• Nutrition Research and Practice
• /
• 제5권4호
• /
• pp.329-336
• /
• 2011

Obesity contributes to an increased risk for chronic diseases, including diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and certain types of cancer. The prevalence of obesity has increased in Korea. We compared the clinical and dietary characteristics of obese adults (n = 30, 17 men and 13 women, mean age 29.9) to those with a normal weight (n = 15, 8 men and 7 women, mean age 26.5). We determined lipid profiles, fasting blood sugar (FBS), blood pressure, and serum free fatty acid (FFA). Dietary intake was estimated using a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and a 3-day dietary record. Exercise patterns and average alcohol intake were determined. The average body mass index was 28.3 kg/$m^2$ in the obese and 21.2 kg/$m^2$ in the normal weight groups. The obese group had significantly higher levels of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides, lower levels of HDL cholesterol, and higher blood pressures compared to the normal weight group. FBS was not significantly different between the two groups. The obese group had significantly more subjects with metabolic syndrome (26.7%) compared to the normal weight group (0%). Serum FFA levels tended to be higher in the obese (P = 0.087). No significant difference in caloric intake was observed between the two groups. No differences in carbohydrate, protein, or fat intake between two groups were observed from the FFQ. However, results from the 3-day dietary record showed that the percentage of energy from fat was significantly higher in the obese group. The frequency and amount of exercise did not differ between the two groups. Alcohol consumed per drinking episode was significantly higher in the obese group. These results confirm that excessive weight is associated with disturbances in lipid metabolism in these fairly young and otherwise healthy adults. Dietary factors, including higher fat intake and alcohol consumption, seem to be contributing to the obesity of these subjects.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
• /
• 제10권3호
• /
• pp.290-302
• /
• 2005

The nutrients intake and health-related habits of nonagenarian subjects in Korean representative longevity belts of Damyang, Gokseong, Kurye, Sunchang were evaluated for the purpose of providing the information on the desirable food selection and dietary pattern of elderly population. A survey was conducted with 91 subjects (26 males and 65 females) and their food intakes were measured by the combination of one meal weighing and 24-hr recall, and their general background information was collected by visit. The mean age of the subjects was 93.6 $\pm$ 2.2 (male) and 97.6 $\pm$ 4.6 (female) The average smoking rate was $20.9\%$, the rate of regular drinking was $26.4\%$. The average energy intake was 1,284.9 kcal comprising $77.1\%$ of RDA for elder people over 75. The energy ratio of carbohydrate, protein and fat were 66.5 : 18.2 : 15.3. The average intake of protein, calcium, iron and zinc were $107.4\%,\;59.9\%,\;106.3\%$ and $60\%$ of RDA respectively. The lower intake of vitamins as low as $70\%$ was found except vitamin $B_6$ and niacin. The majority of the subjects consumed rice as staple diet and mostly consumed white plain rice rather than mixed grain rice. The animal and plant food intakes were 88.4 : 11.6 in males and those of females were 83.0 : 17.0 showing a tendency of plant-based meals. Nutrients that showed NAR over 0.7 were protein, iron, vitamin $B_6$, niacin and phosphate, but those with INQ over 1. Nutrient with INQ below 0.7 was only vitamin E. Even though their nutritional quantity did not appear to be enough, but their nutritional quality was relatively high. The adding dairy products, nuts and fruits for the purpose of proving sufficient vitamin and minerals can achieve the optimal nutritional intake patterns. Further research on RDA of this age population should be followed.

• 고려인삼학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 고려인삼학회 1987년도 Proceedings of Korea-Japan Panax Ginseng Symposium 1987 Seoul Korea
• /
• pp.20-28
• /
• 1987

To clarify central mechanisms of ginsenosides, changes in ingestive and ambulatory behaviors were investigated in rats after single or continuous infusion into the third cerebroventricle or various hypothalamic loci. Following single infusion into the third cerebroventricle, ginsenoside Rbl at doses of 0.05, 0.10 and 0.20 $\mu$mol dose-dependently decreased food intake. None of the doses tested affected ambulation. Drinking suppression was only observed at the maximum dose of 0.20 $\mu$mol. Equimolar injections into the peritoneum had no effects on ingestive behavior or ambulation. These findings indicated that ginsenoside Rbl specifically and centrally inhibited food intake. According to analyses of daily feeding patterns, this feeding suppression was the result of a decrease in meal size, not from changes in the postprandial intermeal interval or eating speed. The suppressed food intake was accompanied by hyperglycemia, leaving plasma insulin unaffected. Unilateral micro injection of 0.01 u mot ginsenoside Rb, into the ventromedial hypothalamus specifically decreased food intake, although equimolar injection into the lateral hypothalamic area did not affect food intake. Following continuous infusion of Rg, into the third cerebroventricle, the feeding inhibition due to surgical operation was attenuated. Rbs administered by the same procedure abolished the toxic effect of toxohormone-L on food intake. Taken together, these findings suggest that ginsenoside as a whole may have pharmacological potency to maintain feeding at a certain physiological level.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• 제47권6호
• /
• pp.385-393
• /
• 2014

