• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.223-243
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• 2014

Objectives: To provide information on the safety of GST (GamiSasangja-tang; CnidiiFructus, Sophora Root, Angelica Gigas Root, Clematidis Radix, Stemonae Radix, Spirodelae Herba), we carried out a 13-week repeated oral dose toxicity and a 4-week recovery test of GST in Sprague-Dawley rats. Methods: Female and male rats were treated with GST at oral doses of 1,250, 2,500, and 5000 mg/kg. The GST was administered for 13 weeks. Mortality, clinical signs, body weight changes, food consumption, ophthalmologic findings, urinalysis, hematological and biochemical parameters, gross findings, organ weights and histological markers were monitored during the study period. The rats were then monitored for 4 extra weeks to determine recovery time after the study period. Results: We found no mortality or abnormalities among clinical signs, body weight, food consumption, ophthalmologic findings, urinalysis, hematological and biochemical parameters, gross findings, organ weights or histological markers in any of the rats tested. Conclusions: The no-observed adverse effects level (NOAEL) is considered as over 5000 mg/kg for male and female rats.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제69권3호
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• pp.201-206
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• 2010

Nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) diseases are increasing worldwide. However NTM lung disease in organ transplant recipients has been rarely reported. Here, we report 2 cases of NTM lung disease in heart transplant recipients. A 37-year-old man, who had undergone a heart transplant one year previous, was admitted to hospital due to a cough. Chest CT scan showed multiple centrilobular nodules in both lower lungs. In his sputum, M. abscessus was repeatedly identified by rpoB gene analysis. The patient improved after treatment with clarithromycin, imipenem, and amikacin. An additional patient, a 53-year-old woman who had undergone a heart transplant 4 years prior and who suffered from bronchiectasis, was admitted because of purulent sputum. The patient's chest CT scan revealed aggravated bronchiectasis; M. intracellulare was isolated repeatedly in her sputum. Treatment was successfully completed with clarithromycin, ethambutol, and ciprofloxacin. NTM lung disease should be considered as a potential opportunistic infection in organ transplant recipients.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.62-68
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• 2012

Objectives : This study aimed to evaluate the single oral dose toxicity of Seonpyejeongcheon-tang (SJT) in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats. Methods : In this single oral toxicity study, rats were orally administrated in a single dose of 0 or 5,000 mg/kg SJT. There were 7 rats in each group. After single administration, mortality, clinical signs, body weight changes and gross pathological findings were observed for 14 days. Organ weight, clinical chemistry and hematology were tested after 14 days. Results : There was no mortality or other clinical signs for 14 days. There were also no significant differences in body weight, organ weights, hematological and serum chemical parameters between the SJT and control groups. Conclusions : The results obtained in this study suggest that the 50% lethal dose of SJT is over 5,000 mg/kg, so this finding can be expected to provide scientific evidence for the safety of SJT.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.539-553
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• 2010

Objectives : The object of this study was to obtain accurate information (single oral dose toxicity) of Lonicerae Flos (LF; Dried flower bud parts of Lonicera japonica Thunb (Caprifoliaceae)), which has traditionally been used in Korean medicine for treating various inflammatory diseases. Methods : In order to observe the 50% lethal dose (LD 50), approximate lethal dosage (ALD) and target organs, test articles were once orally administered to female and male ICR mice at dose levels of 2,000, 1,000, 500 and 0 (control) mg/kg (body weight.). The mortality and changes on body weight, clinical signs and gross observation were monitored for 14 days after single oral treatment of LF aqueous extracts with organ weights and histopathological observations of 12 types of principle organs. Results : 1. After single oral treatment of LF aqueous extracts, we could not find any mortality and toxicological evidences up to 2,000 mg/kg treated group, the limited dosages in rodents at body and organ weights, clinical signs, gross and histopathological observations. 2. Slight diarrhea was detected in most mice treated with 2,000 mg/kg of LF aqueous extracts and male mice of LF aqueous extracts 1,000 mg/kg within 2 days after end of treatment, respectively. Conclusion : The results obtained in this study suggest that the LD 50 and ALD of LF aqueous extracts in both female and male mice after single oral treatment were considered as over 2,000 mg/kg because no mortalities were detected up to 2000 mg/kg, the highest dose recommended by KFDA and OECD. However, we also observed the possibility of digestive disorders like diarrhea when over 1,000 mg/kg of LF aqueous extracts were administered in the present study.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.46-58
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• 2013

