• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.57 no.10
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• pp.440-444
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• 2014

Purpose: Febrile seizures are induced by fever and are the most common type of seizures in children. Although numerous studies have been performed on febrile seizures, their pathophysiology remains unclear. Recent studies have shown that cytokines may play a role in the pathogenesis of febrile seizures. The present study was conducted to identify potential links between serum interleukin-1beta (IL-$1{\beta}$), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-${\alpha}$), and febrile seizures. Methods: Ninety-two patients with simple or complex febrile seizures (46 patients per seizure type), and 46 controls with comparable age, sex, and severity of temperature were enrolled. Results: The median concentrations of serum IL-$1{\beta}$ in the simple, complex febrile seizure, and control groups were 0.05, 0.1, and 0.67 pg/mL, respectively (P=0.001). Moreover, the median concentrations of TNF-${\alpha}$ in the simple, complex febrile seizure, and control groups were 2.5, 1, and 61.5 pg/mL, respectively (P=0.001). Furthermore, there were significant differences between the case groups in serum IL-$1{\beta}$ and TNF-${\alpha}$ levels (P<0.05). Conclusion: Unlike previous studies, our study does not support the hypothesis that increased IL-$1{\beta}$ and TNF-${\alpha}$ production is involved in the pathogenesis of febrile seizures.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.451-463
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• 2001

목적 - Inflammatory cytokine으로 알려진 interleukin 1$\beta$, tumor necrosis factor $\alpha$는 치수 및 치근단질환에서 주요한 역할을 하며, 골흡수를 자극하고 골형성을 방해하는 것으로 알려져 왔다. 이들 cytokine은 주로 단핵세포/대식세포가 형성하는 것으로 알려져 왔으나 최근 연구에 의하면, PMN도 또한 이 런 cytokine들을 형성할 수 있다는 것이 보고되었다. 오랫동안 염증반응이나 면역반응에서 PMN의 역할이 주로 포식작용 을 통해 병원균을 제거하는 것이라고만 생각되어져 왔던 것을 생각하면, 새로운 발견이라 할 수 있다. 또, PMN은 IL-1ra도 생성하는 것으로 보고되었는데, IL-1ra란 IL-1의 생물학적 작용을 방해하는 인자이므로, IL-1과 밀접한 관련을 가지는 질환의 발전에 있어서 IL-1과 IL-1ra의 balance가 매우 중요한 역할을 할 것으로 생각된다 즉, IL-1ra는 IL-1$\beta$의 proinflammatory effect를 제한할 수 있는 negative feedback mechanism이라고 할 수 있다. 이 연구의 목적은 치수 및 치근단 조직의 감염에 있어서 주요 원인균인 Porphyromonas endodontalis의 LPS가 PMN의 IL-1$\beta$, TNF-$\alpha$, IL-1ra생성에 미치는 영향을 단백질과 mRNA 수준에서 관찰하는 것이다. 잘 알려진 non-oral bacterium인 E. coli의 LPS를 positive control로 사용하였으며, IL-1ra가 IL-1$\beta$의 생물학적 작용을 방해하는 작용을 관찰하기 위해, IL-1의 biological assay도 시행하였다. 방법 - P. endodontalis ATCC 35406을 혐기성 조건에서 배양하고, hot phenol-water extraction의 방법으로 LPS를 추출(crude LPS)한 후, 제조회사로부터 구입한 E. coli의 crude LPS와 함께 정제하였다. 건강한 자원자들을 대상으로 말초혈액을 채취한 후 dextran sedimentaion을 거쳐 Lymphoprep을 이용하여 PMN층을 분리하였다. 얻어진 세포들은 RPMI 1640 (supplemented with fetal bovine serum antibiotics)에 5$\times$$10^{6}$cells/ml이 되도록 resuspend시킨 후 각기 다른 농도 (0, 0.01, 0.1, 1 and 10$\mu$g/ml)의 LPS를 처리하여, 각기 다른 시간(Northern blot : 1, 2, 4시간 ELISA : 2, 6, 12, 18시간)동안 37$^{\circ}C$ in 5% $CO_2$ 의 조건으로 배양하였다. 상층액은 -7$0^{\circ}C$에 보관하였다가 추후에 ELISA를 이용한 단백질 농도 측정과 IL-1 biological assay에 사용되어졌으며, 배양된 세포로부터 RNA를 추출하여 Northern hybridization을 통해 mRNA expression을 관찰하였다. (중략)

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.251-261
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• 2005