Purpose: The aim of this study is to examine the effects of egg consumption and suggest proper guidelines for consumption of eggs by determining the relationship between eggs and cholesterol. Methods: Literature review was conducted on the relationship between nutritional, functional properties of eggs and serum cholesterol, as well as cardiovascular disease. Results: Eggs, which are a good protein food with complete amino acid composition, contain vitamin A, riboflavin, vitamin $B1_2$, folic acid, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin K, calcium, iron, choline, selenium, ${\beta}$-carotene, lutein, zeaxanthin, etc. However the egg yolk has a high cholesterol content, which is associated with chronic diseases, including heart disease and hypertension. As a result, its intake is subject to regulation. Outbreak of heart disease by yolk intake can show different results depending on the characteristics of the subjects, amount of egg intake, and the implications of other foods eaten. It is difficult to determine whether eggs are beneficial, as they are the main supplying source for other major nutritive elements as well. Several research studies insist that when cholesterol intake increases by 100 mg, the level of serum cholesterol increases by 2.2~4.5 mg/dL and when serum cholesterol increases by 1%, the risk of heart disease increases by 2%. This indicates that a large intake of eggs can increase the risk of heart disease. Although the cholesterol of egg yolk and serum cholesterol are correlated, it is insufficient to conclude that only cholesterol and not other components are related to heart disease. In fact, other components in egg such as various unsaturated fatty acids and phospholipids could be related as well. Rather than concluding egg as a 'good' or 'bad' food according to its cholesterol content, it is important to define egg as a part of dietary patterns. Conclusion: Generalizing an indiscriminate and uniform amount of egg intake for all seems inadequate. However, patients with diabetes or heart disease should pay particular attention to the amount of egg intake. As for the norm, eating egg with vegetables as a substitute for other animal products seems beneficial.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• 제30권8호
• /
• pp.960-975
• /
• 1997

This study was carried out to evaluate the iron nutrition status of 212 middle school students(106 males and 106 females) residing in Seoul(13-14 years old ) using eating patterns and a measurement of anthropometrical determination and hematological indices. Fasting blood samples were taken from all subjects, serum iron (SI) and total iron binding capacity(TIBC) concentrations were measured, and transferrin saturation(TS) levels were calculated. Iron and other nutrient intakes were estimated by a semi-quantitative frequency questionnaire. The level of TS(%) which was calculated with TIBC and SI in females(20.4$\mu\textrm{g}$/dl) was significantly lower(p<0.050 than that of males (27.4$\mu\textrm{g}$/㎗). The prevalence of iron deficiency was found to be 36.7% when defined by TS(%) (<05%). Mean daily intake of total iron in the study subjects was 14mg and heme iron intake was 5.4mg(38.1%) . There was a significant negative correlation between the level of SI and the income level and a positive correlation with the level of TIBC and the income level. TIBC had a positive correlation with the anthropometric variables(Ht, Wt, BMI, RI and PIBW). SI and TS had a negative correlation with body fat percentage. There was a positive correlation between energy intake and TIBC only among females. The logistic regression analysis revealed that income level, body fat percentage , weight and energy intake were major determinants of low SI levels. Among the determinants of abnormal TIBC levels were weight , height, income level and energy intake. Finally , among those of low TS% were iron and energy intake and income level. These observations suggest that physical status, body fat percentage energy and iron intakes and income level are risk factors for iron-deficiency anemia among the middle school students in Seoul.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
• /
• 제6권3호
• /
• pp.254-262
• /
• 2012

The objective of this study was to provide information regarding trends of rice consumption of Korean adults based on different meal types. Respondent reports 24-hour recall data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were used to assess daily rice consumption and intake ratios of rice for different meal types and places of preparation. Rice intake had gradually decreased from 224.6 g in 1998 to 190 g in 2001 and to 179.4 g in 2005. The rice consumption of Korean adults decreased every year in all ages for all places of meal preparation in 2001 and 2005 compare to 1998. Analysis for each meal type showed that rice intake at breakfast had not considerably changed, but rice intake had decreased at lunch and dinner. While the rice consumption ratio at lunch and dinner decreased, it also decreased or did not change at snack times except for the 19-29 age groups. All the age groups revealed comparable change in the analysis for meal types. There was some diversity between all age divisions in daily rice intake depending on place of meal preparation. The rice consumption by place of meal preparation was generally highest at home, lowest at other places, but it decreased in all places. The rice consumption at home was highest in the over 50 age group, lowest in the 20-30 age group. These changes seem to be related to food intake patterns of rice and substitutional foods in the diets and development regarding socio-economic status. So the need for further study on differences in rice intake based on socioeconomic levels and age group are indicated.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
• /
• 제29권6호
• /
• pp.511-518
• /
• 2014

