• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.59-71
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• 2014

At present, Korean one-person households have been continuously increased in spite of the reduction of total population. The increasement of one-person household has become a social and institutional issue. It is necessary to response socially and economically to not only changes of housing demand but also the disadvantaged classes such as the socially weak and single elderly household from the national level. In this respect, this research examined the spatial distribution (such as the increasing area, high-density area, and majority area) of one-person household with census data in the city of Busan. The clusters of one-person households were selected by focusing on the spatial distributions by time series changes of 2000, 2005, and 2010 and considering their housing characteristics. In terms of policy efficiency, the clusters of one-person households to be supported by priority were derived by analyzing the census data from 6066 output areas in the city of Busan. As a result, lots of one-person households of juniors were distributed around the university town, office facility, and station service area. Lots of one-person households at middle-aged class were distributed in Busan's original downtown and mountain-side road. Generalizing these characteristics, cluster analysis was conducted. As a result, one-person household dense area in Busan could be classified into four types. This research should be utilized as a counterplan for increasing the housing demand of one-person household or basic data for supporting small housing supply policies in the future.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.139-150
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• 2015

The number of 1 or 2 households is rapidly increasing due to the participants of women in the working society, the increment of unmarried men, and the change in family structure. The current housing market and the housing administration focuses more on the bigger number of households so that single person households are being neglected. As more individuals move to the capital, living in the city for a single person household has become very difficult. Sharing has become an important aspect among the society and shared housings have hit the minds of single person households as a new way of living. Comprehensive properties, boarding houses, housings for studying (Go-Si-Won), and officetels match the ideas of shared housings. The absent of clear standards on private rooms and shared facilities is making the living very challenging. This study aim to understand foreign (England, Australia, and Japan) institutional characteristics for shared housings to build foundations in order to bring in shared housings into Korea. The residential concept can not be applied to shared housings in Korea directly since the idea of living is different for each nation and its cultural distinctions. However, a clear classification and standards on shared housings depending on the size of the house and number of residents are needed alongside with an index of principles and residential criteria.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.397-407
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• 2022

The informal economy is a large part of the urban economy. The informal economy accounts for about half of Pakistan's GDP. This research examined nine different areas of Rawalpindi's Central Business District's business sector (CBD). A survey of 404 respondents from 16 CBD marketplaces enables a comprehensive examination of who works in the informal and formal economic sectors, how much they earn, their goals, perception of their job, and their degree of similarity to the rest of the working population. Furthermore, the statistics illustrate the pro-cyclical connections between the informal economic sector and the formal economy. The Multinomial Logistic Regression (MLR) technique is used for the analysis. The MLR results indicated the informal economic sector holds positive relation with earning members in a family, business expertise, average business sale, and negative relation with education level, satisfaction with government tax policies, household expense, and average investment in the business. From a resilience standpoint, governance is considered an intentional collective action to preserve a stable system condition. Hence, the current study recommends tax reforms and government institution reorganization to mobilize the informal sector and make effective institutional governance.

• The Journal of Fisheries Business Administration
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.131-139
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• 2003

The products of the quality certificated fisheries which are protected from environmental pollution, decomposition are hygienically safe and convenient for food. However, consumers have not yet understood the recognition of the system of quality certfication so far because of lack of demand on the quality certification fisheries. Above all, to put the system of the quality QC in place sucessfully, to understand the variation of consumer's inclination efficiently, the empirical study must be carried out by both consumer's take part in the market of the quality certificated fisheries products and how much the amount of consumption is in this market. The purpose of this study, under the preconditions where these have limited fisheries items in consumer's inclination survey, is to analyze the demand of QC though the Double Hurdle Model. Explanatory variables included were household characteristics such as housewives' age and education, her job, household income as well as their health perceptions and food purchase behaviors. Survey from 530 household was collected in Pusan City in 2003, of 502 were actually used for empirical analysis. The Double-hurdle framework proved to a better representation of the factors influencing the separate decision participation and consumption levels. According to the results of this study, whether or not, participating In the market of quality certicipating in the market of qualify certificated fisheries products is affected by how much experience and confidence these have got. housewives' having a job or not. Furthermore, the amount of consumption is mostly affected income. This value is attributed to the safety of QC fisheries products in comparison with regular fisheries. Findings suggest that the consumers put substantially high monetary value on safe food, such as high quality fisheries products. Therefore, first of all, legal and institutional systems should be clearly and strictly identified for the QC products.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.325-332
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• 2015

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate tooth whitening maintenance efficacy of several dentifrices containing effective ingredients for tooth whitening. Methods: Hydroxyapatite specimens(HAPs) staining was done by using modified Stookey's methods. HAPs were treated with 2.9% hydrogen peroxide containing strip for whitening, and were shaken with several dentifrice slurry(dentifrice 1 : artificial saliva 2) for 30 minutes. The HAPs were finally dipped in staining solution for an hour. Shaking and dipping were repeated 4 times and lightness values were measured by colorimeter at each step. In clinical test, test 4 dentifrice and control dentifrice were evaluated by 21 subjects for 2 months after receiving institutional review board(IRB) approval. Organoleptic(vita shade guide) and instrumental(SHADEEYE-NCC) evaluation were performed for whiteness change of teeth. Statistical analysis was performed using repeated measures ANOVA, Tukey's post hoc test and ${\chi}^2$-test(p<0.05). Results: All dentifrices showed statistical significance in comparison with control dentifrice containing sodium fluoride and test 4 dentifrice containing sodium pyrophosphate, sodium metaphosphate, candelilla wax, and sodium fluoride showed statistical significance in comparison with other dentifrices by inhibiting staining in vitro(p<0.05). In clinical test, test 4 dentifrice showed better effects than control dentifrice in organoleptic and instrumental evaluation in tooth whitening maintenance efficacy(p<0.05). The awareness toward tooth whitening maintenance efficacy for 2 months use showed that test 4 dentifrice was much better than control dentifrice, but did not show statistically significant(p>0.05). Conclusions: Dentifrice containing sodium pyrophosphate, sodium metaphosphate, candelilla wax and sodium fluoride was more effective in keeping teeth white.

• Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Planning & Design
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.127-137
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• 2019

Low-rise residential community is the most popular type (51%) of residential neighborhoods in Seoul. Currently, there is a shortage of public facilities needed for living conditions and the quality of life in low-rise residential areas. This study defines 'public facility' as infrastructure to improve the living environment and used by residents jointly in low-rise residential areas. In this regard, this study analyzes current legal and institutional standards, latest trends in public facility of apartments, and residents' demand and satisfaction level in order to find out the criteria for installation of priority public facilities. As a result, the essential facility basically conforms to the number of household which is the standard of the facility supply in apartment. However, considering the limitations on the accessibility due to low density, it should consider two standards at the same time: the number of household and distance (radius of neighborhood). In conclusion, it is necessary to install legally prescribed facilities according to the number of household and distance: 500 households facilities in 250m radius neighborhood and 1,000 households facilities in 400m radius neighborhood. Also, considering the reality of low-rise residential area, it is necessary to integrate some facilities that can be functionally linked to improve level of utility and efficiency of operation and management. It is expected that the output of this study can be applied to institutionalize of the legal basis for the public facility of low-rise residential community.

• Korea Journal of Hospital Management
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.13-21
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• 2022

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyze the association between single-person households & Beneficiary of National Basic Livelihood and recommendation on alcohol consumption, and counseling on drinking problems for adults 19 years of age or older. Methods: In this study, excluding missing values, the association between the single-person household & Beneficiary of National Basic Livelihood and recommendation to refrain drinking alcohol, counseling for drinking problems was analyzed by using the chi-squre test and logistic regression analysis. Results: In the case of non-single person households, compared to single-person households, the recommendation rate to refrain drinking alcohol was 1.519 OR (Odds Ratio [OR]: 1.159 , p-value <.0001). meanwhile, in the case of Beneficiary of National Basic Livelihood, the recommendation rate to refrain alcohol consumption was higher by 1.414 OR (OR: 1.414, p-value: 0.011), and the drinking problem counseling rate was also higher by 2.257 OR (OR: 2.257, p-value: 0.026) compared to non-beneficiary group. Discussion & Conclusion: Based on the 2016-2019 National Health and Nutrition Survey, this study investigated the associaiton between single households & Beneficiary of National Basic Livelihood and recommendations to refrain alcohol, and counseling on drinking problems. Compared to the Beneficiary of National Basic Livelihood group, single-person household group has recently been classified as a socially vulnerable group, but it is not applicable in the policy category. If policy and institutional measures for treatment are provided, it is expected that the problem of alcohol abuse can be reduced.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.563-576
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• 2007

The purpose of this study is to analyze the financial performance according to the economic environment change. The data of 4,577 households in 2003 and 3994 households in 2000 is from the Korean Labor and Income Panel Study. The data were analyzed by various statistical methods such as frequency, mean-test, Duncan's multiple range test, k-mean cluster analysis. Findings were as follows; First, the classified household financial strategy types were Residual(44.3%), Financial Assets(24.0%), Informal Institutional(19.7%), Diversified Portfolio(7.6%), Real Estate(4.5%). Second, the criteria of classification of the financial strategies were relative, not absolute. Third, the rate of economic growth was high and the index of the current money was low in 2000. Fourth, households that employed a diversified portfolio strategy had the greatest net wealth.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.25 no.3 s.87
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• pp.25-44
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to classify the financial strategies and investigate major determinants of the financial performance in elderly households. This study used the data of 4,577households with all ages and 1,255 elderly households were from the Korean Labor and Income Panel Study(2000, 2003). The data were analyzed by various statistical methods such as frequency, mean-test, Duncan's multiple range test, k-mean cluster analysis and regression. The major findings were as follows: First, the classified household financial strategy types were Residual(44.3%), Financial Assets(24.0%), Informal Institutional(19.7%), Diversified Portfolio(7.6%), Real Estate(4.5%). Second, the criteria of classification of the financial strategies were relative, not absolute. Third, elderly households that employed a financial assets had the greatest financial performance (62,320,000 won net gain). Households with all ages that employed a diversified portfolio strategy had the greatest financial performance (98,360,000 won net gain). Forth, the determinants of the financial performance were significantly different according to the types of financial strategy.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.117-128
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of functional ability on relocation among the elderly. Longitudinal data from the Asset and Health Dynamics among the Oldest Old (1993, 1995) were analyzed for 6,225 respondents aged 70 or older. Among functional ability measures, difficulties in advanced activities of daily living (i. e., making telephone calls, taking medications, and managing money), lower body activities (i. e., walking several blocks, climbing one flight of stairs, pulling or pushing large objects, and carrying over 10 pounds), and household activities of daily living (i. e., preparing hot meals and shopping for groceries) were the predictors of increased residential move. Difficulties in basic activities of daily living (i. e., bathing, dressing, getting in and out, and using the toilet) were strongly related to increased entrance into an institutional care facility. Efforts to enhance the independent living of the elderly in the community setting should target the compensation of these functional difficulties.