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune/inflammatory disorder with a complex genetic component. RA is characterized by chronic inflammation of the synovial membrane in the joint, which leads to the progressive destruction of articular cartilage, ligament and bone. Several cytokines such as tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}\;TNF-{\alpha}\;and\;interleukin-1{\beta}\;(IL-1{\beta})$ and interleukin-6 (IL-6) have been implicated in the pathological mechanisms of synovial tissue proliferation, joint destruction and programmed cell death in rheumatoid joint. Genome wide screening of subjects suffering from autoimmune diseases especially arthritis revealed linkage to inflammatory molecules like $TNF-{\alpha},\;IL-1{\beta}$ and IL-6, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), nuclear factor-kappaB $(NF-{\kappa}B)$ and human leucocyte antigen/major histocompatibility complex (HLA/MHC) locus. The status of the pharmacological mechanism of herbal drugs in the light of genome wide screening results has been discussed to reinforce the therapeutic potential and the pharmacological basis of the herbal drugs.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.147-153
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• 2009

To study the biological activity of interleukin-$1\beta$(IL-$1\beta$), a proinflammatory cytokine, in nile tilapia, Oreochromis niliticus, the recombinant tilapia IL-$1\beta$ was produced in E. coli cells based on pQE vector. Ni-NTA (nitriloacetic acid) metal affinity chromatography was used to purify recombinant protein. The eluted fractions exhibited a single band of protein with a molecular weight of about 25kDa, which is in close agreement with 25.4 kDa predicted by the cDNA sequence. The biological activity of the purified recombinant tilapia IL-$1\beta$ was tested through its effects on IL-$1\beta$ gene expression, which are known as IL-$1\beta$ inducible genes in mammals and fishes. IL-$1\beta$ gene expression induced by poly I:C, a synthetic double stranded RNA, was also assessed in tilapia head kidney cells. IL-$1\beta$ gene expression was analysed using QPCR (quantitative polymerase chain reaction). The ratio of the indicated gene expression was expressed as the relative mRNA level to $\beta$-actin mRNA level, which is constitutively expressed in macrophages. Consequently, head kidney cells incubated for three hours with rIL-$1\beta$(10, 2, 1 $\mu{g}$/ml) showed a dose dependent increase in IL-$1\beta$ mRNA levels and 1 $\mu{g}$/ml of poly I:C was also able to induce IL-$1\beta$ gene expression in head kidney in tilapia.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.109-114
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• 1996

We have previously reported that Korean schizophrenic patients hove low production of IL-2 in vitro suggestive of autoimmunity to the pathogenesis of the disorder. In an attempt to further explore this issue, we measured in vivo serum levels of interleukins(IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-2, and IL-6) using a quantitative "sandwich" enzyme immunoassay(ELISA) in 26 male schizophrenic patients and in 26 age-matched normal controls. Patients met DSM-IV criteria for schizophrenia and were drug free for at least six months. The severity of symptoms was assessed by SANS and SAPS. We found a significant increase of IL-2 level(p<0.05) in schizophrenic patients as compared with normal controls. There were significant positive correlations between IL-2, IL-6 levels and negative symptom scores. There were no correlations between age, age at onset, duration of illness and interleukin levels. Our results may support the hypothesis of viral-autoimmune dysfunction in schizophrenia. IL-2 or IL-6 may be associated with specific clinical feature in schizophrenic syndrome, especially negative symptom.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.79-84
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• 2010

The molecule possessing ankyrin-repeats induced by lipopolysaccharide (MAIL) protein is a novel member of the $Ikappa{\beta}$ family. In the present study, we examined the effect of norepinephrine (NE) on MAIL mRNA expression in primary cultured mouse hepatocytes and non-parenchymal liver cells. MAIL mRNA expression in hepatocytes and non-parenchymal liver cells was not directly influenced by NE. However, MAIL mRNA expression in hepatocytes was significantly induced by incubation with a culture medium of non-parenchymal liver cells, treated with NE. Pretreatment with an interleukin (IL)-1 receptor antagonist significantly attenuated the stimulatory effect of the medium. Moreover, exogenous $IL-1{\beta}$ induced MAIL mRNA expression in hepatocytes, while IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor $\alpha$ did not. The concentration of $IL-1{\beta}$ in the medium of non-parenchymal liver cells was significantly increased after NE-treatment. These results suggest that NE can induce MAIL mRNA expression in hepatocytes through $IL-1{\beta}$, released from non-parenchymal liver cells.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.420-426
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• 1993

To effectively purify of IL-1 inhibitor from human febrile urine, we have established monoclonal antibody that reacts with human recombinant interleukin l$\beta$(IL-1$\beta$). The antibody, designated ON-1, was highly specific to IL-1$\beta$ and no cross-reaction with other cytokines(IL-l$\alpha$ and IL-4) was observed. As the results of ELISA inhibition assay and Western blotting method, it was further identified that ON-1 had high binding specificity with IL-1$\beta$. IL-1 receptor binding material from febrile patient urine was effectively purified with affinity column chromatography which conjugated with ON-1. This urinary material inhibited the thymocyte proliferation in a dosedependent manner. IL-l$\beta$ induced thymocyte proliferation activity was inhibited to 67.3% at 6 $\mu\textrm{g}$ of the purified urinary material. The result may suggest that this urinary material the purified urinary material. The result may suggest that this urinary material will have antagonic effect on IL-1 action mechanism and act IL-l$\beta$ inhibitor.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.43-54
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• 2009

