• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.79 no.1
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• pp.22-30
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• 2016

Background: The purpose of this study was to document outcomes following withdrawal of a single inhaler (step-down) in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients on triple therapy (long-acting muscarinic antagonist and a combination of long-acting ${\beta}2$-agonists and inhaled corticosteroid), which a common treatment strategy in clinical practice. Methods: Through a retrospective observational study, COPD patients receiving triple therapy over 2 years (triple group; n=109) were compared with those who had undergone triple therapy for at least 1 year and subsequently, over 9 months, initiated inhaler withdrawal (step-down group, n=39). The index time was defined as the time of withdrawal in the step-down group and as 1 year after the start of triple therapy in the triple group. Results: Lung function at the index time was superior and the previous exacerbation frequency was lower in the step-down group than in the triple group. Step-down resulted in aggravating disease symptoms, a reduced overall quality of life, decreasing exercise performance, and accelerated forced expiratory volume in 1 second ($FEV_1$) decline ($54.7{\pm}15.7mL/yr$ vs. $10.7{\pm}7.1mL/yr$, p=0.007), but there was no observed increase in the frequency of exacerbations. Conclusion: Withdrawal of a single inhaler during triple therapy in COPD patients should be conducted with caution as it may impair the exercise capacity and quality of life while accelerating $FEV_1$ decline.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.39-62
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• 2015

Relatively little studies have investigated employee recovery from internal service failure, especially from the employees' perspective. When handling customer complaints, employees must not only deal with legitimate customer demands after a service failure, such as providing an apology, rectifying the problem, and offering compensation, but they must also manage illegitimate dysfunctional customers, who may yell, threaten, and even physically harm the employee. These negative experiences can have strong effects, and employees can exhibit higher levels of stress such as burnout and emotional labor, which have been linked to dissatisfaction, tension and anxiety, reduced performance and effectiveness, and a greater propensity to leave the firm, ultimately leading to negative financial consequences for the firm. These conditions result in internal service failure and create the need to recover employees-in other words, internal service recovery. However, little research has examined this issue so far. The purpose of the current study, therefore, is to investigate the relationship between internal service recovery and employee outcomes. A pre-test, post-test between-subjects experimental design was developed. Participants were 166 part-time students who were working full-time. The average age of the participants was 36.74 years, and 57.50% of them were female. The average length of employment was 13 years. Participants were randomly assigned to one of four groups of approximately equal size. Three of the groups were subjected to an experimental situation involving an internal service failure, while one group was not exposed to failure, thereby acting as a control group. This study contributes to the service marketing literature in several ways. First, the study extends service failure and/or recovery research by examining recovery in an employee context. Second, this study attempts to measure internal service recovery and to empirically demonstrate its relationship to employee outcomes. Third, this investigation emphasizes the managerial importance of internal service recovery. For example, understanding the nature of the relationships between internal service recovery and its consequences can improve the effectiveness and efficiency of managers' resource allocation decisions.

• Proceedings of the IEEK Conference
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• 2000.06e
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• pp.27-30
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• 2000

In this paper, we propose a new approach to determination of environment forces acting on a rigid body. To estimate the output of disturbance observer due to internal torque, the disturbance observer output estimator using functional link neural network (FLANN) is designed. It is also shown by simulation results that the precise estimation of contact force is achieved for a 2-link SCARA robot performing position/force control.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.139-143
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• 2011

A Spitz (5-years old, castrated male) and a Maltese (9-years old, castrated male) were presented with weight loss, polyuria/polydipsia (PU/PD) and depression. Diabetic ketosis was diagnosed based on clinical signs, physical examinations and screening tests (CBC, serum chemistry and urinalysis). The dogs were treated with NPH initially. However, NPH was inadequate to control blood glucose level due to the short duration of the action (< 5 hours). Because of the poor glycemic control with NPH, the dogs showed diabetic complications including weight loss and cataract. After change to glargine, the duration of insulin action was extended up to 11 hours. As a result, there was significant improvement in clinical signs and serum fructosamine concentrations. This study suggests that glargine is useful as a long-acting insulin in dogs which have poor glycemic control due to the short duration of NPH.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.313-320
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• 2015

In this paper, a method to obtain the probability distribution of room temperature and cooling load is presented, when the internal heat generation is applied to the system as a disturbance in the air conditioning system with slab cooling storage. The probability distribution of room temperature and the cooling load due to the disturbance were examined in one room of an office building. When considering only the electric power consumption as a probability component, it was found that the effect on room temperature and cooling load is small, because the probability component of the measured electric power consumption in the building is small. On the other hand, when considering the stochastic fluctuations of electric power consumption together with the heat generated by human bodies, the mean value of the cooling load was about 2,300 W and the ratio of the standard deviations was 19% (10 o'clock in second day). It was revealed that the stochastic effects of internal heat generation acting on the air conditioning system with slab cooling storage are not small.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.86 no.3
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• pp.158-165
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• 2023

