• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.286-298
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to analyze scientific thinking types and processes generated in inductive inquiry by college students. Subjects were three college student. Three inductive tasks were developed: Caminalcules set I which is a task consisted of 6 imaginary animals, a potato task which is a task about the interaction between juiced potato and $H_2O_2$, and Caminalcules set 2. Subjects' thinking types and processes were investigated through thinking-aloud method and interview. Subjects' performances were recorded on videotapes and analyzed. Subjects have shown 5 types of inductive thinking in the first task; observing, discovering commonness, discovering pattern, classifying, discovering hierarchy. The processes of inductive thinking shown by students are followed; observing $\rightarrow$discovering commonness $\rightarrow$classifying $\rightarrow$discovering pattern $\rightarrow$discovering hierachy. The subtypes of inductive thinking on observing were investigated by the analysis of subjects' performance on the second task. In analysis of protocol, student' thinking types on observing have been classified as simple observing and operational observing. Operational observing has been categorized conjectural observing and predictive observing. The subtypes of inductive thinking on classification and hierarchy were investigated by the analysis of subjects' performance on the third task. In analysis of protocol, students' thinking types on classification have been searching criteria for classifying and selecting criteria for classifying. Subtypes of discovering hierarchy have been classifying groups and hierarchical ordering by students. Processes of classifying groups proceeded from searching criteria for classifying to selecting criteria for classifying.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.199-214
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• 2011

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of organic dietary metabolizable energy (ME) and crude protein (CP) on productivity, meat quality and blood composition of crossbred chicks (hanhyub 3 ho) for different growring periods. Experiments were factorially designed with ME 3,000, 3,100kcal/kg and CP 21, 22, 23% for starter (0-4wks); ME 3,100, 3,150, 3,200kcal/kg and CP 18, 19, 20% for grower (5-8wks); ME 3,100, 3,150, 3,200kcal/kg and CP 15, 16, 17% for finisher (9-10wks). The total number of chicks and replicate of each treatment for starter, grower, finisher were 720, 4; 702, 6; 468, 4, respectively. The diets was mixed with more 90% organic feed ingredients. The productivity were not influence by dietary ME for starting period. Weight gain and feed intake were significantly increased in CP 23% treatment than CP 21, 22% treatment (P<0.05). FCR was improved as dietary CP increased (P<0.05). Weight gain was tended to be increased by decreaing ME content and increasing CP contents for growing period. Feed intake showed no difference among the ME and CP treatment groups. FCR improved significantly in CP 19, 20% compared with CP 18% (P<0.05). Weight gain was not significantly different between ME and CP treatments for finishing period. Feed intake was lower in ME 3,150, 3,200kcal/kg than the ME 3,100 kcal/kg treatment (P<0.05). FCR was higher in ME 3,100kcal/kg than ME 3,150, 3,200kcal/kg treatment (P<0.05). Interaction on productivity was not exited between ME and CP treatment groups for different feeding periods. There was no difference in the total protein, albumin, glucose and triglyceride amount in blood depending on dietary ME and CP contents. Total cholesterol was greatly decreased in ME 3,100kcal/kg than the ME 3,200kcal/kg (P<0.05), but not different between CP treatments. Cooking loss of breast meat was lower in ME 3,150kcal/kg than the ME 3,200kcal/kg (P<0.05). Moisture, shear force and pH were not statistically different among treatments. Protein solubility was increased by increasing ME and CP in diets. The collagen was tended to increase as dietary ME increased. Redness was remarkably higher in ME 3,150kcal/kg than the ME 3,100kcal/kg (P<0.05). Yellowness of meat fed ME 3,150kcal/kg showed significantly lower than other treatments (P<0.05). Therefore, the optium ME and CP to improve the productivity for each period were 3,000kcal/kg, 23%; 3,100kcal/kg, 19%; 3,150kcal/kg, CP 16%, repectively.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.20-26
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• 1999

