• BMB Reports
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.294-298
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• 2003

The pathological effect of the Bacillus thuringiensis Cry $\delta$-endotoxins on susceptible insect larvae had extensive damage on the midgut epithelial cells. In this study, an ex vivo assay was devised for assessing the insecticidal potency of the cloned Cry4B mosquito-larvicidal protein that is expressed in Escherichia coli. Determination of toxicity was carried out by using a cell viability assay on the midguts that were dissected from 5-day old Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae. After incubation with the toxin proteins, the number of viable epithelial cells was determined photometrically by monitoring the quantity of the bioreduced formazan product at 490 nm. The results showed that the 65-kDa trypsin-activated Cry4B toxin exhibited toxic potency ca. 3.5 times higher than the 130-kDa Cry4B protoxin. However, the trypsin-treated products of the non-bioactive Cry4B mutant (R158A) and the lepidopteran-specific Cry1Aa toxin displayed relatively no ex vivo activity on the mosquito-larval midguts. The ex vivo cytotoxicity studies presented here confirms data that was obtained in bioassays.

• Journal of Multimedia Information System
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.189-196
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• 2020

We have developed a device for recording biological data by inserting three electrodes and a needle with an angular velocity sensor into the moth for the purpose of measuring the electromyogram of the flapping and the corresponding lift force. With this measurement, it is possible to evaluate the moth-physiological function of moths, and the amount of pesticides that insects are exposed to (currently LD50-based standards), especially the amount of chronic low-concentration exposure, can be reduced the dose. We measured and recorded 2-channel electromyography (EMG) and angular velocity corresponding to pitch angle (pitch-like angle) associated with wing flapping for 100 sweet potato hawkmoths (50 females and 50 males) with the animals suspended and constrained in air. Overall, the angular velocity and amplitude of EMG signals demonstrated high correlation, with a correlation coefficient of R = 0.792. In contrast, the results of analysis performed on the peak-to-peak (PP) EMG intervals, which correspond to the RR intervals of ECG signals, indicated a correlation between ΔF fluctuation and angular velocity of R = 0.379. Thus, the accuracy of the regression curve was relatively poor. Using a DC amplification circuit without capacitive coupling as the EMG amplification circuit, we confirmed that the baseline changes at the gear change point of wing flapping. The following formula gives the lift provided by the wing: angular velocity × thoracic weight - air resistance - (eddy resistance due to turbulence). In future studies, we plan to attach a micro radio transmitter to the moths to gather data on potential energy, kinetic energy, and displacement during free flight for analysis. Such physiological functional evaluations of moths may alleviate damage to insect health due to repeated exposure to multiple agrochemicals and may lead to significant changes in the toxicity standards, which are currently based on LD50 values.

• 보존과학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.77-83
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• 2010

국내에 서식하는 지중흰개미는 목재 내부에 공동화 현상이 발생되어 붕괴가 일어나기 직전까지도 외관상 특별한 변화가 발견되지 않는다. 이러한 흰개미의 활성을 비파괴적으로 측정하는 기술은 현재 국내에 적용된 사례가 없었다. 따라서 본 연구는 극초단파 탐지 장비(Termatrac, Australia)를 이용하여 목조 문화재의 비파괴 진단 기술을 정립하고자 한다. 연구 결과, 소나무의 경우 16cm(민감도 5, 6), 느티나무와 Douglas fir의 경우 17cm(민감도 5, 6)까지 측정이 가능하여 국내 대부분의 목조 건축물에 적용이 가능할 것으로 판단되었다. 현장조사 결과 전국 목조건축물 231동 중 33.8%가 흰개미에 의한 손상을 입었으며, 7.8%인 총 18개 건물에서 흰개미 가해가 진행 중인 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 이와 같은 결과를 통해 목조 문화재의 비파괴 분석법으로서 적용이 가능할 것이라 예상된다.

