• Korean Parent-Child Health Journal
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.35-55
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• 2001

Recently attention has been focused on the effects of early intervention, or its lack, on both normal and preterm infants. Particularly numerous studies suggest that premature infants are not necessarily understimulated but instead are subjected to inappropriate stimulation. Developmental support and sensory stimulation have become clinical opportunities in which nursing practice can impact on the neurobehavioral outcome of premature infants. Developmental care has been widely accepted and implemented in neonatal intensive care units across the country. Increasingly, attention and concern in caring for low-birth-weight infants and premature infants has led clinicians in the field to explore the effects of a complex of interventions designed to create and maintain a developmentally supportive environment; to provide age-appropriate sensory input; and to protect the infant from inappropriate, excessive and stressful stimulation. The components of developmental care include modifications of the macro-environment to reduce NICU light and sound levels, care clustering, nonnutritive sucking, and containment strategies, such as flexed positioning or swaddling. Sensory stimulation of the premature infants is presented to standardize the modification of a developmental intervention based on physiologic and behavioral cues. The most appropriate type of stimuli are those that are sensitive to infant cues. Evaluation of infant physiological and behavioral responds to specific intervention stimuli may help to identify more appropriate interventions based on infants' cues. A critical question confronting the clinician is that of determining when the evidence supporting a change in practice is sufficient to justify making that change. There are acknowledged limitations in the current studies. Many of the studies examined had small sample sizes; used nonprobability sampling; and used a phase lag design, which introduces the possibility of threats to internal validity and limits the generalizability of the results. Although many issues regarding the effects of developmental interventions remain unresolved, the available research base documents significant benefits of developmental care for LBW infants in consistent outcomes, without significant adverse effects. Particularly, although the individual studies vary somewhat in the definition of specific outcomes measured, instrumentation used, time and method of data collection, and preparaion of the care providers, in all studies, infants receiving the full protocol of individualized developmentally supportive care had improvements in some aspect of four areas of infant functioning: level of respiratory or oxygen support, the establishment of oral feeding; length of hospital stay, and infant behavioral regulation. In summary, based on the available literature, individualized developmental intervention should be incorporated into standard practice in neonatal intensive care. And this implementation needs to be coupled with ongoing research to evaluate the impact of an individualized developmental care programs on the short- and long-tenn health outcomes of LBW infants.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.71-77
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• 2001

The region, near the edge of a radiation beam, where the dose changes rapidly according to the distance from the beam axis is known as the penumbra. There is a sharp dose gradient zone even in megavoltage photon beams due to source size, collimator, lead alloy block, other accessories, and internal scatter ray. We investigate dosimetric characteristics on penumbra regions of a standard collimator and compare to those of theoritical model for the optimal use of the system in radiotherapy. Peripheral dose distribution of 6 W Photon beams represents penumbral forming function as the depth. Also we have discussed that the peripheral dose distribution of clinical photon beams, differences between calculation dose use of emperical penumbral forming function and measurements in penumbral region. Predictions by emperical penumbral forming functions are compared with measurements in 3-dimensional water phantom and it is shown that the method is capable of reproduceing the measured peripheral dose values usually to within the statistical uncertainties of the data. The semiconductor detector and ion chamber were positioned at a dmax depth, 5cm depth, 10cm depth, and its specific ratio was determined using a scanning data. The effective penumbra, the distance from 80% to 20% isodose lines were analyzed as a function of the distance. The extent of penumbra will also expand with depth increase. Difference of measurement value and model functions value according to character of the detector show small error in dose distribution of the peripheral dose.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.540-547
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• 2009

There needs disease-predictable signs in order to enable preventive diagnosis and therapy. Then traditional Chinese medicine applies various medical diagnostic equipments used in western medicine to diagnosing sub-healthy state. But such data are not originated from inherent oriental medicine, and not obtained easily in ordinary clinical practice. This paper is to provide synopsis of the ante-disease diagno-therapeutics partly and to show predictable data based on the facial shapes and signs, especially of gall bladder's versus bladder's body and masculine versus feminine shape. Ante-disease means not only the complete healthy state, but also the state unseen any symptoms in macrographically in the course of outbreak of disease. It contains two stages, first one is the former state of disease and second one is untransmitted state of disease. The patterns of ante-disease consist of latent disease, pre-disease, transmission type like senescent syndrome, abnormal reactive syndrome(變證), syndrome of transmission and transmutation. The classification with gall bladder and bladder type manifests the differences of shape, color and size of each organ in comparison of the universal and standard figures of the human being. On the other hand, the classification with masculine and feminine shape contrasts the innate sexual difference and the shape, characteristics originated from in itself. These two classification theories have their own pathologic types and syndrome types with each disease so that disease-predictable data can be constructed based on such a relationship. In addition, this diagnostic method by facial shapes and signs is able to be applied to whole stages from prenatal to present state of disease even if the cause and inducement are not clear. Ante-disease diagno-theraputic system by Gall Bladder's versus Bladder's Body and Masculine versus Feminine Shape is getting more important in the chronic and internal disease in comparison of the acute and traumatic disease. So this study is able to make up for the limit of diagnosis on ante-disease in the field of oriental medicine clinic.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.360-365
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• 2007