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease that is characterized by variable airflow obstruction. The Korean Asthma Study Group of the Korean Academy of Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases has recently updated the Korean Asthma Guideline. This review summarizes the updated Korean Asthma Guideline. Asthma prevalence is increasing worldwide, and in Korea. Variable airflow obstruction can be confirmed by bronchodilator response or other tests, and should be established prior to the controller medication. A low-dose inhaled corticosteroid-formoterol is used to alleviate symptoms in all treatment step, and it can be used as a controller as well as reliever in steps 3-5. This approach is preferred, because it reduces the risk of severe exacerbations, compared to the use of short-acting β2-agonist as reliever. In severe asthma, phenotype/endotype based on the underlying inflammation should be evaluated. For type 2 severe asthma, the biologics should be considered.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.87 no.3
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• pp.319-328
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• 2024

Background: Although inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) is reportedly associated with a higher risk of pneumonia in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), the clinical implications of ICS have not been sufficiently verified to determine their effect on the prognosis of pneumonia. Methods: The electronic health records of patients hospitalized for pneumonia with underlying COPD were retrospectively reviewed. Pneumonia was confirmed using chest radiography or computed tomography. The clinical outcomes of pneumonia in patients with COPD who received ICS and those who received long-acting bronchodilators other than ICS were compared. Results: Among the 255 hospitalized patients, 89 met the inclusion criteria. The numbers of ICS and non-ICS users were 46 and 43, respectively. The CURB-65 (confusion, uremia, respiratory rate, blood pressure, age ≥65 years) scores at the initial presentation of pneumonia were comparable between the two groups. The proportions of patients with multilobar infiltration, pleural effusion, and complicated pneumonia in the radiological studies did not vary between the two groups. Additionally, the defervescence time, proportion of mechanical ventilation, intensive care unit admission, length of hospital stays, and mortality rate at 30 and 90 days were not significantly different between the two groups. ICS use and blood eosinophils count were not associated with all pneumonia outcomes and mortality in multivariate analyses. Conclusion: The clinical outcomes of pneumonia following ICS use in patients with COPD did not differ from those in patients treated without ICS. Thus, ICS may not contribute to the severity and outcomes of pneumonia in patients with COPD.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.375-387
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• 2009

Objective : Gyehyuldeung (GHD) has been widely used in oriental medicine for the treatments of cardiovascular and neurological disorders. Thus, its potential facilitatory activity on axonal regeneration was investigated in the rats. Methods: Sprague-Dawley rats were given crush injury at the sciatic nerve and the changes of axon growth after nerve injury on each nerve injury model were investigated with anti-NF-200 antibody, DiI, GAP-43 protein and Cdc2 protein Results : GHD-mediated enhancement of axonal regeneration after crush injury was measured in both qualitative and quantitative ways by immunofluorescence staining with anti-NF-200 antibody and retrograde tracing of fluorescence dye DiI. GAP-43 protein levels were elevated by GHD treatments in the distal injured sciatic nerve and DRG sensory neurons. The neurite outgrowth of DRG sensory neurons was facilitated by GHD treatment when co-cultured with Schwann cells and astrocytes prepared from injured sciatic nerves and injured spinal cord tissues, respectively. It was observed that Cdc2 protein was up-regulated in co-cultured Schwann cells or astrocytes and Cdc2 protein signals were co-localized to a certain extent with those of phospho-vimentin protein. Conclusions : These results suggest that GHD may play a facilitatory role in axonal regeneration by acting on the injured axons and adjacent non-neuronal cells. The current findings may be useful for the development of therapeutic targets through more specific explorations on molecular interactions between herbal components and endogenous factors.

• Proceedings of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute Conference
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• 2006.04a
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• pp.347-354
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• 2006

In this paper, we work with steel circular tubes and propose analysis model which can consider local buckling that it has an effect on failure of steel structures and induce the relation between loading and deformation. First of all, in respect to axial symmetry local buckling, which is simplest case, elasto-plastic behavior acting only axial loads is object Therefore, it suggests analysis model for axial symmetry local buckling. And that is explainable the process from increasing internal force to decreasing passing maximum internal force. Besides, we induce the relation between the axial force and axial deformation.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.75-85
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• 1996

The gas pressure acting on the rings in internal combustion engine influences the friction, wear and HC emission. In order to understand their characteristics, it is necessary to measure the interring gas pressure during engine operations. In this study, miniature type pressure transducer was developed to measure inter-ring gas pressure. And measurements of cylinder and inter-ring gas pressure were made on a gasoline engine running at full and part load conditions. Finally the characteristics of inter-ring gas pressure variation during engine operation were obtained form analysis of measured date.