Purpose : Several modulatory factors for renal peripheral benzodiazepine receptor (PBR) has been reported, but their physiological significance remains elusive. Tissue-specific, stress-induced down-regulation of renal PBR coupled with the pharmacological stimulation of these effects by angiotensin II suggested that physiological significance of renal PBR may be related to the pathophysiology of stress-induced hypertension. The boderline hypertensive rat (BHR) has been used extensively to study the interaction of environmental factors, such as stress and blood pressure. The BHR is the first-generation progeny of a cross between the spontaneously hypertensive rat and the control Wistar-Kyoto rat. The pathogenesis of stress induced hypertension in this model is not demonstrated well. Methods In this study, BHR (male, 150-200 g) and Sprague-Dawley (SD, male, 150-200 g) rats were treated by repeated immobilization to induce anxiety. We used plus-maze performance to observe the level of anxiety by measuring percent open crosses and percent time in open. Results : Percent open crosses and percent time in open in BHR were lower than in SD rats (P<0.05). Receptor densities of renal PBR in BHRs were significantly lower than those of SDs (P<0.05). We also observed that the renal PBR was upregulated in the repeatedly stressed (immobilization, 2 hours daily, for 2 weeks) rats, both in the BHR and SD. However, the density of renal PBR in the stressed BHR was still lower than that of stressed SD. Renal PBR has been suggested to be an important organs which Is responsible for the production of cholesterol-derived products during stress. Conrlusion : From these results, it can be summarized that the lowed density of renal PBR may be involved in the pathogeneis of stress-induced hypertension.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.107-119
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• 2008

To determine the true digestible phosphorus (TDP) requirement of growing pigs, two experiments were designed with the experimental diets containing five true digestible P levels (0.16%, 0.20%, 0.23%, 0.26% and 0.39%) and the ratio of total calcium to true digestible P (TDP) kept at 2:1. In Experiment 1, five barrows (Duroc${\times}$Landrace${\times}$Yorkshire) with an average initial body weight of 27.9 kg were used in a $5{\times}5$ Latin-square design to evaluate the effect of different dietary P levels on the digestibility and output of P and nitrogen. In Experiment 2, sixty healthy growing pigs (Duroc${\times}$Landrace${\times}$Yorkshire) with an average body weight (BW) of 21.4 kg were assigned randomly to one of the five dietary treatments (12 pigs/diet), and were used to determine the true digestible phosphorus (TDP) requirement of growing pigs on the basis of growth performance and serum biochemical indices. The results indicated that the true digestibility of P increased (p<0.05) linearly with increasing dietary TDP level below 0.26%. The true P digestibility was highest (56.6%) when dietary TDP was 0.34%. Expressed as g/kg dry matter intake (DMI), fecal P output increased (p<0.05) linearly with increasing P input. On the basis of g/kg fecal dry matter (DM), fecal P output was lowest for Diet 4 and highest (p<0.05) for Diet 5. The apparent digestibility of crude protein (CP) did not differ (p>0.05) among the five diets, with the average nitrogen output of 12.14 g/d and nitrogen retention of 66% to 74% (p>0.05), which suggested that there was no interaction between dietary P and CP protein levels. During the 28-d experimental period of Experiment 2, the average daily gain (ADG) of pigs was affected by dietary TDP levels as described by Eq. (1): $y=-809,532x^4+788,079x^3-276,250x^2+42,114x-1,759$; ($R^2=0.99$; p<0.01; y = ADG, g/d; x = dietary TDP, %), F/G for pigs by Eq. (2): $y=3,651.1x^4-3,480.4x^3+1,183.8x^2-172.5x+10.9$ ($R^2=0.99$; p<0.01; y = F/G; x = dietary TDP, %), and Total P concentrations in serum by Eq. (3): $y=-3,311.7x^4+3,342.7x^3-1,224.6x^2+195.6x-8.7$ (R2 = 0.99; p<0.01; y = total serum P concentration and x = dietary TDP, %). The highest ADG (782 g/d), the lowest F/G (1.07) and the highest total serum P concentration (3.1 mmol/L) were obtained when dietary TDP level was 0.34%. Collectively, these results indicate that the optimal TDP requirement of growing pigs is 0.34% of the diet at a total Ca to TDP ratio of 2:1.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.334-340
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• 2003