The studies for the derivatization of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) were performed mainly as acylation with HFBI (heptafluorobutyrylimidazole), alkylation with PBA (phenylboric acid) and silylation with BSTFA (N,O-bis[trimethylsilyl]trifluoroacetamide). Also silylation with MTBSTFA(N-methyl-N-[tert.-butyldimethylsilyl] trifluoroacetamide) and acylation with MBTFA (N-Methyl-bis[trifluoro-acetamide]) were also considered. Except the TBDMS derivative of 3-MCPD, all the derivatives were detected well. The derivatives of 3-MCPD with HFBI, PBA and BSTFA showed below 10 ${\mu}g/kg$ which was sensitive enough to satisfy Korea maximum residue limit 0.3 mg/kg. Among the tested adsorbents, Extrelut20 and Florisil were evaluated as the proper adsorbents to eliminate the soy sauce matrix for 3-MCPD. Ethyl acetate was the most efficient eluent with good recovery rate. The desired surrogate compound and internal standard were 1,2-butanediol and 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane, respectively. The limit of detection for PB-MCPD and TMS-MCPD were 10.16 and 7.06 ${\mu}g/kg$ on GC/MSD, respectively. HFB-MCPD derivative showed the lowest detection limits 2.98 and 5.32 ${\mu}g/kg$ by GC/ECD and GC/MSD, respectively.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.54 no.1
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• pp.55-60
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• 2009

This study was conducted to measure tea surface colors using the visible bands ($400{\sim}700$ nm) with near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). The surface colors of 117 tea products were measured with a colorimeter. The $a^*/b^*$ (CIE color scale) or a/b (Hunter color scale) ratios in different tea products accounted for about 99.7% of the variation in fermentation degree (FD), indicating that the $a^*/b^*$ (a/b) ratio is a very useful trait for assessing fermentation degree. Also tea powders were scanned in the visible bands used with NIRS. Calibration equations for surface colors and fermentation degree were developed using the regression method of modified partial least-squares (MPLS) with internal cross validation. The equations had low SECV (standard errors of cross-validation), and high $R^2$ (coefficient of determination in calibration) values with $0.779{\sim}0.999$, indicating that the whole bands ($400{\sim}2500\;nm$) with NIRS could be used to rapidly measure traits related to surface color, fermentation degree and other chemical components in tea products with high precision and ease at a time.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.149-154
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• 2019

The stability of firefighting pipes is crucial in the event of an earthquake. In Korea, specification-based designs are used in accordance with NFSC. However, engineering performance-based designs are used for buildings that have special requirements. For firefighting pipes, tree type pipe networks are usually utilized in buildings; however, they are characterized by several limitations. Hence, grid type and loop type networks are being utilized lately. Earthquake-resistant designs for firefighting pipes in Korea utilize NFPA 13 as the cookbook. Nevertheless, an engineering analysis is required to verify its reliability. The NFPA 13 standard used in Korea is a design method for engineers who lack earthquake engineering analysis knowledge of pipes and adapt ASCE and ASME guidelines. Earthquake resistant designs in Korea review braces only. Hence, various analyses under load conditions, such as the internal pressure of a pipe, force exerted by a continuous load, and an earthquake, are required to ensure reliability. An engineering earthquake-resistance analysis showed that tree type pipe networks are less stable than grid and loop type pipe networks. A comparison of earthquake-resistance analysis based on stress and strain revealed that strain analysis exhibited a conservative result value in the range of over-stress. Therefore, for the earthquake-resistance analysis of pipes, it is rational that engineers perform analysis to achieve the required standards through engineering analysis rather than uniform calculations, which should also be analyzed considering various analysis conditions.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.343-348
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• 2006

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the bioequivalence of two zolpidem tartrate tablets, Stilnox tablet(Sanofi-aventis Korea, reference product) and Zanilo tablet(ChoDang Pharm Co., Ltd., Korea, test product), according to the guidelines of Korea Food and Drug Administration(KFDA). After adding an internal standard(cimetropium), 250 ${\mu}L$ plasma samples were extracted using 1.3 mL of ethyl acetate. Extracted compounds were analyzed by HPLC with triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry. This method for determination of zolpidem is proved accurate and reproducible with the limit of quantitation of 1 ng/mL in human plasma. Twenty-four healthy male Korean volunteers received each medicine at the zolpidem tartrate dose of 10 mg in a $2{\times}2$ crossover study. There was one-week washout period between the doses. Plasma concentrations of zolpidem were monitored for over a period of 8 hr after the administration. $AUC_{0-t}$(the area under the plasma concentration-time curve) was calculated by the linear trapezoidal rule. $C_{max}$(maximum plasma drug concentration) and $T_{max}$(time to reach $C_{max}$) were compiled from the plasma concentration-time data. Analysis of variance was carried out using logarithmically transformed $AUC_{0-t}$ and $C_{max}$. No significant sequence effect was found for all of the bio-availability parameters indicating that the crossover design was properly performed. The 90% confidence intervals for the log transformed data were acceptable range of log 0.8 to log 1.25(e.g., log 0.92-log 1.06 for $AUC_{0-t}$, log 0.96-log 1.13 for $C_{max}$). The major parameters, $AUC_{0-t}$ and $C_{max}$ met the criteria of KFDA for bioequivalence indicating that Zanilo tablet is bioequivalent to Stilnox tablet.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.141-151
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• 2013

