• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.275-282
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• 2018

염증성 대장질환에 대한 작약의 효능 연구가 미비하여 본 연구에서는 dextran sulfate sodium로 유도된 궤양성 대장염의 임상증상인 체중감소, 결장단축, 질병활성화 정도에 대한 작약의 효과를 관찰하였다. 또한 대장 조직 내 염증매개인자인 interleukin-6 및 cyclooxygenase-2의 생성에 대한 작약의 효과를 측정하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 첫째 dextran sulfate sodium로 유도된 궤양성 대장염에서 체중 감소에 대한 작약의 효과를 관찰한 결과 유의적으로 억제함을 확인하였다. 둘째 DSS로 유도된 궤양성 대장염에서 결장 단축에 대하여 작약의 억제 효과가 유의성 있게 나타났다. 셋째 dextran sulfate sodium로 유도된 궤양성 대장염에서 임상증상인 설사, 잠혈 및 출혈 등의 질병활성화 정도에 대한 작약의 효과를 관찰한 결과 유의적으로 질병활성화 정도를 억제하였다. 넷째 대장 조직내 염증매개인자인 interleukin-6 및 cyclooxygenase-2의 생성증가에 대한 작약의 억제효과를 확인 하였다. 본 연구는 작약의 효능을 과학적으로 입증한 결과로, 작약의 궤양성 대장염의 치료제 개발의 소재로서의 가능성을 시사한다.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.249-258
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• 1993

원발성 아메바성 수막뇌염을 야기하는 Naegleria fowleri를 사망율에 따라 $1{\;}{\times}{\;}10^4$개 아메바 영양형 접종군과. $1{\;}{\times}{\;}10^5$개 아메바 영양형 접종군으로 나누어 비장세포를 비특이 mitogen인 Phytohemagglutinin(PHA)과 특이항원인 N. fowleri Iysates로 자극하여 T 세포의 interleukin-2 생성정도를 측정하고 T 림프구의 아형 및 아세포화정도를 측정한 결과 N.fowleri 아메바 영양형 $1{\;}{\times}{\;}10^5$개 접종군에서의 마우스 사망율은 72.2%였으며 $1{\;}{\times}{\;}10^4$개 접종군에서의 마우스 사망율은 14.3%였다. 또한 IL릭 생성정도를 접종후 7, 14, 24일째 측정한 결과. 접종 후 14일째에는 두 실험군 모두에서 대조군과 비교하여 IL닉의 생성이 유의하게 감소하였으며 접종 후 24일째에는 두 실험군 모두에서 접종 후 14일째 보다는 증가하였으나 대조군과 비교하여 유의하게 억제되었다 비장세포내 T 림프구 아형의 변동은 전체 비장 림프구에 대한 $Thy-1.2^{+}{\;}T.{\;}L3T4^{+}{\;}T,{\;}Ly^{2+}{\;}T$ 세포는 N.fowleri아메바 영양형 $1{\;}{\times}{\;}10^5$개 접종군에서 접종 후 7일째 대조군과 비교하여 유의하게 증가하였고 접종 후 14일째와 24일째에는 대조군과 비교하여 유의한 차이가 없었다. 아메바 영양형 $1{\;}{\times}{\;}10^4$개를 접종시킨 실험군은 경과 일수에 관계없이 대조군과 비교하여 유의한 차이가 없었다. 비장세포내 T 세포의 DNA의 분획을 관찰한 결과 두 실험군 모두에서 접종 후 7일째에 S phase 분획이 가장 높이 증가하였으며 접종 후 14일과 24일째에도 대조군에 비하여는 유의하게 증가하여 있었다. 이상의 결과를 종합하여 볼 때, N.fowleri를 사망율을 기준으로 접종량을 달리하여 아메바 영양형 $1{\;}{\times}{\;}10^4$개 접종군과 $1{\;}{\times}{\;}10^5$개 접종군으로 나누어 접종하였을 때, 접종 후 7일을 전후하여 IL-2를 매개로 활성화되는 세포매개성 면역이 N.fowleri감염의 방어기작으로 작용하는 것으로 생각되며 아메바 접종 후 14일째에는 치명적인 수막뇌염으로 진행되어 비장세포의 IL-2의 생성능력이 매우 억제된 것으로 생각된다. 또한 IL-2 생성능력과 T 세포의 아세포화의 증가 및 T세포 아령의 수의 변동과는 잘 일치되지 않는 것으로 나타났다.