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary herbal extracts mixture on the growth rate. carcass traits and serological changes in finishing pigs. For the Exp 1, eighty Duroc(Yorkshir(Landrace pigs(81.58$\pm$3.20kg average initial body weight) were used in a 45 day experiment. Dietary treatments included 1) NC(negative control; antibiotics-free diet), 2) PC(positive control; NC diet added 0.1% of chlortetracycline), 3) NCM(NC diet added 0.1% of herbal plant mixture) and 4) PCM(PC diet added 0.1% of herbal plant mixture). Through the entire experimental period, ADG of pigs fed NCM and PCM diets was greater(P<0.08) than that of pigs fed NC diet. There was interaction of ADG(P<0.01) in pigs fed NC diet with herbal plant mixture compared to pigs fed PC diet with herbal plant mixture. ADFI and G/F tended to increase in PC and NCM treatments. However, there were not significantly differences among the treatments. Total protein of serum was improved by supplementation of the herbal plant mixture in NC diet(P<0.04). For the Exp 2. one hundred Duroc(Yorkshir(Landrace pigs(77.36$\pm$2.01kg average initial body weight) were used in a 28 day experiment. Dietary treatments included 1) NC(negative control; antibiotics-free diet), 2) PC(positive control; NC diet added 0.1% of chlortetracycline), 3) PM0.1(NC diet added 0.1% of herbal plant mixture) and 4) PM0.2(NC diet added 0.2% of herbal plant mixture). Through the entire experimental period, ADG tended to increase in PC treatment. However, there was not significantly difference among the treatments. Carcass weight in NC was higher than other treatments(P<0.06). Backfat thickness was higher in pigs fed PC than other treatments. However, there was not significantly difference among the treatments. A grade appearances of carcass tended to increase in pigs fed PM(P<0.09). In conclusion, the results of the experiments suggest that pigs fed PM could be a beneficial growth performance and serogical immunity for finishing pigs.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.593-606
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• 2005

Present study was conducted to investigate the optimal feeding levels for producing the high quality meat on the basis of the information deriving from the comparison of the growth performance and carcass characteristics among breeds(Holstein vs F1, Holstein♀×Hanwoo♂), sex(steer vs heifer) and interaction between breed and sex. Thirty two animals on 4 treatments(i.e. eight head each) were used for 540 days from seven to 24 months of age. The results obtained are summarized as follows; the range of average daily gains was 0.733 to 1.018, 0.994 to 1.255, 0.947 to 1.259 and 0.736 to 0.824kg for the growing, the early-fattening, the mid- fattening and the finishing periods, respectively. The range of average daily gains for the entire period was 0.882 to 1.061kg. The gains were higher for Holstein(7.3%) and the steers(10.5%) than F1 and the heifers, respectively. Concentrates and total digestible nutrients intakes per kg gain were higher for Holstein and the heifers than F1 and the steers, respectively. These findings may indicate that feed utilization is higher for Holstein than F1, and higher for the steers than the heifers. In carcass characteristics, back fat thickness was thicker for Holstein than F1, and rib-eye area was smaller for Holstein than F1. The rib-eye area per kg carcass weight was larger for F1 and the heifers than Holstein and the steers, respectively. Meat color was better for Holstein than F1, but the sex distinction did not show any differences. In physicochemical properties of longissimus dorsi, shear force, cooking loss, water holding capacity and the panel test scores of juiciness, tenderness and flavor for F1 and the heifers were better than those for Holstein and the steers, respectively. According to the above results, we may conclude that F1 and heifers rather than Holstein and steers are recommended for high quality meat production. In steers and heifers of Holstein and F1, the optimal feeding levels may be 1.9% of apparent body weight for concentrates and 25% of concentrates intake for rice straw.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.514-520
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• 1992

