the risk assesment of food safety. In the end, this paper emphasizes the fact that the precautionary principle can be applied in the field of risk governance, refuting the argument that the precautionary principle is only a moral attitude or a political position.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.489-522
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• 2015

According to Law on Allocation and Trading of GHG Allowances of 2013 in Korea as well as the 2014 National Master Plan for Korean Emissions Trading System, the System should be designed to minimize the change in the market positions of the affected firms. In this paper, we investigate how that principle might become ineffective by the ways of distributing allowances and applying different accounting methods using a Cournot duopoly model. Although the way of allocating allowances freely to firms combined with accounting them for having no values would minimize their market positions, it would not the most cost-effective way of GHG reduction since it does not provide financial market with accurate informations.

• The Journal of Fisheries Business Administration
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.93-110
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• 2016

Most of the changes that make paradigm shift have been involved international level problems related to environment, resource and structure problems in these days. Resolving those common issues the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization(UN FAO) has played most important role in fisheries with publishing the series of the technical guidelines for responsible fisheries papers. The guidelines for responsible fisheries have introduced for applying the concept of sustainable development with considering overall changes in fisheries domains. And also have objectives that establishing the discipline of fisheries worlds. Although these papers are remarkable, there is still few research or education contents of them in Korea. Fisheries business administration is a kind of social science that influenced by environmental, social changes so called paradigm shift. So one of the most important thing that has the education of sustainable development is accommodation or adaptation of them with grasping the phenomenon continuously. The aims of this study are exploring the FAO's the technical guidelines for responsible fisheries documents and contents of college's fisheries business administration and finding out the overall systematic topics and themes of fisheries business administration education. The result of this study shows that the contents of fisheries business administration did not including the concept of responsible fisheries even were out of date in using statistical data. And there is some missing issues that including fisheries policy, resource management, and related law should be enhanced. This study suggests the framework of fisheries business administration with comparing analysis on FAO's document and college's course of study in Korea. The proposed framework of major topics of fisheries business administration that still needed to be improved should be a milestone of understanding and debating the core factors of fisheries business administration education and research.

• International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.208-222
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• 2021

Managing with the presence of sea ice is the primary challenge in the operation of floating platforms in the Arctic region. It is widely accepted that offshore structures operating in Arctic conditions need station-keeping methods as well as ice management by icebreakers. Dynamic Positioning (DP) is one of the station-keeping methods that can provide mobility and flexibility in marine operations. The presence of sea ice generates complex external forces and moments acting on the vessel, which need to be counteracted by the DP system. In this paper, an icevaning control algorithm is proposed that enables Arctic offshore vessels to perform DP operations. The proposed icevaning control enables each vessel to be oriented toward the direction of the mean environmental force induced by ice drifting so as to improve the operational safety and reduce the overall thruster power consumption by having minimum external disturbances naturally. A mathematical model of an Arctic offshore vessel is summarized for the development of the new icevaning control algorithm. To determine the icevaning action of the Arctic offshore vessel without any measurements and estimation of ice conditions including ice drift, task and null space are defined in the vessel model, and the control law is formulated in the task space. A backstepping technique is utilized to handle the nonlinearity of the Arctic offshore vessel's dynamic model, and the Lyapunov stability theory is applied to guarantee the stability of the proposed icevaning control algorithm. Experiments are conducted in the ice tank of the Korea Research Institute of Ships and Ocean Engineering to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed approach.

• New & Renewable Energy
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.10-22
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• 2022

Forest biomass energy is based on scientific evidence in response to carbon neutrality and the climate crisis, international consensus, and environmental-geographic characteristics of each nation. In this study, the authors aimed to analyze macroscopic forest biomass energy policies for ten major countries. They categorized them into six detailed categories (Sustainable utilization, Cascading Uutilization, Replacement of fossil fuel/Carbon intensive products, Utilization of forest by-products/residues as the source of energy, Contribution to carbon-neutral/climate change, and Biomass combined with CCS/CCUS ). In addition, the surveyed nations have developed a policy consensus on the active use of forest biomass with sustainable forest management except for the cascading utilization category. Furthermore, the authors evaluated the mid to long-term plans of the Korean government for improvements in the policy and legal aspects. As a result, the authors derived four major directions that South Korea should approach strategically in the future (1) secure financial resources for sustainable forest management and stimulating investment in the timber industry, (2) promote unified policies to establish a bio-economy, (3) enhancement of the forest biomass energy system, and (4) reorganization and promotion of strategy centered on the opinions of field experts in internal and external instability.