• 복식
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• 제57권3호
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• pp.14-22
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• 2007

This study is about the excavated costume representing fundamental "Conservation and Restoration". It's not a report of a specific case, but it is a guideline that contains the costume and textile of museum collection. It is not research based on experiments; however, this paper is basically consists of various reported-documents. Followings are the conclusions of this study 1. These are the factors that we have to know to prevent the causes of fabric's degradation. -Light, -Humidity and temperature, -Microscopic organism, -Insect and rodent animal, -Air pollution, -Ph, -Handling 2. Basic principles of conservation and restoration follows are: -Select the Reversible method, -Represent the easily distinguishable repaired place, -Should be acted by an expert or people with experience, -Before the restoration, accurate and specified records should be completed, -Procedure, treatment method, and materials used should be recorded prior to restoration, -Should be cared minimally, -Be cautious when using the conservation materials, -When caring, make sure nothing is against the principle of aesthetic, historic, and form of preservation 3. The types of restoration are type of straight or curve, type of hole, type of without warp or weft, type of special part damage something like sleeve, collar, type of form that is severely damaged, and type of separated pieces. 4. The method of restoration is sewing, stitching, and the combination of sewing and stitching. 5. The restoration seams are welt seam, plain seam, flat felled seam, french seam etc. And there are kinds of used-sewing, such as, broad stitching, backstitch, half backstitch, basking, hemming, saddle stitching etc.

• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.159-164
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• 1997

일천궁의 정식기와 재식거리가 생육 및 수량에 미치는 영향을 구명하고자 울릉 일천궁을 공식하여 정식기를 3월 5일부터 4월 20일까지 15일 간격으로 4회 정식하고 재식거리를 휴폭은 35, 45, 55cm로 하고 주간거리를 15, 25, 35cm로 하여 경상북도 울릉도에서 1991년부터 1992년까지 2개년간 시험한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 정식기가 늦어질수록 지상부 생육이 떨어졌고 병해(엽고병, 위황병)는 7정도, 충해(천궁 바구미)는 5정도로 정식기간에 모두 다소 높게 발생하였다. 2. 엑스함량은 조식할수록 많았으며 회분과 산불용성 회분함량에서는 대한약전외 한약(생약) 규격치 이하여서 생약으로 이용시 안전성과 유효성과 문제가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 3. 건근수량은 3월 30일 정식(2,880kg/ha)이 가장 많았고 이후의 만식에서는 $58\sim70%$감수되어 일천궁의 정식기는 3월20일경이었다. 4. 재식거리에 따른 생육은 소식일수록 좋았고 수량평가의 요소인 주당 노두수는 밀식일수록 증가하였다. 5. 엑스함량은 재식거리간 모두 $4.3\sim4.6%$였고 회분과 산불용성 회분함량은 생약 이용 규격 이하여서 양징근이었다. 6. 건근수량은 $45\times25cm$(2,000kg/ha)에 비해 $35\times15cm$에서 33% 증수되어 적정 재색거리로 판단되었다.

• 농약과학회지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.387-390
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• 2012

담배거세미나방, 파밤나방, 배추좀나방은 중요 경제 작물의 재배, 수확 시에 해를 입히는 해충들이다. 이들 해충의 방제를 위해 Bacillus thuringiensis를 이용한 Bt제는 여러 해 동안 화학 살충제의 대체 방제 수단으로 이용되고 있다. 국내에 시판 중인 미생물 살충제의 방제 효율 증진을 위해 Bt제의 추천 농도 이상과 제품 간 혼합에 따른 효과 평가를 실내 생물검정을 통해 수행하였다. 본 연구에 사용된 5 제품 모두 추천농도에서 배추좀나방 2령 유충에 높은 방제 효과를 보였으나, 파밤나방과 담배거세미나방에는 낮은 살충율을 보였다. 추천농도의 2배액과 4배액 처리 및 Bt 제품들의 혼합 처리에서도 파밤나방과 담배거세미나방에서는 방제 상승 효과는 없었다.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제7권
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• pp.27-32
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• 1969

1. 한국에서는 벼 밤나방 (Sesamia inferens Walker)이 중남부지방에서 발생하여 이화명충과 유사한 가해상을 나타내고 있으며 유충태로 주로 지하부 도경에서 월동하고 년 2-3회 발생하였다. 2, 각 충태별 코기는 난이 $0.645\pm0,037\times0.399\pm0.757mm$, 유충이 $18.32\pm3.72mm$, 용이 $15.8\pm2.0mm$ 성충자아가 $11.56\pm1.35mm$, 웅아는 $10.36\pm0.87mm$였다. 3. 각충태별 기간은 각 화기에 따라 차가 컸으나 7-9월경인 2화기가 가장 짧았으며 그 기간은 란기$6.37\pm0.49$일, 유충기 $32.13\pm4.16$일, 용기 $13.38\pm0.92$ 성충기 $4.76\pm2.09$일였다. 4. 방제약제로는 Pot 시험결과 무처리 피해경율 $62.6\%$에 대하여 m.Parathion G $12.0\%$, EPNec$22.9\%$, Diazinon G $24.7\%$, Labaycid G $27.3\%$의 순으로 양호한 방제효과를 나타내었다.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.32-38
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• 1960

