• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.7 no.8
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• pp.205-212
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• 2020

This study seeks to examine the main factors, external and internal to the bank, that enhance bank lending. Bank lending is one of the connecting bridges in sustaining society. Internal factors consist of ROA, DPK, and CAR. External factors are economic growth and interest rate of Bank Indonesia. The population of this research consists of traditional commercial banks listed on the IDX over the 2014-2017 period. Samples were chosen by purposive sampling method. This study uses secondary data with 56 samples; data analysis uses multiple linear regression. The findings of the study show that internal factors have a greater impact on increasing bank lending than external factors. The main variable among internal factors that influences increase in bank lending is ROA. DPK is the internal factor with the smallest impact on increasing bank lending. The implication of the study is that determining the bank lending should take more account of CAR, DPK, ROA, BI interest rates, and economic growth in making decisions about the amount of lending. These variables can only have a slight effect on increasing lending, though. Besides, internal factors such as NPL, LDR or non-economic factors also need to be considered in channeling bank credit.

• Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.21-25
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• 2000

Recently there is increasing interest in the use of structure activity relationships for predicting the biological activity of chemicals. The reasons for the interest include the decrease cost and time per chemical as compared with animal or cell system for identifying toxicological effects of chemicals and the reduction in the use of animals for toxicological testing. This study is to test the validity of the mutagenicity data generated from QSAR (Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship) program. Thirty chemicals, which had been evaluated by Ames test during 1997-1999, were assessed with TOPKAT QSAR mutagenicity prediction module. Among 30chemicals experimented, 28 were negative and 2 were positive for Ames test. On the contrary, 23 chemicals showed the high confidence level indicating high prediction rate in mutagenicity evaluation, and 7 chemicals showed the lsow to moderate confidence level indicating low prediction in mutagenicity evaluation. Overall mutagenicity prediction rate was 77% (23/30). The prediction rates for non-mutagenic chemicals were 79% (22/28) and mutagenic chemicals were 50% (1/2). QSAR could be a useful tool in providing toxicological data for newly introduced chemicals or in furnishing data for MSDS or in determining the dose in toxicity testing for chemicals with no known toxicological data.

• International Area Studies Review
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.167-181
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• 2016

In Korea, the transportation & telecommunication service industry is composed of public sector entities, such as public transportation and the postal service, and private sector entities. The public sector may be regulated in terms of pricing or is guaranteed a normal profit. Markup can be a subject for regulation. This paper is to set up the markup equation, estimate the industrial markup, and analyze the markup determinants by estimating the factor price elasticities of markup in the Transportation & Telecommunication industry. The factor price elasticities of markup were estimated to be -0.07 in wage rate, -0.45 in import price index, and -0.13 in interest rates. We suggest that import price and interest rate are major factors to be considered first of all in regulating the transportation & telecommunication industry.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.8
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• pp.325-334
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• 2021

The study investigates the effectiveness of the macroprudential policy on credit growth in Vietnam. The authors use the logic of the transmission mechanism of macroprudential policy on credit growth. Research variables include economic growth, inflation, interest rate, and quarterly bank-level data from 28 commercial banks in Vietnam during 2011-2018. The results reveal that: (i) GDP growth had a positive impact on credit growth of small banks but had no impact on large banks, (ii) Domestic Systemically Important Banks (D-SIBs) and small banks respond differently to macroprudential measures of imposing different credit growth targets for different bank groups, (iii) Restrictions on foreign currency loans are found to be effective in curbing credit growth for the full sample and small banks, (iv) Inflation and economic cycle have significantly impacted credit growth at bank-level in Vietnam and (v) Interestingly, a significant positive relationship between interest rates and credit growth is found for the full sample and D-SIBs in Vietnam. The findings suggest that a stable macroeconomic environment should be good conditions for financial stability, and monetary authority should pay more attention to small banks' behaviors than D-SIBs behavior, toward such "administration" tools since small banks tend to prefer "breaking the rules" to make profits.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Industry Convergence
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.467-476
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• 2022

The Bank of Korea raised the benchmark interest rate by a quarter percentage point to 1.75 percent per year, and analysts predict that South Korea's policy rate will reach 2.00 percent by the end of calendar year 2022. Furthermore, because market volatility has been significantly increased by a variety of factors, including rising rates, inflation, and market volatility, many investors have struggled to meet their financial objectives or deliver returns. Banks and financial institutions are attempting to provide Robo-Advisors to manage client portfolios without human intervention in this situation. In this regard, determining the best hyper-parameter combination is becoming increasingly important. This study compares some activation functions of the Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient(DDPG) and Twin-delayed Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (TD3) Algorithms to choose a sequence of actions that maximizes long-term reward. The DDPG and TD3 outperformed its benchmark index, according to the results. One reason for this is that we need to understand the action probabilities in order to choose an action and receive a reward, which we then compare to the state value to determine an advantage. As interest in machine learning has grown and research into deep reinforcement learning has become more active, finding an optimal hyper-parameter combination for DDPG and TD3 has become increasingly important.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.37-47
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• 2022

