• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.48-54
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• 2013

Purpose: This study evaluated the feasibility of using a discrete wavelet transform (DWT) method as a preprocessing tool for visible/near-infrared spectroscopy (VIS/NIRS) with a spectroscopic transmittance dataset for predicting the internal quality of cherry tomatoes. Methods: VIS/NIRS was used to acquire transmittance spectrum data, to which a DWT was applied to generate new variables in the wavelet domain, which replaced the original spectral signal for subsequent partial least squares (PLS) regression analysis and prediction modeling. The DWT concept and its importance are described with emphasis on the properties that make the DWT a suitable transform for analyzing spectroscopic data. Results: The $R^2$ values and root mean squared errors (RMSEs) of calibration and prediction models for the firmness, sugar content, and titratable acidity of cherry tomatoes obtained by applying the DWT to a PLS regression with a set of spectra showed more enhanced results than those of each model obtained from raw data and mean normalization preprocessing through PLS regression. Conclusions: The developed DWT-incorporated PLS models using the db5 wavelet base and selected approximation coefficients indicate their feasibility as good preprocessing tools by improving the prediction of firmness and titratable acidity for cherry tomatoes with respect to $R^2$ values and RMSEs.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartD
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• v.8D no.6
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• pp.705-714
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• 2001

The computing systems of today expanded business trade and distributed business process Internet. More and more systems are developed from components with exactly reusability, independency, and portability. Component based development is focused on advanced concepts rater than passive manipulation or source code in class library. The primary component construction in CBD. However, lead to an additional cost for reconstructing the new component with CBD model. It also difficult to serve component information with rapidly and exactly, which normalization model are not established, frequency user logging in Web caused overload. A lot of difficult issues and aspects of Component Based Development have to be investigated to develop good component-based products. There is no established normalization model which will guarantee a proper treatment of components. This paper elaborates on some of those aspects of web application to adapt user requirement with exactly and rapidly. Distributed components in this paper are used in the most tiny size on network and suggest the network-addressable interface based on business domain. We also discuss the internal and external specifications for grasping component internal and external relations of user requirements to be analyzed. The specifications are stored on Servlets after dividing the information between session and entity as an EJB (Enterprise JavaBeans) that are reusable unit size in business domain. The reusable units are used in business component through query to get business component. As a major contribution, we propose a systems model for registration, auto-arrange, search, test, and download component, which covers component reusability and component customization.

• Genomics & Informatics
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.127-133
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• 2011

The Epstein-Barr virus-transformed lymphoblastoid cell line (LCL) is one of the major genomic resources for human genetics and immunological studies. Use of LCLs is currently extended to pharmacogenetic studies to investigate variations in human gene expression as well as drug responses between individuals. We evaluated four common internal controls for gene expression analysis of selected hematopoietic transcriptional regulatory genes between B cells and LCLs. In this study, the expression pattern analyses showed that TBP (TATA box-binding protein) is a suitable internal control for normalization, whereas GAPDH (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase) is not a good internal control for gene expression analyses of hematopoiesis-related genes between B cells and LCLs at different subculture passages. Using the TBP normalizer, we found significant gene expression changes in selected hematopoietic transcriptional regulatory genes (downregulation of RUNX1, RUNX3, CBFB, TLE1, and NOTCH2 ; upregulation of MSC and PLAGL2) between B cells and LCLs at different passage numbers. These results suggest that these hematopoietic transcriptional regulatory genes are potential cellular targets of EBV infection, contributing to EBV-mediated B-cell transformation and LCL immortalization.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.62-69
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• 2008

The life cycle assessment method for environmental impact assessment was used, in this study, to assess the production process of wheat flour which is the most important material in the food industry. Environmental impact assessments were compared between that of the Ministry of Environment, Republic of Korea (method I) with that of the Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Energy (method II). Life cycle inventories (LCI) was performed using internal and external databases and the production statistics database of company S. The procedure of life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) was followed in terms of classification, characterization, normalization and weighting to identify the key issues. The impact categories of method I were divided into 8 categories with consideration of : abiotic resources depletion, global warming, ozone depletion, photochemical oxidant creation, acidification and eutrophication. The impact categories of method II were divided into 10 categories with consideration of: abiotic resources depletion, global warming, ozone depletion, photochemical oxidant creation, acidification, eutrophication, human toxicity, freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity, marine aquatic ecotoxicity and terrestrial ecotoxicity.

