• 산경연구논집
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.29-38
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• 2020

Purpose: Understanding which product types of overseas travel (free independent travel vs. package travel) consumers will choose is one of the key issues of marketing and consumer behavior in travel agency management. Prior studies on overseas travel type preferences mainly focused on comparing regional differences (e.g., Asian vs. Westerner, or Korean vs. Australian, or Korean vs. Japanese, or American, French, Italian vs. Japanese) influencing the choice of overseas travel type. Another researchers focused on comparing cultural differences (e.g., individualism vs. collectivism, or individualistic culture vs. collectivistic culture), subcultural difference (e.g., acculturation; Koreans living in Republic of Korea vs. Koreans living in Australia), travel lifestyle, and socio-demographics (e.g., age, gender, income level, education level, marital status, occupation etc.). However, there are few studies that identify individual psychological differences (i.e., individual psychological differences within the same culture) influencing the choice of overseas travel type. Self-construal is a psychological factors that greatly influences choice behavior. The purpose of this study was to examine the role of self-construal as an antecedent variable influencing choice of overseas travel product type. Research design, data and methodology: To achieve the purpose of this study, the questionnaire survey method was used. Self-construal items composed of independent self-construal items and interdependent self-construal items. Product types of overseas travel were free independent travel (FIT) type versus package travel type. In this study, the correlation coefficient between independent self-construal and interdependent self-construal was nonsignificant. It meant that the relationship between independent self-construal and interdependent self-construal was orthogonal. Therefore it was analyzed that independent self-construal and interdependent self-construal separately. Reliability analysis, factor analysis, and logistic regression analysis (controlling gender and age) was used as the data analysis method. Results: According to the results of this study, the stronger independent self-construal, the more preference for the free independent travel type rather than package travel, and the stronger interdependent self-construal, the more preference for the package travel type rather than free independent travel. Conclusions: Self-construal is an antecedent variable influencing the choice of travel type. Travel agencies must consider the consumer's self-construal (independent self-construal vs. interdependent self-construal) before planning and designing overseas travel products.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.79-101
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• 2012

This study expands the current body of research by exploring multiple scenarios of insufficient and excessive IT security investments caused by interdependent risks and the interplay between IT security investments and cyber insurance. A key finding is that organizations experiencing interdependent risks with different types of cyber attacks (i.e., targeted and untargeted attacks) use different strategies in making IT security investment decisions and in purchasing cyber insurance policies for their information security risk management than firms that are facing independent risks. The study further provides an economic rationale for employing insurance mechanisms as a risk management solution for information security.

• 한국사회복지학
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• 제56권4호
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• pp.239-268
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• 2004

본 연구는 기혼남녀의 자기관이 결혼만족에 기여하는 경로와 그 역할을 밝히기 위해 서울지역에 거주하는 만 25세 이상 75세 미만의 기혼자 489명을 대상으로 자기기입식 설문조사를 실시하였다. 독립적 자기관과 상호의존적 자기관이 결혼만족에 미치는 직접효과와 매개변인들을 통해 결혼만족에 기여하는 간접효과를 검증하기 위해 경로분석을 하였으며, 공변량구조분석을 통해 경로모형의 부합도를 평가하였다. 예측대로, 전체집단의 자료에서 독립적 자기관이 결혼만족에 미치는 긍정적 효과는 자기존중감과 의사소통의 명확성에 의해 중재되었으며, 상호의존적 자기관의 그러한 효과는 심리적 안정과 관계적 안녕감에 의해 중재되었다. 또한, 이 두 유형의 자기관이 결혼만족에 미치는 직접 효과는 상반되었으며, 독립적 자기관은 결혼만족을 감소시키나, 상호의존적 자기관은 결혼만족의 증가에 기여하였다. 자기관이 결혼만족에 미치는 직.간접효과에 대한 연구가설은 심리적 안정을 통한 간접효과를 제외하고 전체집단에 의해 지지를 받았으며, 경로모형의 부합도도 수용 가능한 수준을 보였다. 그러나, 남녀집단의 경로분석 결과는 통계적으로 유의하지 않은 경로나 간접효과들 간에 성차를 보여, 결혼만족에 있어 자기관의 역할이 남녀에 따라 달라질 수 있음을 시사하였다. 이러한 연구결과를 근거로 임상사회사업적 함의와 후속연구의 방향을 논의하였다.

• Asian Journal of Business Environment
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.33-41
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• 2018

Purpose - This study focused on the attitude differences towards harmony-focused Ad and uniqueness-focused Ad, also those towards brand advertised in each of the two type Ads between self-construals. Research design, data, and methodology - Main survey was conducted online with the people in China, and collected 107 data through harmony Ad questionnaire and 109 data through uniqueness Ad questionnaire. Anova and t-test were used to verify hypotheses. Results - First, More positive attitude towards harmony-focused Ad and the brand in it there was at interdependent Chinese consumers than at independent Chinese consumers. Second, the independent Chinese consumers and the interdependent Chinese consumers did not form significant attitude difference towards uniqueness-focused Ad. However the independent Chinese consumers showed more positive attitude towards the brand in the uniqueness-focused Ad than the interdependent Chinese consumers. Conclusions - By highlighting the attributes of Chinese consumers' self-construal, to appeal to interdependent Chinese consumers, marketers should develop harmony-focused advertisement, and they should appeal to independent Chinese consumers by using uniqueness-focused advertisement. However the harmony might be pursued as the main content in the overall environment by Chinese people. Therefore it is necessary for the marketers to consider the harmony even when appealing them by emphasizing the uniqueness.

