• Journal of Surface Science and Engineering
• /
• v.15 no.4
• /
• pp.192-207
• /
• 1982

A study has been made of the interaction parameters of Zn other elements in dilute solutesd solution of molten cadmium alloys over the temperature range of 450 to 570$^{\circ}C$. The experi-mental measurementss were made in a touch instant cell using a fusedd Licl-KCl electrolyte. The activity of zinc in binary and ternary solutions sexhibiteds a strong positive deviation from Raoult's law. The addition of silver, indium or lead increased the activity of zinc whereas addition of copper, bismuth or tin decreased the zinc activity slightly. The results for all the metallic solutions showed a linear dependence of reciprocal of ab-solute temperature over the experimental range. The interaction parameters obtained are as follows.

• Journal of Mushroom
• /
• v.15 no.4
• /
• pp.168-177
• /
• 2017

To evaluate effects of ligninolytic enzyme type on the mycelial response and ligninolytic enzyme production during interspecific interactions among wood-rotting fungi, 4 fungal strains, Trichophyton rubrum LKY-7, Trichophyton rubrum LSK-27, Pycnoporus cinnabarinus, and Trichoderma viride, were selected. Regarding ligninolytic enzyme production, LKY-7 secreted laccase and manganese peroxidase (MnP), P. cinnabarinus secreted only laccase, and LSK-27 secreted only MnP in glucose-peptone medium, while T. viride did not produce any ligninolytic enzymes. In the co-culture of LKY-7 with P. cinnabarinus, the formation of aerial mycelium was observed and the enhancement of laccase activity owing to interspecific interaction appeared to be very low. In the co-culture of LKY-7 and P. cinnabarinus with LSK-27, a hypha-free clear zone was observed, which resulted in deadlock, and increased laccase or MnP activity was detected at the interaction zone. The interaction responses of LKY-7, P. cinnabarinus, and LSK-27 with T. viride were characterized by the formation of mycelial barrages along the interface. As mycelial barrages were observed at the T. viride territory and no brownish pigment was observed in the mycelial barrages, it is suggested that laccase and MnP are released as part of an offensive response, not as a defensive response. The co-culture of P. cinnabarinus with T. viride lead to the highest enhancement in laccase activity, yielding more than 14-fold increase in laccase activity with respect to the mono-culture of P. cinnabarinus. MnP activities secreted by LKY-7 or LSK-27 was generally low in interspecific interactions.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
• /
• v.25 no.4
• /
• pp.619-628
• /
• 2014

This study analyzes whether children's independent picture book reading affects their reading activities and whether the mother-child interaction during this reading improves their reading activities. The study provides basic data and policy implications for developing children's reading ability. Data were collected from a sample of 192 children aged 4 and 5 in Seoul and Anseong, where a survey of their mothers as well as their nursery school teachers was conducted. Variables of interest were analyzed through a correlation analysis and a hierarchical regression analysis, First, children's reading recognized by their mothers was bipolarized as "very high" or "very low". Second, children's reading activity had a significant positive relationship with independent reading, indicating that children active in independent reading were likely to develop their, reading ability. Third, in addition to independent reading, the mother-child interaction had a significant positive effect on children's-reading ability, indicating the importance of the mother's role in developing the child's reading ability.

• Journal of Korean Elementary Science Education
• /
• v.28 no.4
• /
• pp.519-528
• /
• 2009

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of social interaction on metacognition, learning motive and academic achievement in elementary science learning. The science lessons emphasizing social interactions that is applied to this study was comprised of 5 stages, 'introduction', 'inquiry activity', 'small group emergent activity', 'large group emergent activity', 'conclusion and assessment'. The results of this study were as follows: First, applying the learning model emphasizing social interaction to the experimental group led to a significant difference between the result of the pre- and post-test, regarding metacognition, especifically those of declarative knowledge. And meaningful difference was drawn from the results of all elements in the lower category of regulation of cognition between the experimental and comparison group. Second, a significant difference was found between the pre- and post-test regarding learning motive, especially those of attention, relation, and self-confidence. Third, after applying the learning model emphasizing social interaction to the science classes of the experimental group, students' academic achievement improved significantly in the post-test, compared to the results of pre-test.