Performance of direct seeded paddy rice in ridged dry soil was evaluated at different seeding methods (broadcasting, drilling, and seeding in group) and seeding rates (4, 6, and 8kg /10a). The number of maximum tillers at broadcasting and drilling of seeds was higher than that at seeding in group. At broadcasing and drilling the number of maximum tillers at seeding rate of 6kg /10a was greater than that at 4 or 8kg /10a, but at seeding in group the number of maximum tillers increased with seeding rates. Among the seeding methods there were no differences in the number of seedlings per unit area, culm and panicle lengths, and productive tiller ratio, but heading date at seeding in group was delayed by a day compared with broadcasting or drilling. At heading stage leaf area index(LAI) and dry matter production at broadcasting of seeds were higher compared with drilling and seeding in group, but light transmission ratio at drilling and seeding in group was higher than that at broadcasting of seeds. Although the number of seedlings increased with seeding rates, LAI and dry matter production at heading stage, culm and panicle lengths, and productive tiller ratio were not different among the seeding rates. There were no differences in the number of panicles and spikelets per unit area, 1,000 grain weight, yield, and harvest index among the seeding methods. The number of spikelets per panicle at seeding in group was higher, but percent ripened grains was lower compared with broadcasting and drilling. There were no significant differences in the number of panicles and spikelets per panicle and unit area, percent ripened grains, and harvest index among the seeding rates, but yield at seeding rate of 6kg /10a was higher than at 4 or 8kg /10a. There were no significant differences in tiller length, bending moment, and fresh weight of tiller among the seeding methods. Breaking strength was lower in the order of seeding in group, drilling, and broadcasting of seeds. However, lodging index was similar among the seeding rates and lodging was not occurred in the field. There was a significant interaction in the cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin contents of culm base between seeding methods and seeding rates.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.31-43
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• 2014

This experiment evaluated the interaction effect of extreme heat diet(EHD), inverse lighting, and cool water on the growth performance of broiler chickens under extreme heat stress. There were 4 experimental groups (T1: EHD 1, 10:00-19:00 dark, 19:00-10:00 light, cold water $9^{\circ}C$; T2: EHD 2, 10:00-19:00 dark, 19:00-10:00 light, cold water $9^{\circ}C$; T3: EHD 1, 09:00-18:00 dark, 18:00-09:00 light, cold water $14^{\circ}C$; T4: EHD 2, 09:00-18:00 dark, 18:00-09:00 light, cold water $14^{\circ}C$), each group composed of 25 broilers and the experiment was repeated 3 times. EHD 1 contained soybean oil, molasses, methionine and lysine. EHD 2 contained all nutrients of EHD 1 and vitamin C additionally. As a result, T1 and T2 displayed higher body weight increase and diet intake compared to T3 and T4 (p<0.05). The weights of their liver and gizzard were similar but the weights of the thymus and bursa F were higher for T1 and T2 compared to that of T3 and T4 (p<0.05). It was observed that T1 and T2 displayed higher concentrations of blood triglyceride, total cholesterol, HDL-C and blood sugar compared to that of T3 and T4 but LDL-C level was higher for T3 and T4 compared to that of T1 and T2 (p<0.05). T1 and T2 displayed higher levels of immunity substances such as IgG, IgA and IgM compared to T3 and T4 but the blood level of corticosterone displayed to be lower for T1 and T2 compared to T3 and T4 (p<0.05). The T1 and T2 contained a higher amount of fecal lactobacillus compared to that of T3 and T4 but the T3 and T4 contained a higher amount of fecal E. coli, total aerobic bacteria, coliform bacteria compared to that of T1 and T2 (p<0.05). T1 and T2 displayed higher concentrations of cecal acetic acid, propionic acid and total short chain fatty acids compared to T3 and T4 but T3 and T4 displayed higher concentrations of butyric acid, isobutyric acid, valeric acid and isovaleric acid compared to T1 and T2 (p<0.05). These results have been observed that broiler chickens exposed to extreme heat stress with feeding EHD, inverse lighting and cold water would improve blood lipid, and elevate the production of immunity substance, beneficial microorganisms, and short chain fatty acids. This provision would also reduce the blood sugar consumption rate as energy sources and these effects will improve the growth performance of the broilers exposed to extreme heat.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.215-224
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• 2017

