• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.395-404
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• 2018

Objective: To date, only a few studies have investigated the relationships between genetic polymorphisms and external apical root resorption (EARR). Hence, the aim of this systematic review was to explore the relationship between different gene polymorphisms and their association with EARR. Methods: A complete literature search was conducted by two independent reviewers. The PubMed, Science Direct, and Scopus databases were searched. In addition, the bibliographies of all textbooks and relevant articles were searched manually. A meta-analysis was performed using data entered into the electronic databases until February 28, 2017. Results: On the basis of the search, we identified 17 and 7 publications for the systematic review and meta-analysis, respectively. Odds ratio (OR) was used to evaluate the association of the interleukin 1B (+3954) polymorphism and the risk of EARR. The overall OR from the studies was used to estimate the risk of EARR. However, no association was found and no publication bias was apparent for the risk of EARR in patients receiving orthodontic treatment. Conclusions: More research on the relationship between gene polymorphism and EARR is necessary to determine better specificity of possible interactions.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.947-952
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• 2008

The unripe fruit of Momordica charantia (MC) has been shown to possess antidiabetic activity. However, the mechanism of its antidiabetic action has not been fully understood. In this study, the effects of the aqueous ethanolic extract of MC (AEE-MC) were evaluated on the apoptosis in pancreatic $\beta$-cells treated with a combination of the cytokines, interleukin (IL)-$1{\beta}$, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-$\alpha$, and interferon (IFN)-$\gamma$. In MIN6N8 cells, the inhibitory effect of AEE-MC was significantly observed at 2 to 50 ${\mu}g/mL$: a 26.2 to 55.6% decrease of cytoplasmic DNA fragments quantified by an immunoassay. The molecular mechanisms, by which AEE-MC inhibited $\beta$-cell apoptosis, appeared to involve the inhibition on the expression of p21, Bax, and Bad, the up-regulation of Bcl-2 and Bcl-$X_L$, and the inhibition on the cleavage of caspase-9, -7, and -3 and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase. This study suggests that MC may inhibit cytokine-induced apoptosis in $\beta$-cells and, thus, may contribute via this action to the antidiabetic influence in diabetes.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.17-21
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• 2018

Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is an interleukin-7-like cytokine that is an important trigger and initiator of many allergic diseases. TSLP promotes a T-helper type 2 (Th2) cytokine response that can be pathological. A relationship is formed both at the induction phase of the Th2 response through polarization of dendritic cells to drive Th2 cell differentiation and at the effector phase of the response, by promoting the expansion of activated T cells and their secretion of Th2 cytokines and TSLP. In transgenic mice with TSLP overexpression, it has been reported that TSLP leads to the development of mixed cryoglobulinemic membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. In addition, TSLP can play an important role in the pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy and systemic lupus erythematosus-related nephritis. From our knowledge of the role of TSLP in the kidney, further studies including the discovery of new therapies need to be considered based on the relationship between TSLP and glomerulonephritis.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.7-12
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• 2008

The suitability of CPWs, by-products of the juice industry, was investigated as a source for the production of cosmeceuticals. Four kinds of CPWs, CW, CWE, CWER, and CWEA, were examined for their antioxidant potentials in terms of DPPH radical-scavenging ability for anti-wrinkle applications, inhibition of tyrosinase or melanin production for whitening products, and anti-inflammatory effects to treat various skin diseases such as atopic dermatitis and acne as well as for anti-bacterial activity against acne-inducing pathogens. Of the four extracts, CWER was the most potent tyrosinase inhibitor ($IC_{50}$ value: $109\;{\mu}g/mL$), and CWEA ($IC_{50}:\;167\;{\mu}g/mL$) showed good antioxidative effects. CWE and CWEA samples had dose-dependent inhibitory effects on the melanin production. The cytotoxic effects of the four CPWs were determined by colorimetric MTT assays using human keratinocyte HaCaT cells. Most extracts exhibited low cytotoxicity at $100\;{\mu}g/mL$. These results suggest CPWs are attractive candidates for topical applications on the human skin.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.187-194
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• 2017

Peptidoglycan in inserts and mammals is well known to improve biological functions in the host's immune system. However, it is unclear how Peptidoglycan exerted its anti-inflammatory capacity especially in clam worm (Marphysa sanguinea). In this experiment, the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of clam worm extract treated with (PCWE) peptidoglycan (Micrococcus luteus) in RAW264.7 cells were examined by measuring MDA, catalase, SOD, GSH-Px and inflammatory cytokines (nitric oxide, iNOS, interleukin-$1{\beta}$ and tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$). PCWE significantly increased the activities of catalase, SOD and GSH-Px and decreased the level of MDA. Interestingly, PCWE induced activities of SOD and GSH-Px more than clam worm extract without peptidoglycan (CWE). In addition, PCWE decreased NO production, iNOS, COX-2, TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-$1{\beta}$ better than CWE. Taken together, these results indicate that PCWE has the potential as a natural antioxidant and a therapeutic for inflammation-related diseases.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.7-12
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• 2005