• Hwankyungkyoyuk
• /
• v.16 no.1
• /
• pp.25-33
• /
• 2003

This study aimed to discern the educational meaning of nature experience activity in a nonformal educational program in Korea, focusing on the interaction between a teacher and learners. To achieve this objective, an ethnographic research method was employed using an environmental educational program for children in a nonformal setting. The results of study are as followings. Firstly, the teacher's belief-"young ecologist" shaped its own characteristics of the program. Secondly, the children had a understanding that they learn something about nature(e.g. learning by seeing, dlscovering, recollecting, and awakening). The analysis of teachers' ideas and learners' attitude toward nature experience shows that there exists a gap between the teachers' expectations and the actual ecological changes in the learners' ideas. However, the educational meaning of nature experience can be understood by the unique type of interaction between a teacher and learners. In conclusion, on the basis of this study, it is suggested that educators should be aware of the fact that nature experience can conttribute significantly to the education of children not just from the encounter with nature but also philosophically with regard to our connectedness with nature. Bringing nature into educational contexts can help children to take part in thoughtful perspectives of learning and to devise their own appropriate nature experience.

• Journal of International Academy of Physical Therapy Research
• /
• v.10 no.1
• /
• pp.1687-1694
• /
• 2019

Background: Although cranial electrotherapy stimulation (CES) is reported to have positive effects on mental functions such as depression and sleep improvement, detailed studies regarding awakening, attention and concentration among brain waves reflecting brain activity are lacking. Objective: To examine the effects of cranial electrotherapy stimulation (CES) on various electroencephalograms (EEGs) reflecting brain activities. Design: Randomized controlled clinical trial (single blind) Methods: This study selected 30 healthy adult women in their 20s who volunteered for this experiment. A total of 30 subjects were randomly assigned to three groups (Sham group, 0.5 Hz CES group, and 100 Hz CES group). EEGs were measured before and after the single CES, and the results were compared and analyzed. Results: The relative theta, alpha, and gamma waves indicated no significant differences in the interaction effects between time and group. The relative fast alpha wave only showed significant differences in the interaction effects between time and group in P4. The relative slow beta wave only indicated statistically significant differences in the interaction effects between time and group in T3 and T4. The relative mid and fast beta waves showed statistically significant differences in the interaction effects between time and group in all areas. Conclusions: These results suggest that a CES of 0.5 Hz awakens consciousness and has a positive influence on brain activity, while a CES of 100 Hz has a positive influence on thinking activity accompanying mental load during concentrating on one subject.

• Physical Therapy Korea
• /
• v.19 no.4
• /
• pp.38-45
• /
• 2012

The aim of this study is to compare the effect of abdominal drawing-in maneuver (ADIM) on lower trapezius (LT), serratus anterior (SA), and erector spinae (ES) muscle activity during arm lifts in prone and standing positions. Twenty healthy subjects were recruited, and NoraxonTeleMyo 2400T was used to collect electromyographic signals from the LT, SA, and ES muscles. A two-way repeated analysis of variance (ANOVA) used a significance level of .05. If a significant interaction was found, pairwise comparisons were performed with a Bonferroni adjustment (.05/4=.013). The results of the study were as follows: 1) In LT, no significant ADIM by position interaction was found ($F_{1,19}$=.356, p=.558). There was a significant main effect for ADIM. LT muscle activity with ADIM was significantly greater compared with muscle activity without ADIM ($F_{1,19}$=82.863, p<.001). There was also a significant main effect for position. LT muscle activity in the prone position was greater compared with muscle activity in the standing position ($F_{1,19}$=116.401, p<.001). 2) In SA, significant ADIM by position interaction was found ($F_{1,19}$=8.687, p=.008). There were significant differences in all pairwise comparisons. The greatest SA muscle activity was observed in the standing position with ADIM. 3) In ES, significant ADIM by position interaction was found ($F_{1,19}$=122.473, p<.001). The lowest ES muscle activity was elicited in the standing position with ADIM. Based on these results, ADIM is advocated in the prone position to increase LT muscle activity. In addition, it is concluded that arm lifts in the standing position with ADIM offer the most favorable combination for reducing ES muscle activity and increasing SA muscle activity.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.20 no.3
• /
• pp.351-358
• /
• 2007

