• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2008.05a
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• pp.234-238
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• 2008

The energy conservation theory is introduced for investigating processes of runoff and soil erosion on the hillslope system changed vegetation condition by wildfire The rainfall energy, input energy consisted of kinetic and potential energy, is influenced by vegetation coverage and height. Output energy at the outlet of hillslope is decided as the kinetic energy of runoff and erosion soil, and mechanical work according to moving water and soil is influenced dominantly by the work rather than the kinetic energy. Relationship between output and input energy is possible to calculate the energy loss in the runoff and erosion process. The absolute value of the energy loss is controlled by the input energy size of rainfall because energy losses of runoff increase as many rainfall pass through the hillslope system. The energy coefficient which is dimensionless is defined as the ratio of input energy of rainfall to output energy of runoff water and erosion soil such as runoff coefficient. The energy coefficient and runoff coefficient showed the highest correlation coefficient with the vegetation coverage. Maximum energy coefficient is about 0.5 in the hillslope system. The energy theory for output energy of runoff and soil erosion is presented by the energy coefficient theory associated with vegetation factor. Also runoff and erosion soil resulting output energy have the relation of power function and the rates of these increase with rainfall.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.19-27
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• 2011

This paper introduces an approach to identify the total energy consumption with subsequent $CO_2$ emissions, for both industrial and non-industrial sectors. Statistical data for 2005 were compiled in a national account system to construct an energy input-output table for investigating the influence between energy demand and supply activities. The methodological approach was applied to South Korea. Twelve types of energy and fifteen industrial and non-industrial sectors are formed as the compartments of the input-output table. The results provided quantitative details of the energy consumption and identified the significant contributions from each sector. An impact analysis on the $CO_2$ emissions for the demand side was also conducted for comparison with the supply side.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.45-71
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• 2001

The duck-rice forming system is increasingly spread up throughout Korea since 1992. It is discussed the rice field, rice quality, weed and pest management in the duck-rice weeding system compared to conventional farming system. Moreover the optimizing duck population, system management and fertilizer application rate were reported. Energy input and output by duck-rice farming system were carefully compared with those of low input sustainable paddy field and conventional farming paddy field. To find out the environmentally sound function of duck-rice system, the total nitrogen in paddy soil and paddy water, and nitrogen cycle in paddy rice cultivation system were analysed. finally the input and output were calculated, and ecological characteristic were determined in terms of nitrogen balance, labor input, animal input, renewable energy input, turnover of soil organic matter, energy loss, non-renewable indirect and direct energy input. It was concluded duck-rice weeding system could be recommended in terms of net only environmentally sound, but also farmer's income. But there are still some research needs for successful adaption of duck-rice farming to investigate to determine the optimal population of duck in rice paddy field unit, release time of duckling, duck management after release, and strategy for duck marketing and duck processing.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2016.02a
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• pp.415.2-415.2
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• 2016

Triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) is one of ways to convert mechanical energy sound, waves, wind, vibrations, and human motions to available electrical energy. The principal mechanism to generate electrical energy is based on contact electrification on material surface and electrostatic induction between electrodes. The performance of TENG are dependent on amount of the input mechanical energy and characteristics of triboelectric materials. Furthermore, the whole TENG system including mechanical structure and electrical system can effect on output performance of TENG. In this work, we investigated the effect of gear train on output performance and power conversion efficiency (PCE) of TENG under a given input energy. We applied the gear train on mechanical structure to improve the contact rate. We measured the output energy under a constant input energy by controlling the size of the working gear. We prepared gears with gear ratios (rin/rw) of 1, 1.7, and 5. Under the constant input energy, the voltage and current from our gear-based TENG system were enhanced up to the maximum of 3.6 times and 4.4 times, respectively. Also, the PCE was increased up to 7 times at input frequency of 1.5 Hz. In order to understand the effect of kinematic design on TENG system, we performed a capacitor experiment with rectification circuit that provide DC voltage and current. Under the input frequency of 4.5 Hz, we obtained a 3 times enhanced rectifying voltage at a gear ratio of 5. The measured capacitor voltage was enhanced up to about 8 fold in using our TENG system. It is attributed that our gear-based TENG system could improve simultaneously the magnitude as well as the generation time of output power, finally enhancing output energy. Therefore, our gear-based TENG system provided an effective way to enhance the PCE of TENGs operating at a given input energy.