This study was conducted to investigate the degree of practice of dietary behavior and dining out in accordance with intake of sodium among male and female adults aged 20 years or older residing in the Seoul Metropolitan area or Chungcheong Province. A total of 530 copies of the questionnaire were distributed from May to July, 2014. The SH group who responded that they eat a lot of sodium constituted 30.6% (158 people), followed by the SM group who responded that their sodium intake is about average at 55.7% (288 people) and the SL group who answered that they do not eat much sodium at 13.7% (71 people). Those in the SL group showed positive results for dietary behavior patterns. The SL group showed the lowest rate in terms of how often they eat harmful foods, including processed foods, sweet foods, salty foods, or food with high animal fat content such as pork belly. Positive results among the SL group were prominent in terms of avoiding over-drinking, regular exercise, and nutritional knowledge, indicating greater health management. The distribution of each group in terms of self-perceived sodium intake showed significant differences across age, gender, and household income in terms of frequency of fast food intake, regularity of meals, purchase of foods with consideration of sodium amount, frequency of missed meals, balance of food intake, and health management habits.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
• /
• 제20권2호
• /
• pp.120-128
• /
• 2015

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine the relative impact of seasonal differences and age on dietary vitamin D intakes, outdoor activity time and serum vitamin D status among Korean postmenopausal women. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 164 free-living postmenopausal women (mean age=55.4 years) in Daegu, Korea. Dietary intake, daily physical activity patterns and fasting blood samples were collected during summer and winter. We compared the results from 75 women during summer and 89 women during winter. Dietary intake of vitamin D was assessed by 24-hour recall method. Daily outdoor activity time was derived from physical activity diary. Results: The average dietary intake of vitamin D of the participants was $3.7{\mu}g$ during summer, $3.3{\mu}g$ during winter, showing no significant difference between the two seasons. The average time spent on outdoor activities was not significantly different between summer ($=35.1{\pm}75.0min/d$) and winter ($=48.5{\pm}76.8min/d$). The average serum 25-(OH) vitamin D concentrations of participants was $17.5{\pm}7.5ng/mL$ in the summer and $13.4{\pm}4.3ng/mL$ in the winter, showing no significant differences by season. Dietary intake of vitamin D was not related to age. When total subjects were divided into two groups by age, the average serum 25-(OH) vitamin D concentration was significantly higher in older group (p=0.047) and time spent on outdoor activities was also (p=0.018) significantly higher in the older group. Conclusions: In order to improve the current vitamin D status of Korean postmenopausal women, nutrition education programs should focus more on adequate intake of vitamin D, while maintaining enough outdoor activities over the season.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
• /
• 제19권3호
• /
• pp.409-420
• /
• 2009

This study investigated preferences toward soybean-based foods and levels of dietary isoflavone intake in female adults living in Daegu. In order to determine the subjects' attitudes toward soybean-based foods their degrees of recognition and preference along with intake frequency were examined. To estimate their isoflavone intake levels, a food frequency questionnaire and the 24-hour recall method were used. The average age, height, weight, and BMI of the subjects were 47.3 years, 159.6 cm, 56.4 kg, and 22.1 kg/$cm^2$, respectively. And their mean energy, protein, dietary fiber, calcium, and sodium intakes were 1,871.9 kcal, 81.1g, 23.2 g, 604.7 mg, and 5.07 g, respectively. The average amount of isoflavones consumed from soy foods was 29.49 mg/day(daidzein 13.14 mg/day and genistein 16.35 mg/day) as assessed by food frequency questionnaire, and by the 24-hour recall method the average amount was 22.97 mg/day (daidzein 10.10 mg/day and genistein 12.87 mg/day), showing that the food frequency questionnaire assessment amount was 6.52 mg higher than that by 24-hour recall method. The major food sources of the isoflavones were soybean paste and soybeans. For the subjects' degrees of recognition of soybean food, soybean paste received the highest score among the items. The results also showed that the most preferred soybean-based foods were soybean paste stew and soybean paste soup. Furthermore isoflavone intake was significantly higher in the postmenopausal women than in the premenopausal women. Overall, these data help elucidate the patterns and determinants of soy food consumption and also provide an assessment of dietary soy isoflavone intake in Korean women.

• 한국지역사회생활과학회지
• /
• 제22권4호
• /
• pp.669-678
• /
• 2011

The purpose of this study were to analyze the staple food consumption trend of Koreans using KNHANES(Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey) data. Nutrient intake of 38,840 participants of 1998~2008 KNHANES, over 6 year old were analyzed. For the analysis of major staple food intakes, twenty four hour recall data was used. The results were analyzed by SAS Program, as follows. Despite westernized diet, ranking in the primary energy source of food showed similar patterns. But total calory intake was reduced over the past 11 years and percentage of carbohydrate intake was increased. Relative proportions of protein and fat intake was reduced. The major carbohydrate and protein source of Koreans was rice and grains. Pork and ramen were the major fat source food. Although intake levels were different by gender, age and areas, carbohydrate of rice was primary source of energy in Korea.