Carbohydrate-protein interactions are known to be important in gamete interactions. Several evidence indicated that a fucose-containing sulfated polysaccharide fucoidan was potential inhibitor of fertilization in vitro and thus fucose seemed to be part of the recognition signal of gamete interaction in mammals. In recent investigation we found that ${\alpha}$-L-fucosidase activity was present in boar spermatozoa and it was related to sperm binding to and penetration into zona pellucida (ZP) in vitro. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of monosaccharide L-fucose and polysaccharide fucoidan on sperm ${\alpha}$-L-fucosidase activity and relation to sperm-oocyte interaction in pig. Results indicated that the activity of sperm ${\alpha}$-L-fucosidase was largely inhibited (62%) when sperm suspension was treated with monosaccharide L-fucose. It also significantly inhibited the number of sperm binding to ZP (32%) and penetration into zona-intact oocytes (72%), but did not inhibit penetration into zona-free oocytes when fertilization medium contained L-fucose. The chlorotetracycline (CTC) assessment showed that L-fucose did not affect induction of sperm capacitation and acrosome reaction. In contrast, the activity of sperm ${\alpha}$-L-fucosidase was not inhibited when sperm suspension was treated with polysaccharide fucoidan but sperm-ZP binding was greatly inhibited (85%) and completely blocked sperm penetration into zona-intact or zona-free oocytes. The CTC assessment showed that fucoidan increased the F pattern and decreased the AR pattern sperm. These results suggested that the different inhibitory mechanisms were present between monosaccharide L-fucose and polysaccharide fucoidan on sperm-oocyte interaction, the inhibition effect of ${\alpha}$-L-fucose on sperm binding and penetrating into ZP caused sperm ${\alpha}$-L-fucosidase inhibited by ${\alpha}$-L-fucose.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
• /
• v.19 no.2
• /
• pp.194-206
• /
• 2017

This study analyzed the effect of individualism-collectivism propensity and social capital on participation activity as well as the effect of participation activity on fashion brands relationship orientation of social network service users. Also, this study investigated the difference in participation activity and fashion brands relationship orientation by participation level of social network service. A survey was conducted from October 1 to November 31, 2015, and 476 responses were used in the analysis. As results, the individualism-collectivism propensity was composed of vertical-horizontal individualism and vertical-horizontal collectivism. The social capital was composed of trust, norm, and network. Also, the participation activity was composed of personal interaction, consumer rights, information pursuit, interest pursuit, and economic pursuit. Vertical individualism positively affected information pursuit and economic pursuit, and horizontal individualism positively affected personal interaction, consumer rights, and information pursuit; in addition, vertical collectivism positively affected personal interaction, consumer rights, and interest pursuit. Horizontal collectivism positively affected information pursuit, but it negatively affected consumer rights. Consumer rights, information pursuit, interest pursuit, and economic pursuit of participation activity positively affected fashion brands relationship orientation. Also, there were significant differences in the participation activity and fashion brands relationship orientation by participation level. The study results provide useful information to the marketing strategies using social network service of fashion brands.

• Journal of Engineering Education Research
• /
• v.19 no.4
• /
• pp.14-23
• /
• 2016

This study is to analyze the team interaction in accordance with the team size. Thereby, it is to reveal the team size for the attainment of the effective team interaction and the specific goals to achieve the purpose of this study are as follows. Firstly, the frequency and percentage of team interaction in accordance with the team size are presented. Secondly, the statistical verification of the team interaction in the social emotional area is conducted. Thirdly, the statistical verification of the team interaction in the task area is conducted. In order to do this study, we explain the purpose of study, confidentiality, and withdrawal right were described and then 32 persons who agreed to participate were selected as the subjects for the study. After that, the autonomous organization of team was induced and a total of 8 teams were organized - 3 teams comprised of 3 members, 3 teams of 4 members, 1 team of 5 members, and 1 team of 6 members. Further, Bales' (1950) Interaction Process Analysis (IPA) was used in order to analyze the team interaction, and Mangold INTERACT was used as a coding program. The results of study are as follows. Firstly, the highest frequency of the team interaction showed up in the case of five or six members and the lowest in the case of 3 members. Secondly, a statistically significant difference in the social emotional (positive) area showed up in accordance with the team size and the team organizations of three or four members were effective. Thirdly, a statistically significant value in the answer area showed up in accordance with the team size and the team organizations of five or six members were effective.