• ALGAE
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.333-341
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• 2014

In this study, four compounds isolated from the red alga Laurencia snackeyi were evaluated for their potential anti-inflammatory effect in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. These compounds were tested for their inhibitory effects on nitric oxide (NO) production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Since $5{\beta}$-hydroxypalisadin B showed the best activity it was further tested for the production of prostaglandin-$E_2$ ($PGE_2$), expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrotic factor-alpha (TNF-${\alpha}$), interleukin-$1{\beta}$ (IL-$1{\beta}$), and interleukin-6 (IL-6). $5{\beta}$-Hydroxypalisadin B significantly reduced the $PGE_2$ release and suppressed the iNOS and COX-2 expression in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. It also significantly reduced the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$, and IL-6. These findings provide the first evidence of anti-inflammatory potential of $5{\beta}$-hydroxypalisadin B isolated from the red alga L. snackeyi and hence, it could be exploited as an active ingredient in pharmaceutical, nutraceutical and functional food applications.

• 대한물리의학회지
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.551-558
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• 2010

연구목적 : 미세전류 자극이 아주반트로 류마티스 관절염을 유발한 실험동물의 염증반응과 통증에 미치는 효과를 알아보기 위하여 실험동물의 발허리발가락관절내 염증반응 정도를 나타내는 인터루킨-6(interleukin-6)의 발현과 핫플레이트(hot plate)를 이용한 발도피지연시를 측정하여 미세전류의 효과에 대하여 알아보고자 하는데 목적이 있다. 연구방법 : 실험동물은 무작위로 대조군(n=18)과 미세전류를 적용한 실험군(n=18)으로 구분하였고, 각 군당 6마리씩 1일군, 7일군, 14일군으로 배정하였다. 류마티스 관절염 유발후 1일, 7일, 14일에 모든 실험동물의 열통각 역치를 나타내는 발도피지연시와 발허리발가락관절내 인터루킨-6의 발현정도를 측정하였다. 각 집단 내의 기간에 따른 발도피지연시와 인터루킨-6의 면역반응성은 일원배치 분산분석을 실시하였고, 사후분석으로는 Duncan의 다중범위검정을 실시하였다. 실험군과 대조군을 비교하기 위하여 독립표본 t-test를 실시하였다. 연구결과 : 실험결과는 다음과 같다. 1) 아주반트 주사 1일후, 실험군과 대조군에서 인터루킨-6 면역반응성과 발도피지연시는 비슷한 양상을 보였다. 2) 인터루킨-6 면역반응성은 아주반트 주사 7일, 14일 후 대조군이 실험군보다 유의하게 증가되었다(p<.05). 3) 발도피지연시는 아주반트 주사 7일, 14일 후 실험군이 대조군보다 유의하게 증가되었다(p<.05). 결론 : 이상의 결과로부터, 미세전류 자극이 아주반트로 유발된 류마티스관절염 모델에서 활액 조직내 염증반응을 감소시키고 열통각역치는 증가되는 것을 알 수 있었다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제49권4호
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• pp.241-246
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• 2016