Arsenic (As) is known to be the most toxic element and frequently detected in groundwater environment. Inorganic As exists as arsenite [As(III)] and arsenate [As(V)] in reduced and oxidized environments, respectively. It has been reported that the toxicity of arsenite is much higher than that of arsenate and furthermore arsenite shows relatively higher mobility in aqueous environments. For this reason, there have been numerous researches on the process for oxidation of arsenite to arsenate to reduce the toxicity of arsenic. In particular, photooxidation has been considered to be simple, economical, and efficient to attain such goal. This study was conducted to evaluate the applicability of naturally-occurring goethite as a photocatalyst to substitute for $TiO_2$ which has been mostly used in the photooxidation processes so far. In addition, the effects of several factors on the overall performance of arsenite photocatalytic oxidation process were evaluated. The results show that the efficiency of the process was affected by total concentration of dissolved cations rather than by the kind of those cations and also the relatively higher pH conditions seemed to be more favorable to the process. In the case of coexistence of arsenite and arsenate, the removal tendency by adsorption onto goethite appeared to be different between arsenite and arsenate due to their different affinities with goethite, but any effect on the photocatalytic oxidation of arsenite was not observed. In terms of effect of humic acid on the process, it is likely that the higher concentration of humic acid reduced the overall performance of the arsenite photocatalytic oxidation as a result of competing interaction of activated oxygen species, such as hydroxyl and superoxide radicals, with arsenite and humic acid. In addition, it is revealed that the injection of oxygen gas improved the process because oxygen contributes to arsenite oxidation as an electron acceptor. Based on the results of the study, consequently, the photocatalytic oxidation of aqueous arsenite using goethite seems to be greatly feasible with the optimization of process.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.39-57
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• 2012

Recently, due to the introduction of high-tech equipment in interactive exhibits, many people's attention has been concentrated on Interactive exhibits that can double the exhibition effect through the interaction with the audience. In addition, it is also possible to measure a variety of audience reaction in the interactive exhibition. Among various audience reactions, this research uses the change of the facial features that can be collected in an interactive exhibition space. This research develops an artificial neural network-based prediction model to predict the response of the audience by measuring the change of the facial features when the audience is given stimulation from the non-excited state. To present the emotion state of the audience, this research uses a Valence-Arousal model. So, this research suggests an overall framework composed of the following six steps. The first step is a step of collecting data for modeling. The data was collected from people participated in the 2012 Seoul DMC Culture Open, and the collected data was used for the experiments. The second step extracts 64 facial features from the collected data and compensates the facial feature values. The third step generates independent and dependent variables of an artificial neural network model. The fourth step extracts the independent variable that affects the dependent variable using the statistical technique. The fifth step builds an artificial neural network model and performs a learning process using train set and test set. Finally the last sixth step is to validate the prediction performance of artificial neural network model using the validation data set. The proposed model is compared with statistical predictive model to see whether it had better performance or not. As a result, although the data set in this experiment had much noise, the proposed model showed better results when the model was compared with multiple regression analysis model. If the prediction model of audience reaction was used in the real exhibition, it will be able to provide countermeasures and services appropriate to the audience's reaction viewing the exhibits. Specifically, if the arousal of audience about Exhibits is low, Action to increase arousal of the audience will be taken. For instance, we recommend the audience another preferred contents or using a light or sound to focus on these exhibits. In other words, when planning future exhibitions, planning the exhibition to satisfy various audience preferences would be possible. And it is expected to foster a personalized environment to concentrate on the exhibits. But, the proposed model in this research still shows the low prediction accuracy. The cause is in some parts as follows : First, the data covers diverse visitors of real exhibitions, so it was difficult to control the optimized experimental environment. So, the collected data has much noise, and it would results a lower accuracy. In further research, the data collection will be conducted in a more optimized experimental environment. The further research to increase the accuracy of the predictions of the model will be conducted. Second, using changes of facial expression only is thought to be not enough to extract audience emotions. If facial expression is combined with other responses, such as the sound, audience behavior, it would result a better result.