This study uses monthly data from January 2009 to December 2020 to examine the effectiveness of foreign currency intervention and its influence on monetary policy in Vietnam using a Hierarchical Bayesian VAR model. The findings suggest that foreign exchange intervention has little influence on the exchange rate level or exports, but it can significantly minimize exchange rate volatility. As a result, we can demonstrate that the claim that Vietnam is a currency manipulator is false. As well, the forecast error variance decomposition results reveal that interest rate differentials mainly determine the exchange rate level instead of foreign exchange intervention. Moreover, the findings suggest that foreign exchange intervention is not effectively sterilized in Vietnam. Inflation is caused by an increase in international reserves, which leads to an expansion of the money supply and a decrease in interest rates. Although the impact of foreign exchange intervention grows in tandem with the growth of international reserves, if the sterilizing capacity does not improve, rising foreign exchange intervention will instead result in inflation. Finally, we use a rolling window approach to examine the time-varying effect of foreign exchange intervention.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.7-11
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• 2018

Significant advances in the diagnosis and medical care of children with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are major reasons for the better survival rates of children and adolescents with CKD than the survival rates reported in previous decades. These patients are reaching adulthood, and therefore require a transition to adult medical care. This transition phase is well-recognized to be associated with considerably increased morbidities and medical problems, such as non-adherence, graft loss after transplantation, and loss to follow-up. Low adherence increases morbidity and medical complications and contributes to poorer qualities of life and an overuse of the health care system. However, these tragic outcomes may be avoidable through a structured and well-defined transition program. In the last decade, there has been increasing interest to resolve these medical and psychological problems that occur during the transfer of young adult patients from pediatric to adult renal units. The aims of a successful transition from pediatric to adult medical care include enhancing the individual development of better health-competence and stabilizing, or even improving, the state of health. This review will focus on various aspects of the transition phase of adolescents who have CKD or who underwent kidney transplantation from pediatric to adult nephrology care.

• Journal of Communications and Networks
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.394-401
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• 2007

High speed all optical network is a viable option to satisfy the exponential growth of internet usage in the recent years. Optical networks offer very high bit rates and, by employing technologies like internet protocol over wavelength division multiplexing(IP-over-WDM), these high bit rates can be effectively utilized. However, failure of a network component, carrying such high speed data traffic can result in enormous loss of data in a few seconds and persistence of a failure can severely degrade the performance of the entire network. Designing IP-over-WDM networks, which can withstand failures, has been subject of considerable interest in the research community recently. Most of the research is focused on the failure of optical links in the network. This paper addresses the problem of designing IP-over-WDM networks that do not suffer service degradation in case of a single link failure. The paper proposes an approach based on the framework provided by a recent paper by M. Kurant and P. Thiran. The proposed approach can be used to design large survivable IP-over-WDM networks.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.21-30
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• 2019

Purpose - While many related prior studies have focused on the segregation by race and ethnicity, the academic interest in the separation of residence by income and social class is gradually increasing. This study aims to not only investigate spatial pattern of economic segregation and poverty rate in South Korea, but also shed light on what affect residential distribution of the poor. Research design, data, and methodology - The unit of analysis is Si-Gun-Gu municipal level entities of South Korea. Most demographic, socioeconomic, and residential variables were derived from Korean Census Data in 2015. In order to examine spatial patterns of economic segregation and poverty rate in South Korea, a series of measurements and visualization was conducted through the Geo-Segregation Analyzer and ArcGIS programs. Determinants of economic segregation and local poverty rates were investigated by regression analyses using STATA. Results - The spatial patterns of areas with high poverty rates were extremely clustered, while the distribution of areas with high economic segregation was relatively evenly distributed. Demographic, residential, and local factors appeared to affect whether the poor live in particular area or spread evenly. Conclusions - The factors that raise the poverty rate result in lower level of economic segregation, while factors that reduce the poverty rate lead to severe level of economic segregation.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.7 no.10
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• pp.369-376
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• 2020

Credit capital from customers' savings deposit (CSD) of banks has an important meaning in the business activities of the banking industry. There are many factors that influence the CSD satisfaction with banks. Certain changes have been made when there are fluctuations due to COVID-19. The article is based on an analysis assessing the factors that influence the CSD satisfaction of Vietnamese commercial banks in the context of COVID-19. The authors use a sample of 1,639 CSD. The results show that there are three variables that positively affect CSD satisfaction, including legal provisions of the Central bank (Legal), policies and mechanisms of commercial banks (Policy), and products of commercial banks (Product). Accordingly, in order to contribute to strengthening this capital mobilization of savings deposit, the Central bank of Vietnam needs to play a pivotal role in the regulations of the banking system to ensure its stability; control well monetary policy, interest rates, and inflation to keep a stable position in the economy; and provide timely financial support packages to enhance the confidence of CSD. Moreover, Vietnamese commercial banks need flexible policies and mechanisms to stimulate CSD; strengthen support on deposit rates for CSD; and diversify products to easily adapt to each CSD's situation.