• Journal of Powder Materials
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.107-111
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• 2019

The activation energy to create a phase transformation or for the reaction to move to the next stage in the milling process can be calculated from the slop of the DSC plot, obtained at the various heating rates for mechanically activated Al-Ni alloy systems by using Kissinger's equation. The mechanically activated material has been called "the driven material" as it creates new phases or intermetallic compounds of AlNi in Al-Ni alloy systems. The reaction time for phase transformation by milling can be calculated using the activation energy obtained from the above mentioned method and from the real required energy. The real required energy (activation energy) could be calculated by subtracting the loss energy from the total input energy (calculated input energy from electric motor). The loss energy and real required energy divided by the reaction time are considered the "metabolic energy" and "the effective input energy", respectively. The milling time for phase transformation at other Al-Co alloy systems from the calculated data of Al-Ni systems can be predicted accordingly.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.173-179
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• 1998

An experimental study was conducted on the effect of compressor capacity control range of heat pump on the seasonal energy efficiency ratio with variation of the maximum and minimum compressor input frequencies. To obtain seasonal energy efficiency ratio, steady state test at the maximum, minimum and intermediate compressor speed and cyclic test at the minimum compressor speed should be conducted. Maximum input frequency was varied to 95Hz, 105Hz, and 115Hz, and the minimum input frequency was varied to 35Hz, 45Hz, and 55Hz. The seasonal energy efficiency ratio increased as the input frequency of the compressor decreased. The maximum input frequency had only slight effects on the SEER.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.219-228
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• 2024

This study examines damping modification factors (DMFs) of elastic input energy spectra corresponding to a set of 116 earthquake ground motions. Mean input energy per mass spectra and mean DMFs are presented for both considered ground motion components. Damping ratios of 3%, 5%, 10%, 20%, and 30% are used and the 5% damping ratio is considered the benchmark for DMF computations. The geometric mean DMFs of the two horizontal components of each ground motion are computed and coefficients of variation are presented graphically. The results show that the input energy spectra-based DMFs exhibit a dependence on the damping ratio at very short periods and they tend to be nearly constant for larger periods. In addition, mean DMF variation is obtained graphically for also the damping ratio, and mathematical functions are fitted as a result of statistical analyses. A strong correlation between the computed DMFs and the ones from predicted equations is observed.

• Journal of Construction Engineering and Project Management
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.14-21
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• 2013

To analyze building energy consumption, the building description for building energy performance analysis (BEPA) is required. The required data input for subject building is a basic step in the BEPA process. Since building information modeling (BIM) is applied in the construction industry, the required data for BEPA can be gathered from a single international standard file format like IFCXML. However, in most BEPA processes, since the required data cannot be fully used from the IFCXML file, a building description for BEPA must be created again. This paper proposes IFCXML-based automatic data input approach for BEA. After the required data for BEPA has been defined, automatic data input for BEPA is developed by a prototype system. To evaluate the proposed system, a common BIM file from the BuildingSMART website is applied as a sample model. This system can increase the efficiency and reliability of the BEPA process, since the data input is automatically and efficiently improved by directly using the IFCXML file..

• International conference on construction engineering and project management
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• 2013.01a
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• pp.173-180
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• 2013

To analyze building energy consumption, the building description for building energy performance analysis (BEPA) is required. The required data input for subject building is a basic step in the BEPA process. Since building information modeling (BIM) is applied in the construction industry, the required data for BEPA can be gathered from a single international standard file format like IFCXML. However, in most BEPA processes, since the required data cannot be fully used from the IFCXML file, a building description for BEPA must be created again. This paper proposes IFCXML-based automatic data input approach for BEA. After the required data for BEPA has been defined, automatic data input for BEPA is developed by a prototype system. To evaluate the proposed system, a common BIM file from the BuildingSMART website is applied as a sample model. This system can increase the efficiency and reliability of the BEPA process, since the data input is automatically and efficiently improved by directly using the IFCXML file.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.1058-1063
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• 2008

The use of clothes dryers is increasing in Korea and throughout Asia, because of preference for the drum type washer dryer. Clothes dryers consume more energy than almost any other home appliance. This paper suggests efficient ways for drying laundry with condensing clothes drier. We dried cotton fabrics with the condensing clothes dryers and observed the energy input, temperature and RH of the dryer during the drying process. In the early stages of drying process, the air temperature inside the clothes dryer decreased and the RH and the drying time increased as the weight of fabrics increased. We found that it was important to consider the total weight of the fabrics that included heat-sensitive fibers. It took more than half the drying time and the energy input for a 2.5 kg load that it did for a 5 kg load. Therefore, drying larger one load was more efficient than divided smaller loads, because increasing the weight of the fabrics reduced the energy input per kg of drying clothes. The lower the initial moisture regains of the fabrics were, the lower the energy input and the drying time were. The energy input for spinning after washing was much less than that for drying in the dryer. Consequently, it is more efficient to reduce the moisture content of the clothes by lengthening the spinning time of the washer to reduce the energy consumption and the drying time. During the drying process opening the door twice for 30 seconds each time lowered the air temperature and the RH of the dryer, but did not affect the moisture regain of the fabrics, the drying time, and the energy input.