Objectives : To investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of Prunella vulgaris pharmacopuncture in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory rat model. Methods : Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 5 groups; normal control (n=8), LPS control (n=8), LPS+Prunella vulgaris pharmacopuncture at CV4 (CV4, n=8), LPS+Prunella vulgaris pharmacopuncture at ST36 (ST36, n=8), and LPS+Prunella vulgaris pharmacopuncture at CV12 (CV12, n=8). Pharmacopuncture was given every two days for 4 weeks followed by inflammation induction by peritoneal LPS injection (5mg/kg). Proinflammatory cytokines including interleukin-$1{\beta}$ (IL-$1{\beta}$), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-$\alpha$ (TNF-$\alpha$), interleukin-10 (IL-10), thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) from blood and liver tissue were compared before and 5 hrs after inflammation induction. Results : In CV4 and CV12 groups, plasma IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6 and TNF-$\alpha$ levels increased by LPS injection, significantly decreased 5 hrs after injection (p<0.05). For CV12 group, plasma IL-10 concentration significantly increased (p<0.05). Liver IL-$1{\beta}$ and IL-6 levles significantly decreased in CV4 and CV12 groups (P<0.05), while normal and LPS control groups were not significantly different in TNF-$\alpha$ and IL-10 levels. Plasma TBARS concentration was significantly decreased in CV12 group, while there was no significant difference among LPS control and pharmacopuncture groups for liver TBARS concentration. Conclusions : Based on the present findings, Prunella vulgaris pharmacopuncture at CV12 may have a potentially preventive anti-inflammatory effect in an LPS-induced inflammatory rat model.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.305-311
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• 2018

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of joint disease, characterized by articular cartilage, osteonecrosis, and osteochondral bone erosion. It is an early, progressive disease that combines joint stiffness and joint pain and reduces cartilage function and condition. Interleukin-1 beta ($IL-1{\beta}$) is thought to be important to the pathogenesis of OA and significantly increases the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), which play an important role in cartilage degradation in OA. Sparassis crispa (Wulf.) is an edible / medicinal mushroom that has been reported to variety of biological activities. In this study, investigated the Anti-inflammatory effect of Sparassis crispa (Wulf.) ethanol extract (SCE) on $IL-1{\beta}$ stimulated SW1353 chondrocytes. SCE decreased the expression and activity of MMPs by $IL-1{\beta}$ and decreased the levels of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) associated with the inhibition of prostaglandin E2($PGE_2$) in $IL-1{\beta}$ stimulated SW-1353 chondrocytes. In addition, SCE inhibits the expression of MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) and $NF-{\kappa}B$ (nuclear factor-kappa B) signaling in $IL-1{\beta}$ stimulated SW-1353 cells, and SCE inhibits the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) through heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression. Thus, it is suggested that SCE has a potential as an anti-inflammatory agent in osteoarthritis treatments.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.57 no.4
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• pp.235-241
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• 2015

Objective : Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) detects various patterns, which can be attributed to many factors. The purpose of this study was to measure the level of interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), and highly specific protein [beta-trace protein (${\beta}TP$)] for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in CSDHs, and correlate the levels of these markers with the MRI findings. Methods : Thirty one patients, treated surgically for CSDH, were divided on the basis of MRI findings into hyperintense and non-hyperintense groups. The concentrations of IL-6, IL-8, and ${\beta}TP$ in the subdural fluid and serum were measured. The ${\beta}TP$ was considered to indicate an admixture of CSF to the subdural fluid if ${\beta}TP$ in the subdural fluid $({\beta}TP_{SF})/{\beta}TP$ in the serum $({\beta}TP_{SER})>2$. Results : The mean concentrations of IL-6 and IL-8 of the hyperintense group (n=17) of T1-WI MRI were $3975.1{\pm}1040.8pg/mL$ and $6873.2{\pm}6365.4pg/mL$, whereas them of the non-hyperintense group (n=14) were $2173.5{\pm}1042.1pg/mL$ and $2851.2{\pm}6267.5pg/mL$ (p<0.001 and p=0.004). The mean concentrations of ${\beta}TP_{SF}$ and the ratio of ${\beta}TP_{SF}/{\beta}TP_{SER}$ of the hyperintense group (n=13) of T2-WI MRI were $7.3{\pm}2.9mg/L$ and $12.6{\pm}5.4$, whereas them of the non-hyperintense group (n=18) were $4.3{\pm}2.3mg/L$ and $7.5{\pm}3.9$ (p=0.011 and p=0.011). Conclusion : The hyperintense group on T1-WI MRI of CSDHs exhibited higher concentrations of IL-6 and IL-8 than non-hyperintense group. And, the hyperintese group on T2-WI MRI exhibited higher concentrations of ${\beta}TP_{SF}$ and the ratio of ${\beta}TP_{SF}/{\beta}TP_{SER}$ than non-hyperintense group. These findings appear to be associated with rebleeding and CSF admixture in the CSDHs.