• International conference on construction engineering and project management
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• 2009.05a
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• pp.669-675
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• 2009

As the use of new and renewable energy is one of the ways by which the exhaustion of fossil fuels and the other existing environmental problems can be addressed, a policy of spreading information regarding it and of conducting R&D related to it is currently being implemented in advanced countries. In the construction field, the concept of "green building" was born, and the application of this concept has increased, with the end in view of achieving energy savings, resource savings, and recycling, and of conserving the natural environment. In this context, the government of Korea amended the "Law on the Development, Use, and Promotion of New and Recycled Energy" in 2004, which contains 11 provisions related to new and renewable energy and their sources, including solar and geothermal energy as well as sunlight, water, rainfall, and organisms. Since solar-energy should be used instead of fossil fuels by converting sunlight directly into electricity, many researches on this subject are in progress. There are few researches, however, employing the economic approach to the subject. Thus, in this study, an economic assessment of the solar-energy system was conducted using both life cycle cost (LCC) analysis and sensitivity analysis. The results of the LCC analysis show that the solar-energy system will become economically better than the fossil fuel system after 16 years, although the initial construction cost of the solar-energy system is higher than that of the fossil fuel system. The results of this study are expected to be used in selecting an eco-friendly and economical solar-energy system when the construction of a green building is planned.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.461-467
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• 2003

This study was conducted to provide the basic information to know reasonable method f3r the removal and treatment of municipal solid wastes(MSWs). MSWs four different sources(apartment residence, commerce, office/industry) in Daegu city were collected, and bulk density, physical composition, moisture, combustible, ash, elements and heating values were investigated. The values of bulk density were at range of 0.30∼0.41ton/m$^3$. The percentages of foods, papers, vinyls/plastics, textiles, rubbers/leathers, metals and glasses/ceramics of wet muncipal solid wastes from three sources except office/industry were at range of 27.3∼46.4%, 21.2∼38.4%, 10.3∼11.9%, 3.8∼5.2%, 0.5∼1.7%, 6.9∼8.7% and 1.9∼2.6% respectively. The percentages of papers, foods, vinyls/plastics, textiles, rubbers/leathers, metals and glasses/ceramics of dry muncipal solid wastes from three sources except office/industry were at range of 21.1∼40.4%, 14.2∼30.1%, 15.2∼17.8%, 4.0∼6.0%, 0.9∼2.8%, 12.2∼14.1% and 3.1∼3.7％ respectively. The moisture contents of foods, woods, textiles and papers in wastes were at range of 65.7∼76.2%, 34.6∼50.0%, 22.2∼44.8 and 30.6∼44.4% respectively. The carbon contents of vinyls/plastics, rubbers/leathers, textiles, woods, papers and foods in wastes were at range of 75.88∼79.87%, 58.24∼70.74%, 45.23∼51.63%, 42.29∼45.58%, 40.19∼48.4% and 25.86∼36.25% respectively. The low heating values of foods, papers, woods, textiles, rubbers/leathers and vinyls/plastics by Dulong's law were at range of 178∼1,353kcal/kg, 770∼1,660kcal/kg, 995∼1,629kcal/kg, 2,133∼2,432kca1/kg, 4,200∼7,275 kcal/kg and 6,384∼8,722kcal/kg respectively, and the high heating values of them were at range of 782∼2,056 kcal/kg, 2,459∼3,314kca1/kg, 3,056∼3,592kcal/kg, 4,381∼5,087kca1/kg, 5,005∼8,066kca1/kg and 10,032∼10,739 kcal/kg respectively.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.12 no.11
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• pp.1181-1187
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• 2003