• Convergence Security Journal
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• v.18 no.5_1
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• pp.93-98
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• 2018

Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power Co., Ltd., Korea Electric Power Corporation, and Korea South-East Power Corporation are major infrastructure facilities of power supplying countries. If a malicious hacking attack occurs, the damage is beyond the imagination. In fact, Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power has been subjected to a hacking attack, causing internal information to leak and causing social big problems. In this paper, we propose a strategy and countermeasures for stabilization of various power generation control systems by analyzing the environment and the current status of power generation control system for convergence security research, which is becoming a hot issue. We propose a method to normalize and integrate data types from various physical security systems (facilities), IT security systems, access control systems, to control the whole system through convergence authentication, and to detect risks through fusion control.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.393-402
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• 2023

Recently, hybrid and electric vehicles have been actively developed to replace internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles. However, their vibrations and noise with complex spectra cause discomfort to drivers. To reduce the vibrations transmitted through primary excitation sources such as powertrains, structural changes have been introduced. However, the interference among different parts is a limitation. Thus, active mounting systems based on smart materials have been actively investigated to overcome these limitations. This study focuses on diminishing the source movement when a structure with two active mounting systems is excited to a single sinusoidal and a multi-frequency signal, which were investigated for source movement reduction. The overall structure was modeled based on the lumped parameter method. Active vibration control was implemented based on the modeled structure, and a multi-normalization least mean square (NLMS) algorithm was used to obtain the control input for the active mounting system. Furthermore, the performance of the NLMS algorithm was compared with that of the quantification method to demonstrate the performance of active vibration control. The results demonstrate that the vibration attenuation performance of the source component was improved.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.91-100
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• 2019

Purpose: Internal mammary lymph node (IMN) involvement is associated with poor prognosis in breast cancer. This study investigated the treatment outcomes of initial clinically IMN-positive breast cancer patients who received adjuvant radiotherapy (RT), including IMN irradiation, following primary breast surgery. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed data of 95 breast cancer patients with clinically detected IMNs at diagnosis treated with surgery and RT between June 2009 and December 2015. Patients received adjuvant RT to the whole breast/chest wall and regional lymph node (axillary, internal mammary, and supraclavicular) areas. Twelve patients received an additional boost to the IMN area. Results: The median follow-up was 43.2 months (range, 4.5 to 100.5 months). Among 77 patients who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy, 52 (67.5%) showed IMN normalization and 19 (24.6%) showed a partial response to IMN. There were 3 and 24 cases of IMN failure and any recurrence, respectively. The 5-year IMN failure-free survival, disease-free survival (DFS), and overall survival (OS) were 96%, 70%, and 84%, respectively. IMN failure-free survival was significantly affected by resection margin status (97.7% if negative, 87.5% for close or positive margins; p = 0.009). All three patients with IMN failure had initial IMN size ≥1 cm and did not receive IMN boost irradiation. The median age of the three patients was 31 years, and all had hormone receptor-negative tumors. Conclusion: RT provides excellent IMN control without the support of IMN surgery. Intensity-modulated radiotherapy, including IMN boost for breast cancer patients, is a safe and effective technique for regional lymph node irradiation.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.67 no.1
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• pp.114-123
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• 2018