Since the peculiar virus disease of chinese date tree (Zizyphus jujuba Mill. var. inermis Rehd.) has been noted in South Korea around 1950, 70% to 80% of the economically important trees have been either completely destroyed or infected with the virus, severe damage has been noted, particularly, across the area ranged from middle east to the middle part of Korea, including Seoul area. Yoon-Koock-Byung in 1958 first reported the disease and descirbed it might be caused by a kinds of yellows. But he did not conform in his paper that the disease is pecisely caused by yellows virus. The authors, hereby intend to identify the true cause of the desease of the chinese data tree by studying the external symptoms of the disease and the internal morphological characteristics of the diseaset plant which shows various abnormalities in contrast to the healthy checks. In view of fact that leaves of the infected plants become yellowish in color similar to the peach yellows, aster yellows, it is likely to be identifiable as the common yellows. Furthermore, the abnormal characteristics observed by the authors are as follow: The floral organs such as petals, sepals, stamens, and pistil turn into vegetative leaves, the leaves on heavily infected plant appear as small sized one and also showing as a common witch's broom like symptom. There are also an occuring of numerous advantitious shoots developed from both of stems and roots. The amount of photosynthetic starch grains increases in parenchymatous cells, necrosis takes place in mesophyll, Particularly, Palisade Parenchyma in the leaves of infected plants are distinguished in contrast to the healthy checks. From the symptoms and the present experimetns described above, the authors are believed that the disease of chinese data tree is not caused by the yellows. It appears the disease is rather similar to the symptoms of sandal spike virus which was noted in India early in this centry. But the host plant of standal disease, Santalum albun L. and the insect vector, Jassus indicus Wal., have never been reported in Korean flora and the founa. The termperature and the otehr environmental factors is quite different Korea and India. Thus the authors believe that the peculiar disease must be an endemic new virus origin in Korea and must be called as "shoot cluster disease of chinese date tree."

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.703-711
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• 2009

Arabica coffee is classified for trading according to the New York Board of Trade(NYBOT) green coffee classification. NYBOT's grading system is based on classification derived from a defect count on a 300 g sample. In the present study, green and roasted coffees were investigated for possible correlations between the content of defective beans and sensory characteristics. Sensory evaluation was performed by expert tasters used by the Specialty Coffee Association of America(SCAA) cupping method. For green coffee, the percentage of defective beans increased. as the coffee grade decreased. Black and sour beans were not found in the NY2 grade coffee out of all natural, pulped natural, and washed coffee samples. Sour and insect damage were found in more natural coffee samples as the green coffee grade decreased. Green and broken beans were found in more washed coffee samples as the green coffee grade decreased. Flavor, clean, uniformity, aftertaste, and overall sensory characteristics were significantly different among the NY2, NY3/4 and NY4/5 grade coffee in all natural, pulped natural and washed coffee samples. The natural coffee in the NY2 sample presented the highest body characteristic. The pulped natural coffee in the NY2 sample presented the highest sweetness and balance characteristics. The washed coffee in the NY2 sample presented the highest acidity and flavor characteristics. In conclusion, the percentage of defective beans increased as sensory characteristics decreased.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.136-141
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• 2020

Background: The leaves of the goji berry (Lycium chinense Mill.) are used as raw materials in processing and by replace fruits to some extent. The reason is that the leaves are cheaper, however, betaine content is higher than in the fruits. These experiments were conducted to determine the planting density and cutting height for producing a large number of leaves. Methods and Results: The cultivar 'Myeongan' with many branches was used. When the shoot height reached 50 cm - 70 cm, harvesting was possible four times a year. The time to next harvest was approximately 38 days after regeneration of new shoots. Leaf quantity was in the order of 1st > 2nd > 4th > 3rd harvest. Insect damage occurred during the third harvest in late July and early August, therefore, eco-friendly control was necessary. The total yield was higher at the planting density 60 cm × 30 cm than that of 60 cm × 20 cm or 60 cm × 40 cm. The yield at cutting for shoot height of 60 cm was increased by 6.3 percent compared to that of 50 cm, At the cutting height of 70 cm, harvest was difficult owing to hardening of stems and thorns. Betaine content, an indicator component of goji berry, was not significantly different according to planting densities and cutting height. Conclusions: The ideal cutting period to produce leaves of goji berry for processing is when the shoots grow to approximately 60 cm, and the leaves can be harvested 4 times a year. The dried-leaf yield was highest at the planting density of 60 cm × 30 cm.