The nano-surface modification techniques could be classified; internal modifications which enhance surface roughness and porosity in nano level and external modifications as nano particle coating. Nano-modified implant surface has various morphograpies such as nanotube, nanopit, nanonodule and polymorphic structures. Creating surface depends upon preparation method and material, however, there is no standard preparation technique not yet. The nano-modified surfacet is electrochemically stable comparing with the surface modified in micron level. Nano-modified surface has little cytotoxicity, stimulates osteoblast proliferation and differentiation. Moreover, it decreases soft tissue intervention by interrupting the proliferation of fibroblast. Nanostructure has similar size and shape with cells and proteins, consequently leads to good biocompatibility and enhanced osseointegration. However, the actual effect in vivo is limited, due to the distance of effect. Even if nano-modified surface has antibiotic property due to photocatalysis, short duration time makes clinical application questionable. Further investigations should focus on the optimal nano-modified surface, which has many potentials.

• Journal of East-West Nursing Research
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.146-154
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• 2005

Purpose: This study was designed to identify the relationship between quality of life, perceived health status, perceived susceptibility severity to recurrence of cancer and character of object in cancer patients to provide the basic data of effective nursing interventions. Method: The subject of this study was randomly chosen from the patients diagnosed of cancer and being hospitalised or receiving chemotherapy as outpatients, at a Division of Hemato-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine of a university hospital located in Seoul. The tool used in this study was a measurement tool for quality of life (${\alpha}=.829$), perceived health status (${\alpha}=.903$), and perceived susceptibility and severity for cancer recurrence (${\alpha}=.860$). The collected data were analysed using SPSS PC 12.0 Programme for real number, percentage, average, standard deviation, Pearson's Correlation, t-test and ANOVA, according to the purpose of this study. Result: 1) The score of quality of life in cancer patients was 3.64 point, perceived health status was 2.62 and perceived susceptibility severity to recurrence of cancer was 2.41. 2) There was a significant difference in the quality of life according to general characteristics, such as level of education, occupation, level of activity, pain, medication period, diagnosis, disease stage, purpose of medication, and recurrence. There was a significant difference in perceived health status according to age, level of activity, pain, diagnosis, purpose of medication, and recurrence. There was a significant difference in perceived susceptibility severity to recurrence of cancer according to age, level of education, and pain. 3) The cancer patients' quality of life showed significant correlation with perceived health status, perceived susceptibility severity to recurrence of cancer, pain, job, treatment purpose, relapse. The perceived health status showed significant correlation with perceived susceptibility severity to recurrence of cancer, pain, treatment purpose, relapse. The perceived susceptibility severity to recurrence of cancer showed significant correlation with pain. The relapse showed significant correlation with treatment purpose. The cancer patients' quality of life, perceived health status, and perceived susceptibility and severity for cancer recurrence, as confirmed above, showed differences according to the related factors of each subject, and it was also confirmed that those factors were significantly related with general characteristics. Upon these results, I suggest further studies on the factors that affect the cancer patients' quality of life.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.397-402
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• 2007

To evaluate the bioequivalence of two venlafaxine formulations, a standard 2-way randomized cross-over study was conducted in twenty-four healthy male Korean volunteers. A single oral dose of 75 mg of test formulation Venfaxine $OR^{(R)}$ (tablet) or reference formulation Efexor $XR^{(R)}$ (capsule) was administered with one-week washout period. Plasma concentrations of venlafaxine were assayed for over a period of 72 hours with a well validated method using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS). The $mean{\pm}S.D$. of maximum concentration $(C_{max})$ and elimination half-life $(t_{1/2})$ were $64.7{\pm}28.5$ ng/mL, $9.2{\pm}3.0$ h, and $67.2{\pm}30.2$ ng/mL, $9.9{\pm}3.5$ h for test and reference formulations, respectively. Time to reach maximum concentration $(T_{max})$ expressed in median value (range), for the test and the reference, were 10 h (6-14) and 8h (4-12), respectively. Similarly, area under the plasma concentration-time curve, from time zero to last sampling time $(AUC_t)$ and from time zero to time infinity $(AUC_{inf})$, for test and reference formulations were $1185{\pm}755$, $1326{\pm}896$ and $1124{\pm}737$, $1185{\pm}755$ $ng{\cdot}h/mL$, respectively. The parametric 90% confidence intervals on the mean of the differences between the two formulations (test-reference) of the log transformed values of $AUC_t$, and $C_{max}$ were 0.9630 to 1.1383 and 0.8650 to 1.0446, respectively. The overall results indicate that the two formulations are bioequivalent and can be prescribe interchangeably.