Hibiscus hamabo, called "Hwang-geun", growing about 3m in height is a deciduous shrub or subtree of Malvaceae. Because the number of these species is very limited in the world, the Ministry of Environment has designated H. hamabo as a preserved plant. The Korea Forest Service also protects it strictly by law since H. hamabo is an out-of-the-way plant and possibly may be exterminated soon in Korea. Investigation for distribution and ecological characteristics of the habitat for H. hamabo was carried out on Soan Island. Two wild H. hamabo were found at the forest edge (equation omitted) along the sea coast located in the southern part of Soan Island and this was the first report in the Korean academic world. These two wild H. hamabos were growing in a naturally inhibited area. The diameters at the base were 12cm and 15cm. The Tree heights were 150cm and 210cm and the number of branches of each wild H. hamabo was 4 and 7. However, the present condition of these plants was not good. Environmental conditions of the naturally inhibited area of H. hamabo were very mild because it is located at the edge of the forest and is always sunny during the daytime since the slope of the inhibited area is facing South. The ground drained very well since the soil was made of gravels and sand. Because the percent of vegetation of the subtree layer where H. hamabo was growing was 40%, the cover degree and sociability of flex crenata trees and Eurya japonica were found to be high. In the naturally inhibited area of H. hamabo, a dominant value of Rubus parvifolius in the lower part of the herb layer was very high and many plants in Compositae, such as Artemisia princeps var. orientalis and Erigeron annuus, were also present. A dominant value of liana, such as Vitis thunbergii var. sinuata, Rosa multiflora, Clematis terniflora and Hedera rhombea, and Gramineae plants that rhizomes were well developed and aggressively propagated, such as Miscanthus sinensis var. purpurascens, Phragmites communis, Spodiopogon cotulifer and Oplismenus undulatifolius which were surveyed as high, too. These results imply that H. hamabo might be exterminated soon through a natural selection if the proper management of the naturally inhibited area of H. hamabo is not conducted continually.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.205-226
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• 2018

For sustainable development of air transport, the establishment and application of international standards of environmental protection area is significant. The development and use of alternative fire extinguishing agent to Halon, which is used for the fire extinguishing systems of engine nacelles/APU and cargo compartments, has been requested in order to protect the ozone layer. The ICAO has been active in preparing international standards and recommended practices (SARPs); however, certification of alternative fire extinguishing agents has been postponed due to technical readiness problem.. Consequently, the implementation of SARPs has also been postponed by two years from the end of 2016. to the end of 2018. As such consequences have caused confusion among Member States regarding its implementation, it is necessary to discuss and pay more attention to this issue. ICAO Council and Air Navigation Commission should consider between setting the implementation time frame earlier or giving enough time for mature readiness and preparedness. Also in order to minimize the unnecessary discharge of Halon owned by Member States, it is necessary to consider efficient management methodologies; for example, requesting fire extinguisher manufacturers to recharge in professional ways. For the successful implementation of the SARPs, ICAO developed an implementation task list as including notification of differences, establishment of a national implementation plan, drafting of the modification to the national regulations and means of compliance, adoption of the national regulations and means of compliance. Member States can develop their own rule making process in reference with the ICAO implementation task list. This issue was presented and discussed during the 54th Conference of Directors General of civil aviation, Asia and Pacific Regions which was held in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia in 2017 with significant attention among participated Contacting States. In this regards, ICAO Council and Air Navigation Commission should consult with Legal Bureau lawyers regarding SARPs preparing process to eliminate difficulties and confusions for proper implementation within effective date.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.183-196
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• 2008

The internal dose by food consumption mostly accounts for radiological dose of public around nuclear power plants (NPPs). But, food consumption rates applied to off-site dose calculation in Korea which are the result of field investigation around Kori NPP by the KAERI (Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute) in 1988, are not able to reflect the latest dietary characteristics of Korean. The food consumption rates to be used for radiological dose assessment in Korea are based on the maximum individual of US NRC (Nuclear Regulatory Commssion) Regulatory Guide 1.109. However, the representative individual of the critical group is considered in the recent ICRP (International Commission on Radiological Protection) recommendation and European nations' practice. Therefore, the study on the re-establishment of the food consumption rates for individual around nuclear power plant sites in Korea was carried out to reflect on the recent change of the Korean dietary characteristics and to apply the representative individual of critical group to domestic regulations. The Ministry of Health and Welfare Affairs has investigated the food and nutrition of nations every 3 years based on the Law of National Health Improvement. The statistical data such as mean, standard deviation, various percentile values about food consumption rates to be used for the representative individual of the critical group were analyzed by using the raw data of the national food consumption survey in $2001{\sim}2002$. Also, the food consumption rates for maximum individual are re-estimated.