• 대한세포병리학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.135-142
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• 1997

Mucoepidermoid carcinoma is the most common malignant neoplasm of the salivary gland, compring between 30 and 40%. Fine needle apsiration cytology was performed in five patients with mucoepidermoid carcinoma. The patients consisted of three males aged of 42, 48, and 60 years, and two females aged 36, and 56 years. The primary tumor sites were the parotid gland in four patients and the submandibular gland in the rest one. The histologic grades were low in one patient, intermediate in two patients and high in other two. In our experience, the common cytologic findings of low grade subtype were predominent mucous cells with some intermediate cells in an abundant mucinous background. The cytologic findings of intermediate grade subtype were predominant clusters of intermediate cells with or without mucous cells in an abundant mucinous background. And the cytologic findings of high grade subtype were predominant clusters of epidermoid cells with intermediate cells in a bloody background. Cytologic pleomorphism and atypia were more severe in high grade than low and intermediate grade, and nucleoli were more frequently noted in epidermoid cells. In low grade, it is very difficult to decide the benignancy or malignancy of the tumor. In fact, the presence of mucous cells in a mucinous background should rule out any other type of well differentiated carcinoma.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.174-179
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• 2001

The authors analyzed retrospectively the 19 patients with mucoepidermoid carcinoma of salivary glands who were treated at Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Pusan National University Hospital from June, 1986 to September, 1998. The results obtained were as follows: 1. There were 4 males(21%) and 15 females(79%). Age distribution was wide and the mean age was 45.2. 2. Of all mucoepidermoid carcinomas of salivary gonads, 4 cases arose in the major salivary glands and 15 cases in the minor salivary glands. The incidence according to the anatomic primary site for minor salivary glands was 8 cases in the palate, 2 cases each arising in the tongue and floor of mouth and 1 case each arising in the mandible, buccal mucosa and the lower lip. 3. In histopathological classification of mucoepidermoid carcinoma, 5 cases were low grade. 9 cases, intermediate grade and 5 cases, high grade. 4. Perineural invasion was observed 40%(2/5) in high grade and 22%(2/9) in the intermediate grade of mucoepidermoid carcinoma. 5. The incidence of cervical lymph node metastasis according to histopathologic grade was 40% (2/5) in high grade and 11%(1/9) in intermediate grade of mucoepidermoid carcinoma. 6. The lung was the commonest site for metastasis comprising 3 cases among 3 cases of distant spread of which 2 cases in high grade and 1 case in intermediate grade of mucoepidermoid carcinoma.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.11-18
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• 2000

Objective: To evaluate the hydrodynamic changes occurring in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow in cervical spinal stenosis using the spatial modulation of magnetization (SPAMM) technique. Materials and Methods: Using the SPAMM technique, 44 patients with cervical spinal stenosis and ten healthy volunteers were investigated. The degree of cervical spinal stenosis was rated as low-, intermediate-, or high-grade. Low-grade stenosis was defined as involving no effacement of the subarachnoid space, intermediate-grade as involving effacement of this space, and high-grade as involving effacement of this space, together with compressive myelopathy. The patterns of SPAMM stripes and CSF velocity were evaluated and compared between each type of spinal stenosis and normal spine. Results: Low-grade stenosis (n = 23) revealed displacement or discontinuity of stripes, while intermediate- (n = 10) and high-grade (n = 11) showed a continuous straight band at the stenotic segment. Among low-grade cases, 12 showed wave separation during the systolic phase. Peak systolic CSF velocity at C4-5 level in these cases was lower than in volunteers (p < .05), but jet-like CSF propulsion was maintained. Among intermediate-grade cases, peak systolic velocity at C1-2 level was lower than in the volunteer group, but the difference was not significant (p > .05). In high-grade stenosis, both diastolic and systolic velocities were significantly lower (p < .05). Conclusion: Various hydrodynamic changes occurring in CSF flow in cervical spinal stenosis were demonstrated by the SPAMM technique, and this may be a useful method for evaluating CSF hydrodynamic change in cervical spinal stenosis.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.266-276
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• 2022

The study aimed to pinpoint the effects of an educational environment based on gamification on developing achievement motivation among first-grade intermediate students. Using an achievement motivation scale, the study adopted a quasi-experimental design with experimental and control groups. The sample consisted of 52 students selected randomly from the first-grade intermediate students. They were studying in public intermediate schools in Jeddah at the time of this study. They were divided into two groups. The control group (n=24 respondent), and the experimental group (n=28 respondent). The results showed statistically significant differences at the level α ≥ 0.05 between the mean scores of the experimental group and the control group in the posttest of the achievement motivation measurement in favor of the experimental group. The study recommended using gamification in designing computer curricula and courses across educational stages in Saudi Arabia. It also recommends training the computer and information technology teachers on using gamification in their teaching.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.127-133
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• 2010

The purpose of the present study was to examine the relationship between sentence repetition and sentence production in school-age children. The participants included 120 school-age children through 1st to 6th grades who were then divided into three grade groups (lower grade: 1st to 2nd grades, intermediate grade: 3th to 4th grades, and higher grade: 5th to 6th grades). The repetition task consisted of 32 sentences that were classified by sentence length (5, 6, 7, and 8 words) and structure (conjunctive and embedded sentences). The sentence production task utilized Lee's (2007) grammaticality judgement and sentence combining task. The findings of present study were as follows. (1) The higher grade performed significantly better than the lower and intermediate grades. (2) The participants performed significantly worse when imitating longer sentences than when imitating shorter ones. In addition, there were interaction effects between grade groups and sentences length. (3) The participants performed significantly better when imitating conjunctive rather than embedded sentences. (4) There was significantly positive correlation between the sentence repetition and sentence production task.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.70-78
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• 1997