This paper concerns a design and learning method of softmax function neural networks based on K-means clustering. The partial discharge data Information is preliminarily processed through simulation using an Epoxy Mica Coupling sensor and an internal Phase Resolved Partial Discharge Analysis algorithm. The obtained information is processed according to the characteristics of the pattern using a Motor Insulation Monitoring System program. At this time, the processed data are total 4 types that void discharge, corona discharge, surface discharge and slot discharge. The partial discharge data with high dimensional input variables are secondarily processed by principal component analysis method and reduced with keeping the characteristics of pattern as low dimensional input variables. And therefore, the pattern classifier processing speed exhibits improved effects. In addition, in the process of extracting the partial discharge data through the MIMS program, the magnitude of amplitude is divided into the maximum value and the average value, and two pattern characteristics are set and compared and analyzed. In the first half of the proposed partial discharge pattern classifier, the input and hidden layers are classified by using the K-means clustering method and the output of the hidden layer is obtained. In the latter part, the cross entropy error function is used for parameter learning between the hidden layer and the output layer. The final output layer is output as a normalized probability value between 0 and 1 using the softmax function. The advantage of using the softmax function is that it allows access and application of multiple class problems and stochastic interpretation. First of all, there is an advantage that one output value affects the remaining output value and its accompanying learning is accelerated. Also, to solve the overfitting problem, L2-normalization is applied. To prove the superiority of the proposed pattern classifier, we compare and analyze the classification rate with conventional radial basis function neural networks.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.10
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• pp.250-258
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• 2019

Due to the problems associated with the aging of industrial complexes, research on the decline of industrial complexes is being conducted. In the case of decline, it is necessary to not respond immediately, but with a crisis, it is necessary to minimize the impact on the industrial complex through preemptive responses to the external environment and internal changes. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a crisis index that can systematically predict and evaluate changes in the industrial complex. In this research, a method for extracting the crisis index of an industrial complex is developed. We derive performance measures for developing the crisis index, deriving the relative importance of performance measures based on the analytical hierarchy process. Because units of performance measurement are different, a normalization method is developed to sensitively reflect change. Based on the relative importance and normalized values of the performance measures, the crisis index of the industrial complex is developed and applied to a national industrial complex in order to verify its applicability.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.143-151
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• 2010

In Vivo and In vitro antispasmodic effects of Jun-Si-Baek-Chul-San, a Traditional Korean Polyherbal Medicineconsisted of 7 types of herbs were observed in the present study. To clarify the effects of Jun-Si-Baek-Chul-San, on accelerating small intestinal movement induced by the stimulation of cholinergic neurotransmission, we evaluated the effects of Jun-Si-Baek-Chul-San on In vivo carbachol (an acetylcholinergic agent)-accelerated mice small intestinal transit and on In vitro contractions induced by low-frequency electrostimulation, KCl, histamine or acetylcholine using isolated guinea pig ileum. To induce the acceleration of mice small intestinal transit, Carbachol 1 mg/kg was once subcutaneously dosed 15min before last administration of the test drugs. In the present study, Jun-Si-Baek-Chul-San 500, 250 and 125 mg/kg or domperidone 20 mg/kg were orally pretreated on the carbachol-accelerated mice small intestinal transit once a day for 7 days and the small intestinal transit rateof activated charcoal powder were monitored. In vitro assays, Jun-Si-Baek-Chul-San1, 0.1, 0.01 and 0.001 mg/ml or domperidone $2{\times}10^{-5}M$ were treated 10min before ileal contraction was induced by filed stimulation, acetylcholine, KCl and histamine, and the % changes of contractions were observed compared to the treatment of inducer alone. In spontaneous contraction, the % changes of contractions were observed compared to treatment of vehicle alone at 10min after Jun-Si-Baek-Chul-San or domperidone treatment. The efficacy of Jun-Si-Baek-Chul-San was compared to those of domperidone. High concentration, 1 mg/ml of Jun-Si-Baek-Chul-San was found to decrease the spontaneous contraction of the isolated guinea-pig ileum. In addition, Jun-Si-Baek-Chul-San decrease contractions induced by electrostimulation, acetylcholine, histamine and KCl in the isolated guinea-pig ileum. In addition, Jun-Si-Baek-Chul-San effectively inhibited the accelerated small intestinal movement induced by carbachol stimulation of cholinergic neurotransmission in In vivo. Based on the results, although the exact molecular or action mechanism and which herbs or compound in Jun-Si-Baek-Chul-San are responsible for actions, it was concluded that Jun-Si-Baek-Chul-San normalization in the accelerated intestinal motility might be interfere with a variety of muscarinic, adrenergic and histaminic receptor activities or with the mobilization of calcium ions required for smooth muscle contraction non-specificly. Therefore, it is expected that Jun-Si-Baek-Chul-San will be promising as a prescription of clinical treatment of digestive tract disorders such as accelerated the motility of intestine, diarrhea or intestinal painful contractions.