Objectives : The object of this study was to obtain acute information (single oral dose toxicity) of Scutellariae Radix Aqueous Extracts (SR; yield = 27.20%) which traditionally have been used in Korean medicine for treating various diseases including inflammatory diseases. Methods : In order to observe the 50% lethal dose ($LD_{50}$), approximate lethal dosage (ALD) and target organs, SR Aqueous Extracts were once orally administered to female and male ICR mice at dose levels of 2,000, 1,000, 500 and 0 (control) mg/kg (body weight.) according to the recommendation of KFDA Guidelines. The mortality and changes on body weight, clinical signs and gross observation were monitored during 14 days after single oral treatment of SR according to KFDA Guidelines with organ weights and histopathological observations of 14 types of principle organs. Results : After single oral treatment of SR, we could not find any mortality and toxicological evidences up to 2,000 mg/kg treated group, the limited dosages in rodents, on the body and organ weights, clinical signs, gross and histopathological observations, except for some accidental findings. Conclusions : The results obtained in this study suggest that the $LD_{50}$ and ALD of SR in both female and male mice after single oral treatment be considered as over 2,000 mg/kg because no mortalities were detected up to 2,000 mg/kg that was the highest dose recommended by KFDA and OECD, and can be safely used in clinics.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.570-576
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• 2002

골뱅이의 가공 부산물인 내장의 효율적인 이용을 위해 골뱅이 내장을 마쇄한 후, 염을 25% 첨가하고 단백질 가수분해효소로서 상업용으로 많이 이용되는 Flavourzyme, Neutrase, Protease NP Prozyme을 각각 0.05, 0.1% 첨가하여 $10^{\circ}C$에서 6개월 동안 숙성하여 특성을 관찰하였다. 상업용 효소를 첨가한 모든 골뱅이 내장젓갈에서 숙성 30일까지 급격하게 감소하며, 숙성기간이 증가할수록 약간의 pH가 증가하였으며 숙성 150일에서 pH가 약간 감소하여 숙성기간 180일에서는 pH $6.1{\sim}6.4$까지 다시 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다. 특히, Flavourzyme 첨가구가 다른 효소 첨가구에 비해 pH 변화의 증감이 큰 편이며, Prozyme 첨가구는 이와는 달리, 점차적으로 pH의 감소경향을 나타내었다. 아미노 질소 변화는 효소 첨가량에 비례하여 증가하였으며, 최대 아미노 질소는 Flavourzyme 0.1% 첨가구가 646 mg%를 나타내었다. 총질소 함량은 숙성기간 120일까지는 계속적인 증가를 보였으며, 숙성 120일부터 180일까지 다시 급격하게 감소하는 경향을 보였으며, 효소에 따른 총질소 함량의 증감이 상이하게 관찰되었다. SDS-PAGE에 의한 골뱅이 내장젓갈의 분해결과는 모든 효소 첨가구에서 높은 염함량에도 불구하고 숙성기간의 증가에 따라 점차적으로 분해되는 것을 보였지만, 효소 첨가량에 따라서는 뚜렷한 변화가 관찰되지 않았다. 또한, 골뱅이 내장젓갈을 6개월간 숙성한 후, 시판되고 있는 2종류의 액젓과 색도를 비교하여 골뱅이 내장 젓갈이 L값이 2배 이상 높았고, a값과 b값은 거의 유사하게 측정되었다.

• 한국의학물리학회지:의학물리
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.89-96
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• 2005