Purpose: Aloe-emodin (AE), an ingredient of aloe, is known to exhibit anti-inflammatory activities. However, little is known about the underlying molecular mechanisms of its inflammatory modulatory activity in vitro. In the present study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory potential of AE using $Pam_3CSK_4$-stimulated macrophages. Methods: RAW 264.7 macrophages were treated with AE (0~20 mM) for 1 h, followed by treatment with $Pam_3CSK_4$ for 1 h. After incubation, mRNA expression levels of cytokines were measured. The effect of AE on TLR2-related molecules was also investigated in $Pam_3CSK_4$-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Results: AE attenuated $Pam_3CSK_4$-stimulated expression of proinflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-$1{\beta}$ ($IL-1{\beta}$) in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Two concentrations of AE ($10{\mu}M$ and $20{\mu}M$) effectively reduced mRNA expression of TLR2 by 41.18% and 54.43%, respectively, compared to that in control cells (p < 0.05). AE also decreased nuclear factor-kappa B ($NF-{\kappa}B$) activation and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation. Phosphorylation levels of ERK1/2, p38, and JNK were markedly reduced by $20{\mu}M$ AE. In particular, AE decreased phosphorylation of ERK in a dose-dependent manner in $Pam_3CSK_4$-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Conclusion: Our data indicate that AE exerts its anti-inflammatory effect by suppressing TLR2-mediated activation of $NF-{\kappa}B$ and MAPK signaling pathways in macrophages.

• 약학회지
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• 제47권5호
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• pp.311-318
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• 2003

Eurya emarginata (Thunb.) Makino (Theaceae) is distributed in coastal areas of island. The leaves of Eurya are used in the traditional medicine of the coastal areas of jeju island with the aim of diuresis or to treat ulcers. Nevertheless, there are few reports on the biological activity and constituents of E. emarginata. In this study, we investigated the pharmacological activity of the solvent extracts of E. emarginata on the several inflammatory markers (TNF-$\alpha$, IL-1$\beta$, IL-6, NO, iNOS and COX-2). Also we examined the antioxidizing effect of the solvent extracts by determination of DPPH radical-scavenging activity. Among the solvent fractions, EtOAc and BuOH extracts showed potent radical scavenging activity (RC$_{50}$=10.9 and 12.7 respectively). The subtractions of EF 5-4-6-3-2 and BF 1 potentially inhibited the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1$\beta$, IL-6 and TNF-$\alpha$) at the concentration of 100 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mι. Also the fractions inhibited the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1$\beta$, IL-6 and TNF-$\alpha$) and protein expression of iNOS and COX-2 at the concentration of 100 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mι. And then, the inhibition of iNOS was correlated with the decrease of nitrite level. These results suggest that E. emarginata may have anti-inflammatory activity through the inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines, iNOS and COX-2.2.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.721-727
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• 2007

Scorpion (SCP) has been clinically used for the treatment of endogenous wind to relieve convulsion, clearing away toxins, resolving hard masses and removing obstruction in the collaterals to relieve pain. Recent studies showed that scorpion toxins that affect the activating mechanism of sodium channels and indian black scorpion venom induced anti-proliferative and apoptogenic activity against human leukemic cell lines U937 and K562. There is lack of studies regarding the effects of SCP on the immunological activities. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of SCP on the regulatory effects of cytokines and nitric oxide (NO) for the immunological activities in Raw 264.7 cells. After the treatment of SCP MeOH extract dissolved in media for 1 h prior to the addition of lipopolysaccharide (LPS: 1 ${\mu}$g/ml), cell viability was measured by MTT assay, NO production was monitored by measuring the nitrite content in culture medium. Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was determined by immunoblot analysis, and levels of cytokine were analyzed by sandwich immunoassays. As results, SCP inhibited the production of nitrite and nitrate (0.3 and 1.0 mg/ml), iNOS and p-$I_KB_{\alpha}$ protein, tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (0.3 and 1.0 mg/ml), interleukin-1${\beta}$ (0.3 and 1.0 mg/ml) and interleukin-6 (1.0mg/ml) in Raw 264.7 cells activated with LPS. These findings suggest that SCP can produce anti-inflammatory effect, which may play a role in adjunctive therapy in Gram-negative bacterial infections.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.465-474
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• 1998