• 영미문화
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.1-21
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• 2014

Arne Naess' ecocentrally-oriented worldview of 'Self-realization' has been continually attacked by sociocultural critics since it was launched in the early 1970s. Especially ecofeminists and social ecologists criticize that the concept of Self-realization cannot accept social & cultural particularity enough. In other words, they assert that Deep Ecology cannot efficiently resist interpersonal hierarchy. Concentrating their criticism on compassion just for nonhuman beings, the interpersonal equality-oriented critics claim that Deep Ecology should incorporate voices of marginalized humans within their eco-centered world view. Even if Naess recently recognizes necessity to draw more attention to sociohistorical particularity, still unchanged remains essentialism in his neological term 'Self-realization.' Compared to exclusiveness in Naess' Self-realization, the Buddhist worldview of Interdependent Arising(pratityasamutpada) favors both intraspeciel egalitarianism and interpersonal equality as well. The very insight that all beings dependently co-originate reasons compassion for historically marginalized humans as well as nonhuman beings. Accordingly, today's environmentalism might better its efficiency as it goes toward the inclusive Buddhist world view of interdependent arising. For the human being tends to respond more readily to his or her individually urgent problems than their remote social matters.

• 한국경영과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국경영과학회 2001년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.242-245
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• 2001

This study is aimed to design a priority setting algorithm necessary for evaluating and selecting interdependent R&D planning system alternatives. In case that the relationship of technology alternatives is interdependent, a relative importance as occurrence or nonoccurrence of the technology alternatives viewed from the future time varies. So, we are subject to design the evaluation process considering a cross- impact of future technology alternatives. Thus, we apply the cross impact analysis (CIA) model to consider the cross-impact among interdependent system alternatives. Also, the analytic hierarchy process(AHP) model is applied to determine the priority of alternatives by taking the pair-wise comparison among factors.

• 한국경영과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국경영과학회 2008년도 추계학술대회 및 정기총회
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• pp.8-23
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to develop a Cross Impact System Alternatives Tree(CISAT) model necessary for selecting the interdependent R&D planning system alternatives. This model modifies System Alternatives Tree(SAT) model developed by Kwon et al.. The SAT model is composed of several functions necessary for the achievement of a final goal and several subsystems for satisfying each function. In case that the relationship of technology alternatives is interdependent, this model overlooked a relative importance derived from occurrence or nonoccurrence of the technology alternatives in the future time varience. However, a complex evaluation process within the ballot system is another disadvantage of the SAT. To solve such problems, the Cross Impact Analysis(CIA) model is applied in the SAT model so as to consider the cross impact among interdependent system alternatives.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.27-43
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• 2011

This article explores economic models that show the optimal level of information security investment in the presence of interdependent security risks, Using particular functional forms, the analysis shows that the relationship between the levels of security vulnerability and the levels of optimal security investments is affected by externalities caused by agents' correlated security risks. This article further illustrates that, compared to security investments in the situation of independent security risks, in order to maximize the expected benefits from security investments, an agent should invest a larger fraction of the expected loss from a security breach in the case of negative externalities, while an agent should spend a smaller fraction of the expected loss in the case of negative externalities.

• 한국복합재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국복합재료학회 2001년도 춘계학술발표대회 논문집
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• pp.5-8
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• 2001

A three node flat triangular element incorporating Layerwise Zig-Zag Theory(HZZT) is developed suitable for analyzing damped laminated composite structures. Using an interdependent kinematic relation, the higher order shear rotations are replaced by in-plane displacements, a transverse displacement and section rotations, which result in three translations and two rotations. Natural frequencies and modal loss factors of cantilevered laminated plates with embedded damping layers are calculated with the zig-zag triangular element and compared to the experimental results and MSC/NASTRAN results using a layered combination of plate and solid elements.

• 한국복합재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국복합재료학회 2001년도 추계학술발표대회 논문집
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• pp.1-4
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• 2001

Dynamic analysis of laminated beams with a embedded damping layer under tension or compression axial load is investigated. Improved Layer-Wise Zig-Zag Beam Theory and Interdependent Kinematic Relation using the governing equations of motion are incorporated to model the laminated beams with a damping layer and a corresponding beam zig-zag finite element is developed. Flexural frequencies and modal loss actors under tension or compression axial load are calculated based on Complex Eigenvalue Method. The effect of the axial tension and compression load on the frequencies and loss factors is discussed.