• Current Optics and Photonics
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.421-426
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• 2024

The use of stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy has significantly improved resolution beyond the limits imposed by diffraction; Furthermore, STED microscopy adopts a 4Pi-geometry to achieve an isotropic improvement in resolution. In isoSTED microscopy, a polarizing beam splitter and retarders are used in a 4Pi cavity to split beams of identical power, generating constructive and destructive interference for lateral and axial resolution improvements, respectively. The precise alignment of the retarders is crucial for optimizing the performance of isoSTED microscopy, because this orientation affects the quality of the depletion focus, necessitating zero intensity at the center. Incomplete destructive interference can lead to unwanted fluorescence inhibition, resulting in degraded resolution and contrast. However, measuring the intensity and polarization state in each optical path of the 4Pi cavity is complex and requires additional devices such as a power meter. Here, we propose a simple and accurate alignment method for the 4Pi cavity in isoSTED microscopy. Our approach demonstrates the equal allocation of power between upper and lower beam paths and achieves complete destructive interference using a polarizing beam displacer and a single CCD camera positioned outside the 4Pi cavity.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.692-710
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• 2013

Conventional interference alignment (IA) for a MIMO interference channel (IFC) requires global and perfect channel state information at transmitter (CSIT) to achieve the optimal degrees of freedom (DoF), which prohibits practical implementation. In order to alleviate the global CSIT requirement caused by the coupled relation among all of IA equations, we propose an IA scheme with a single feedback link of each receiver in a limited feedback environment for a three-user MIMO IFC. The main feature of the proposed scheme is that one of users takes out a fraction of its maximum number of data streams to decouple IA equations for three-user MIMO IFC, which results in a single link feedback structure at each receiver. While for the conventional IA each receiver has to feed back to all transmitters for transmitting the maximum number of data streams. With the assumption of a random codebook, we analyze the upper bound of the average throughput loss caused by quantized channel knowledge as a function of feedback bits. Analytic results show that the proposed scheme outperforms the conventional IA scheme in term of the feedback overhead and the sum rate as well.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.1077-1083
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• 2015

In this paper, we introduce an energy-efficient opportunistic interference alignment (OIA) scheme that greatly improves the sum-rates in multi-cell uplink networks. Each user employs optimal transmit vector design and power control in the sense of minimizing the amount of generated interference to other-cell base stations while satisfying a required signal quality. As our main result, it is shown that owing to the reduced interference level, the proposed OIA schemes attains larger sum-rates than those of OIA with no power control for almost all signal-to-noise ratio regions. In addition, when both zero-forcing and minimum mean square error (MMSE) detectors are employed at the receiver along with the OIA scheme, it is shown that the OIA scheme with MMSE detection shows superior performance.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.61-69
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• 2017

The study on interference channel is very important information theoretically and many studies have been done on it. However, even in the simplest case, even in the case of two user interfering channels, the channel capacity is not yet known except in special cases. Recently, research on the multiplexing gain that shows the tendency of the transmission rate in the high signal to noise ratio (SNR) band has been actively carried out, instead of accurately grasping the channel capacity. Obtaining optimal multiplexing gain can reveal trends in channel capacity at high signal-to-noise ratio bands. In an interfering channel with two users, the best multiplexing gain can be obtained by eliminating the interference. However, recent research shows that when the number of users is more than three, the optimal multiplexing gain can not be obtained only by zero forcing and a new technique called interference sorting is needed. There are two types of interference sorting techniques. Beamforming A method of effectively separating signals and interference by properly selecting matrices and constructing structured codes using rational numbers and irrational numbers. The interference alignment technique can achieve optimal multiplexing gain in various environments such as interference channel, X channel, compound broadcast channel, and multi hop network for multi source multi destination. In recent years, it has also been applied to distributed storage. Lee et al., "Lattice Code Interference Alignment in Cooperative Multipoint Transmission (COMP) for Interference Channels of Three Users", Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers, vol.49-TC,no.6,2012. In this paper, the DoF of delayed channel information is obtained.