This study was examined on the effect of ex-vivo immunotherapy in 7, 12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced rat mammary carcinogenesis. Sprague-Dawley female 40 rats were divided into Jour groups. As a positive control, Group I was intubated with DMBA, 5 mg /100 g body weight and single dose, at experimental onset. Group II was treated ex-vivo immunotherapy with polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (Poly I : C) and Group III was treated with Interleukin-2 (IL-2). Group IV was negative control. All rats were sacrificed at 16 weeks after DMBA intubation. Mammary gland wet weight, dry fat free tissue weight, incidence of tumor, and the number of lobules, alveolar buds, terminal end buds, and terminal ducts were examined. Morphological changes of the mammary gland after treated with DMBA were analyzed by whole mount and histopathological method. As results, the induced mammary tumors of Group I, II and III were 60%, 33% and 0%, respectively. Histopathological types of induced-mammary tumors were adenoma, adenocarcinoma and carcinosarcoma. In analysis of the whole mount method, the number of the terminal end buds, terminal ducts and lobules were significantly lower in Group II (p<0.01) and III (p<0.01) than DMBA alone treated Group I. In microscopic observation, hyperplastic alveolar nodules were significantly lower in Group III than Group I (p<0.01). In conclusion, IL-2 had strong inhibitory effect on the mammary gland tumorigenesis induced by DMBA in rats. Whole mount method may be a useful technique to assess the mammary carcinogenesis. Moreover, hyperplastic alveolar nodules were very sensitive parameter to assess the mammary carcinogenesis.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.37-46
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• 2012

Objectives : The gnarl of Pinus densiflora, called Songjeol in Korea, has been used as a medicinal herb for the treatment of inflammatory-related diseases such as arthralgia, myalgia and bruise. However, the molecular actions and mechanisms have not been clearly investigated. The aim of this study was to clarify the anti-inflammatory activity of Pinus densiflora gnarl pharmacopuncture (PDGP) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Methods : Cytotoxicity was assessed by XTT assay. The amount of nitric oxide (NO) production was determined by nitrite assay. The mRNA expressions of interleukin-$1{\beta}$ (IL-$1{\beta}$), interleukin-6 (IL-6), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) were analyzed by RT-PCR. Reactive oxidative species (ROS) generation was measured using the fluorescence microscopy. In addition, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and redox factor-1 (Ref-1) protein expressions were detected by Western blotting. Results : PDGP inhibited NO production and ROS generation in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. At the mRNA level, PDGP suppressed IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6 and COX-2 expression. On the other hand, PDGP induced HO-1 mRNA expression. Furthermore, PDGP suppressed iNOS and Ref-1 protein expression. Conclusions : This result suggests that PDGP can act as a suppressor agent on NO and iNOS through induction of HO-1, and play an useful role in blocking inflammatory responses.

• 한방재활의학과학회지
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.1-14
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• 2019

Objectives The object of this study was to assess the effect of Gyejibokryunghwan (GBH) on anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities in RAW 264.7 cells and on factors associated with fracture union in tibia-fractured rats. Methods The 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity was measured to assess anti-oxidant activity. The production of nitric oxide (NO), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-$1{\beta}$ ($IL-1{\beta}$) and tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ ($TNF-{\alpha}$) in the RAW 264.7 cells were measured to assess anti-inflammatory activity. The production of osteocalcin, calcitonin, carboxy-terminal telepeptides of type II collagen (CTXII), transforming growth factor-${\beta}$ ($TGF-{\beta}$), bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) in serum of tibia-fractured rats were measured to assess the effects of fracture union. X-rays were taken every two weeks from 0 to 4th week to assess fracture union effect. Results DPPH radical scavenging activity of GBH was increased according to concentration of GBH in RAW 264.7 cell. NO, prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$), IL-6, $IL-1{\beta}$ and $TNF-{\alpha}$ were significantly decreased, indicating anti-inflammatory effect. Osteocalcin, calcitonin, $TGF-{\beta}$ were significantly increased in the experimental groups. CTXII was significantly decreased in the experimental groups. BMP-2 was not significantly changed in the experimental groups. The X-ray showed that the experimental group has better healing effects on tibia-fractured rats than control group. Conclusions From above result, GBH has an effect on anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory activities in RAW 264.7 cells. GBH showed significant results in factors related with fracture union and radiologic examination. In conclusion, GBH can help fracture union and it well be expected to be used actively in clinics.