본 연구는 호흡에 따라 내부 장기가 움직일 때, 내부 장기가 가장 안정적인 구간의 문턱 값(threshold)을 시간으로 설정한 후 선량분포에 대한 연구를 수행하였다. 일반적으로 정상적인 호흡주기 중에서 시간대비 내부 장기 움직임이 호기 상태에서 적게 나타난다. 그러므로 시간동기 문턱 값(time gating threshold, TGT)은 내부 장기 움직임이 가장 적은 호기 시 1 초 동안 움직일 때의 선량분포를 평가하였다. TGT를 설정했을 때 선량분포를 비교하기 위해 다음 조건으로 방사선을 조사하였다. 내부 장기가 1) 고정된 상태, 2) 문책 값 범위 내에서 움직일 때, 3) 문턱 값 범위 밖에서 움직일 때, 각각의 내부 장기 움직임 조건을 구동팬톰시스템으로 모사하였다. 그리고 필름 선량 측정법(film dosimetry)을 이용하여 비교 평가하였다. TGT를 1초로 설정하고 내부적 움직임을 고려하여 선량분포를 획득했을 때 치료시간은 증가하였다. 그러나 TGT를 1초로 설정한 것은 내부적 움직임을 고려하지 않은 선량분포 즉, 치료 조사면 내에 장기의 움직임이 없을 때와 비슷한 선량분포를 얻을 수 있었다. 그리고 문턱 詰없이 내부 장기가 움직일 때와 비교해서 반음영 영역에 불필요한 선량을 줄일 수 있었다. 또한 치료시간을 줄이기 위해서 문턱 값을 1.4초로 설정했을 때가 1초로 설정했을 때보다 시간 비에 따른 선량분포에 대해 효과적인 결과를 얻지 못했다. 즉, 시간은 줄었지만 치료영역 밖에 많은 선량이 분포하였다. 임상적으로 TGT를 설정해서 방사선 치료를 하기 위해서는 수학적인 계산 방법에 의한 내부 장기의 움직임을 표현하는 것이 아니라 실측에 의해서 모든 환자의 외부 움직임과 내부 움직임을 측정해야 한다. 또한 내부와 외부 움직임의 상관관계를 분석해서 환자의 호흡주기에 따른 내부 장기의 움직임 중에 이상적인 위치에서 문책 값을 설정 후 방사선치료를 시행하면 정상조직은 낮은 선량이 분포하면서 치료성적이 향상될 것이라 예상된다.

• 한국임상수의학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국임상수의학회 2007년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.114-114
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• 2007

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.485-497
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• 2012

Objectives : The aim of this study was to systematically investigate herbal-drug-associated adverse drug reactions (herbal ADRs) reports submitted by a single oriental hospital and to analyze the general characteristics, causative agents, clinical manifestations, severity and types of herbal medicines which caused herbal ADRs. Methods : This study proceeded with IRB approval. The data on herbal ADR were collected prospectively from January 2008 to February 2012 by EMR of Dongguk University Ilsan Oriental Hospital. The World Health Organization (WHO)-Uppsala Monitoring Center (UMC) criteria was used to determinate causality for each herbal ADR. WHO-Adverse Reaction Terminology (WHO-ART) System Organ Class (SOC) code and WHO severity category were also used in this study. Results : A total of twenty eight cases were reported. Twenty two cases were assessed to have over possible relations with herbal medication. The gender ratio of these cases were 64.6 percent female and 36.4 percent male, demonstrating no statistical significance. Patients aged over 60 were 59.1%. Gastro-intestinal system was reported to be the most frequently affected organ (38.8%), and followed by psychiatric system (22.4%), and integumentary system (22.4%). The most common clinical symptom was headache (12.2%), followed by diarrhea (10.2%), and pruritus (10.2%). The severity of most cases was assessed to be mild (89.8%). The percentage of moderate ones was 10.2%, and there were no severe cases. Conclusions : Progressive study and further analysis on herbal ADRs are warranted for safety in the clinical use of herbal medicines.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제73권1호
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• pp.56-60
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• 2012

A patient who has multiple lung masses with a history of malignancy in organs other than the lung is more likely to be diagnosed with metastatic rather than primary lung cancer. Rarely, metastatic cancer can coexist with primary. We experienced a case of concurrent diagnosis of primary small cell lung cancer and pulmonary metastasis of uterine malignant mixed M$\ddot{u}$llerian tumor (MMMT). The patient was a 52-year-old female with femur fracture and multiple lung masses with a history of an operation for uterine MMMT. The small cell lung cancer was diagnosed by bronchoscopic biopsy. The central lung mass decreased after chemotherapy for small cell lung cancer but multiple peripheral masses increased. A percutaneous biopsy for one of peripheral masses revealed metastatic uterine MMMT. We suggest that we have to consider the possible presence of concomitant malignancies of different origins in one organ especially with patients who had a history of malignancy in another organ.