• Journal of Advanced Navigation Technology
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.988-996
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• 2012

Assuming perfect channel state information (CSI), the conventional interference alignment (IA) algorithm in the uplink cellular system suppresses inter-cell interference (ICI) by aligning ICI to a randomly selected reference vector. However, IA in practice relies on limited feedback between base stations and users, resulting in residual ICI. In this paper, we propose the optimization of the reference vector that minimizes the upper-bound of residual ICI power. Secondly, the iterative IA that designs the direction of transmit and receive filter is proposed to minimize the residual ICI as well as maximize the desired signals. Moreover, we propose the user scheduling method combined with proposed IA schemes which provides the multiuser diversity gain in multi-cell environments. Finally, the performance gain of the proposed IA algorithms compared with the existing IA are analyzed and demonstrated by simulation results.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• 제16권5호
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• pp.83-89
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• 2016

In this paper, we apply the complementation principle of five prime substances to reduce the phase interference. The transmitter and receiver match the concepts of co-operative and conflict to the direct and indirect signals. The result shows we investigate the proposed network topology such as 5 prime substances (5 user networks). The key observation is that optimal symmetric degree of freedom (DoF) can be achieved for 5 user network with different channel coherence times by adaptively selecting the interference alignment scheme via controlling the alignment feasibility of the transmitted signals. Theoretical results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed 5 user networks are well matched to the wireless mobile channel environment to achieve the symmetric DoF for different channel coherence times which ensures that the proposed networks are applicable for dense wireless network applications. Modulo 3 functionality in 5 user network topology makes it easier for the transmitter cooperation to achieve the DoF of 2/3 with the help of the interference alignment schemes.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.281-288
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• 1994

In this paper, a new decomposition method of the interference EMG signal using MAMDF filtering and digital signal processor. The efficient software and hardware signal processing techniques are employed. The MAMDF filter is employed in order to estimate the presence and likely location of the respective templates which may include in the observed mixture, and high-resolution waveform alignment is employed in order to provide the optimal combination set and time delays of the selected templates. The TMS320C25 digital signal processor chip is employed in order to execute the intensive calculation part of the software. The method is verified through a simulation with real templates which are obtain ed from needle EMG. As a result, the proposed method provides an overall speed improvement of 32-40 times.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.357-360
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• 2019

We demonstrate an alignment technology using an imprinting process on an inorganic NiOx film. The aligned nanopattern was fabricated on a silicon wafer by laser interference lithography. The aligned nano pattern was then imprinted onto the sol-gel driven NiOx film using an imprinting process at an annealing temperature of $150^{\circ}C$. After the imprinting process, parallel grooves had been formed on the NiOx film. Atomic force microscopy and water contact angle measurements were performed to confirm the parallel groove on the NiOx film. The grooves caused liquid crystal alignment through geometric restriction, similar to grooves formed by the rubbing process on polyimide. The liquid crystal cell exhibited a pretilt angle of $0.2^{\circ}$, which demonstrated homogeneous alignment.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.95-101
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• 2011

In wireless X networks where all transmitters send the independent messages to all receivers, the theoretical bound on the degrees of freedom (DOF) and interference alignment (IA) scheme for its achievability are given by Cadambe and Jafar [1]. However, IA scheme for wireless X network may be infeasible in practice unless the transmitters have the perfect channel information. In addition, if the transmitter with single antenna uses time-varying channel coefficients as a beamforming vector, the infinite channel extension is required to achieve the theoretical bound on the DOF of wireless X networks with perfect IA scheme. In this paper, we consider K-user MIMO X network where K transmitters and K receivers have M antennas each. While the beamforming vectors have been constructed with multiple channel uses over multiple time slot in the earlier work, we consider the beamforming vectors constructed only by a spatial signature over unit time. Accordingly the channel information at the transmitters can be available instantaneously. Then we propose the perfect IA scheme with no channel extension. Based on our sum-rate analysis and the simulation results, we confirm that our proposed scheme can achieve MK/2 DOF which is quite close to the theoretical bound on the DOF region of wireless X networks.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• 제40권2호
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• pp.273-284
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• 2015

The feasibility conditions of interference alignment (IA) are analyzed for reverse duplex systems, in which one cell operates as downlink (DL) while the other cell operates as uplink (UL) assuming one-sid base station (BS) cooperation. Under general multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) antenna configurations, a necessary condition and a sufficient condition for one-shot linear IA are established, i.e., linear IA without symbol or time extension. In several example networks, optimal sum degrees of freedom (DoF) is characterized by the derived necessary condition and sufficient condition. For some special class of networks, a sufficient condition is established in a more compact expression, which also yields the necessary and sufficient condition. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed IA does not only achieve larger DoF but also significantly improves the sum rate in the practical signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) regime.