GyeongshinhaeGihwan T1 (GGT1) is a newly developed oriental medicine to help weight control. We investigated nitric oxide production and cytokine secretion in mouse peritoneal macrophages. According to recent reports, macrophages are participated in fat accumulation and closely related with obesity. In this study, using mouse peritoneal macrophages, we have examined whether GGT1 affects the production of nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$), and interleukin (IL)-12 by the stimulation of interferon-${\gamma}$ and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). GGT1 inhibits LPS-induced NO production in a dose-dependent manner. The decrease in NO synthesis was reflected as a decreased amount of inducible NO synthese protein. We also found that GGT1 inhibits pro-inflammatory cytokines, TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-12 production. In mouse embryo preadipocyte 3T3-L1, GGT1 reduced the viability in a dose-dependent manner. These findings suggest that GGT1 may have potential effects in preventing and controlling adipogenesis and obesity.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.56 no.2
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• pp.61-67
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• 2013

Due to their diversity and abundancy, marine resources have emerged as important biological resources to compensate the limited sources of terrestrial biological materials. Phaeodactylum tricornutum (PT) is one of classical model diatoms most widely studied for its ecology, physiology, biochemistry and molecular biology. In this study, four different PT extracts on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages were compared for anti-inflammatory effect and investigated for the underlying mechanisms. The extracts of PT inhibited nitric oxide production from LPS stimulated RAW 264.7 cells in a dose dependent manner. These extracts also inhibited the expression of mRNA and production of proteins of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-$1{\beta}$, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$. These inhibitory effects were found to be caused by blockage of nuclear factor-${\kappa}B$ activation and phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases, extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.93-100
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• 2017

Obesity is characterized by a state of chronic low-grade inflammation and insulin resistance, which are aggravated by the interaction between hypertrophic adipocytes and macrophages. In this study, we investigated the effects of tangeretin on inflammatory changes and glucose uptake in a coculture of hypertrophic adipocytes and macrophages. Tangeretin decreased nitric oxide production and the expression of interleukin (IL)-6, $IL-1{\beta}$, tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and cyclooxygenase-2 in a coculture of 3T3-L1 adipocytes and RAW 264.7 cells. Tangeretin also increased glucose uptake in the coculture system, but did not affect the phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate (IRS) and Akt. These results suggest that tangeretin improves insulin resistance by attenuating obesity-induced inflammation in adipose tissue.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.97-102
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• 2010

The enhancement of immunity for atopic dermatitis with application of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)-loaded liposome was evaluated on NC/Nga mice. The EPA-loaded liposome was coated with thiol-chitosan. The liposomes were characterized with transmission electron microscopy (TEM), surface zeta potential & particle size analyzer (Zeta-PSA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The loading efficiency of EPA in the liposome was about 4.7%. The particle size of the EPA-Ioaded liposome was about 230 nm. The values of Immunoglobulin E (IgE), interleukin-4 (IL-4), and tumor necrosis factor-$\alpha$ (TNF-$\alpha$) were reduced significantly with application of the EPA-loaded liposome. The interferon-$\gamma$ (IFN-$\gamma$) value was increased with the application effect. It is concluded that EPA loaded liposome have immunity advancing effects in mouse model of atopic dermatitis.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.130-134
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• 2003

Proinflammatory effects of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) have been assessed by analysing the induction of two inflammatory genes, $interleukin-1\beta$ $(IL-1\beta)$ and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) macrophage cells. Production of a metabolite of arachidonic acid by COX-2, prostaglandin $E_2\;(PGE_2)$, was also analysed in macrophage cells after LPS stimulation. Northern blot analysis revealed that LPS $(5{\mu}g/mL)$ significantly upregulated $IL-1\beta$ (54 times) and COX-2 (40.7 times) gene expression in macrophage cells after 4 h stimulation. According to RT-PCR (Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction) analysis, $IL-1\beta$ gene induction in LPS stimulated macrophage cells was started within 1h and significantly increased thereafter until 4h. Meanwhile, COX-2 gene induction by LPS was delayed in comparison with $IL-1\beta$ gene induction as a faint band was observed after 4h stimulation in head kidney macrophage cells. LPS also significantly increased $PGE_2$ production in head kidney leucocytes, presumably via activating COX-2 expression that metabolites arachidonic acid to $PGE_2$. In conclusion, it was demonstrated that LPS could induce two main inflammatory and immune related genes, $IL-1\beta$ and COX-2, and increase $PGE_2$ production in trout head kidney macrophage cells, representing a strong inflammatory activity.