Mucoepidermoid carcinoma occurs more freguently than any other in the major sacivary glands. It is relatively more common in parotid than in submandibular gland. Stewart at al published the first large series of these tumors in 1945 and suggested the name "Mocoepidermoid tumor". Now it is divided three categories : low-grade, intermediate-grade, high-grade. And Mucoepidermoid carcinomas are composed of mucous cells, epidermoid cells, and intermediate cells. We freated low-grade mucoepidermoid carcinoma patient with induction chemotherapy, surpery, and adjuvomt chemotherapy.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.260-264
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• 2016

Purpose: Stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) takes advantage of low ${\alpha}/{\beta}$ ratio of prostate cancer to deliver a large dose in few fractions. We examined clinical outcomes of SBRT using CyberKnife for the treatment of low- and intermediate-risk prostate cancer. Materials and Methods: This study was based on a retrospective analysis of the 33 patients treated with SBRT using CyberKnife for localized prostate cancer (27.3% in low-risk and 72.7% in intermediate-risk). Total dose of 36.25 Gy in 5 fractions of 7.25 Gy were administered. The acute and late toxicities were recorded using the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group scale. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) response was monitored. Results: Thirty-three patients with a median 51 months (range, 6 to 71 months) follow-up were analyzed. There was no biochemical failure. Median PSA nadir was 0.27 ng/mL at median 33 months and PSA bounce occurred in 30.3% (n = 10) of patients at median at median 10.5 months after SBRT. No grade 3 acute toxicity was noted. The 18.2% of the patients had acute grade 2 genitourinary (GU) toxicities and 21.2% had acute grade 2 gastrointestinal (GI) toxicities. After follow-up of 2 months, most complications had returned to baseline. There was no grade 3 late GU and GI toxicity. Conclusion: Our experience with SBRT using CyberKnife in low- and intermediate-risk prostate cancer demonstrates favorable efficacy and toxicity. Further studies with more patients and longer follow-up duration are required.

• 치과방사선
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.151-159
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• 1994

Authors experienced a case of intermediate grade mucoepidermoid carcinoma in 29-year-old female. The origin of this tumor might be mucus secreting cells of palatal mucous gland. The characteristic features were as follows: 1. In clinical examination, exopytic mass was observed in left hard palate and similar to pleomorphic adenoma. 2. In radiographic findings, destructive changes of left hard palate, nasal septum, nasal inferior turbinate and floor of maxillary sinus and soft tissue mass were observed. 3. Histopathologically, mucus-secreting cells, epidermoid cells and intermediate cells were observed and diagnosed as intermediate grade mucoepidermoid carcinoma.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.103-109
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• 1991

I, II기 intermediate grade악성 임파종에서 방사선 치료의 역할을 극인하기 위하여 서울대학교 병원 치료 방사선과에서 치료받은 162예의 방사선 치료 성적을 분석하였다. 초기의 치료 실패 양상 이 확인 가능한 68 예 중 38.2%는 조사야 내에서 61.8%는 조사야 밖에서 치료 실패 또는 재발 하였다. I기에서는 조사야 내 및 외에서 발생한 치료 실패 양상은 국소 조사야 치료시 각각 30.0%와 70.0%였고, 확대 조사야 치료시는 각각 43.8% 와 56.2%였다. II기에서는 각각 16.7% 와 83.3% 및 41.7%와 58.3%였다. 5년 무병 생존율은 전 환자에서 48.1%였고, I기 및 II기에서 각각 56.3%와 40.4%로 병기에 따른 유의한 차이가 있었다. 10cm 이상의 종괴나 전신적 증상은 무병 생존율에 영향을 미치지 못하였다. 방사선 치료 범위가 큰 경우에 5년 무병 생존율이 양호하였고 특히 I기에서는 유의하였다. 재발후에 시행한 전신 화학요법의 효과를 감안한 5년 생존율은 I, II기에서 각각 65.3% 및 52.2%였으며 병기에 따른 유의한 차이는 없었다. 따라서 5년 무병 생존율을 향상시키기 위해서는 원발 병소와 인접한 임파절 부위를 포함하는 화대 조사야로 치료할 필요가 있으며 재발된 경우에는 전신 화학 요법이 유용할 것으로 시사된다.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.125-134
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• 1996

Mucoepidermoid carcinomas, first reported by Volkman(1895), form 6% to 9% of all salivary tumors. Two thirds affecting the parotid gland and the remaining third, the minor glands. As we could know from its name, mucoepidermoid carcinomas originate from ductal epithelium including squamous, mucous-secreting, and undifferentiated intermediate cells. Histologically, it is classified as well-differentiated (low grade), moderately-differentiated(intermediate grade), and poorly-differentiated (high grade) types and the treatment method and prognosis are influenced from its histological grade. We have experienced two cases of mucoepidermoid carcinoma treated surgically with good results and now would like to report these with review of literatures.