• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 1996.11a
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• pp.114-117
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• 1996

Biodegradation potential of crude oil has been studied in liquid and soil slurry culture. Studies were performed to optimize the factors affecting metabolic activity. Arabian Light(sulfur content 1%) was used as a representative crude oil and Nocardia sp. was selected as an oil degrading microorganism based on its ability to degrade and emulsify Effects of various nutritional and environmental conditions as well as emulsification and surface tension were observed. Tentative optimization of environmental and nutritional condition were as follow; pH 8, sodium nitrate as inorganic nitrogen source, yeast extract 0.05%, phosphate concentration 0.25% and glucose addition of 1.0% (w/v basis), extent of degradation to 78 %.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.24 no.11
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• pp.1490-1494
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• 2014

To probe the genomic properties of microbes thriving in desert lakes, we sequenced the full genome of a betaproteobacterial strain (SL110) belonging to the understudied genus Caenimonas of the family Comamonadaceae. This strain was isolated from a freshwater lake in the western Gobi Desert, Northern China. Its genome contains genes encoding carbon monoxide dehydrogenase, nitrate reductase, nitrite reductase, nitric oxide reductase, and sulfur oxidation enzymes, highlighting the potentially important contribution of this group of bacteria to the cycling of inorganic elements in nature. Unexpectedly, a coenzyme $F_{420}$ biosynthesis gene cluster was identified. A further search for $F_{420}$ biosynthesis gene homologs in genomic databases suggests the possible widespread presence of $F_{420}$ biosynthesis gene clusters in proteobacterial genomes.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.140-146
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• 2018

This research was conducted to determine the influence of incorporation levels of sulfur into a coir dust+pine bark medium (1:1, v/v) on the changes in the bicarbonate ($HCO_3{^-}$) concentrations and pH of soil solution, crop growth, and nutrient uptake of 'Ssanta' strawberry. In the preparing of the mixed medium, sulfur powder was added with the rate of 0 (control), 0.23, 0.45, 0.90, and $1.80g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ and Hoagland nutrient solution containing $240mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ $HCO_3{^-}$ was supplied during the crop cultivation. The growth measurements and tissue analysis for the determination of nutrient contents were carried out 140 days after solution application and the soil solution analysis was performed every two weeks. As the level of sulfur was elevated, the overall growth of mother plants became better showing that the growth indexes except chlorophyll contents were the lowest in control treatment but the statistical differences were not found among the three treatments of $0.45g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ or higher sulfur. The higher the levels of sulfur incorporation, the higher the occurrence of runners and the growth of daughter plants. The length of the runners and the number of daughter plants occurred per mother plants were higher in the treatments of 0.90 and $1.80g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ than the three treatments of 0, 0.23, and $0.45g{\cdot}L^{-1}$, but the statistical differences were not observed between the 0.90 and $1.80g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ treatments. The rose of pH and $HCO_3{^-}$ concentrations in soil solution of root media continued all the cropping period, but those decreased slightly in the treatments of $0.90g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ or higher. The soil solution concentrations of $K^+$ and $PO_4{^3-}$ in the treatments of 0.90 and $1.80g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ was lower than those in other treatments and the statistical differences in the $Ca^{2+}$ and $Mg^{2+}$ concentrations were not observed among all treatments. The nutrient contents in tissue analyzed in this experiment were the lowest in the control treatments and those increased as incorporation rates of sulfur were elevated. Above results indicated that when 'Ssanta' strawberry is grown hydroponically and the root medium is coir dust and the pine bark (5:5, v/v) mix, the sulfur incorporation rate as pre-planting fertilizer has to be higher than $0.9g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ root medium to reduce the $HCO_3{^-}$ injury.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.195-203
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• 2022

Background: The aim of the present study was to determine radioactive concentrations in fertilizers known to contain essential nutrients. Results of this study could be used as basic data to monitor the impact of chemical fertilizers on the environment and public health. Nitrogen fertilizers, calcium fertilizers, sulfur fertilizers, phosphate acid fertilizers, and potassium chloride fertilizers were used in this study. Materials and Methods: Five chemical fertilizers were pulverized, placed in polyethylene containers, and weighed. The time to measure each specimen was set to be 3,600 seconds for a scintillator-based gamma-ray spectroscopy system. Concentration of gamma radionuclide was analyzed based on obtained spectra. At the end of the measurement, the spectrum file was stored and used to calculate radioactive concentrations using a gamma-ray spectrometer software. Results and Discussion: In the nitrogen fertilizer, 3.49 ± 5.71 Bq/kg of ¹³⁷Cs, 34.43 ± 7.61 Bq/kg of ¹³⁴Cs, and 569.16 ± 91.15 of ⁴⁰K were detected whereas ¹³¹I was not detected. In the calcium fertilizer, 5.74 ± 4.40 Bq/kg of ¹³⁷Cs (the highest concentration among all fertilizers), 22.37 ± 5.39 Bq/kg of ¹³⁴Cs, and 433.67 ± 64.24 Bq/kg of ⁴⁰K were detected whereas ¹³¹I was not detected. In the sulfur fertilizer, 347.31 ± 55.73 Bq/kg of ⁴⁰K, 19.42 ± 4.53 Bq/kg of ¹³⁴Cs, 2.21 ± 3.49 of ¹³⁷Cs, and 0.04 ± 0.22 Bq/Kg of ¹³¹I were detected. In the phosphoric acid fertilizer, 70,007.34 ± 844.18 Bq/kg of ⁴⁰K (the highest concentration among all fertilizers) and 46.07 ± 70.40 Bq/kg of ¹³⁴Cs were detected whereas neither ¹³⁷Cs nor ¹³¹I was detected. In the potassium chloride fertilizer, 12,827.92 ± 1542.19 Bq/kg of ⁴⁰K was and 94.76 ± 128.79 Bq/kg of ¹³⁴Cs were detected whereas neither ¹³⁷Cs nor ¹³¹I was detected. The present study examined inorganic fertilizers produced by a single manufacturer. There might be different results according to the country and area from which fertilizers are imported. Further studies about inorganic fertilizers in more detail are needed to create measures to reduce ⁴⁰K. Conclusion: Measures are needed to reduce radiation exposure to ⁴⁰K contained in fertilizers including phosphoric acid and potassium chloride fertilizers.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.333-339
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• 2000

Effects of chemical properties of cultivation soils on the growth and quality of garlics were investigated. Garlics were cultivated in Uisung and Yechun, one of the major areas of garlic production, where upland and paddy fields have been used for garlic production for many years. Contents of phosphate, sulfur and potassium in the soils of paddy fields were relatively higher than those in the soils of upland fields, suggesting that the accumulation of inorganic salts has been progressed in the paddy fields. Soils of Uisung area showed higher pH s and lower contents of available phosphate compared to those of Yechon area. This result implies that the soils of Uisung area provide somewhat better chemical properties for garlic growth than those of Yechun area. Contents of inorganic salts such as phosphate, potassium and magnesium in the soils significantly affected the growth and quality of garlics. Garlics grown in the soils with lower contents of these inorganic salts exhibited better growth status and contained more pyruvate. More pyruvate was found in the garlics grown in upland fields than in paddy fields. Therefore, it is apparent that the accumulation of inorganic salts, especially available phosphate, in cultivation soils leads to the inhibition of garlic growth and in turn to the deterioration of garlic quality.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.767-778
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• 2017

This research investigates the characteristics of metallic and ionic elements in $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ on haze day and non-haze day in Busan. $PM_{10}$ concentration on haze day and non-haze day were 85.75 and $33.52{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively, and $PM_{2.5}$ on haze day and non-haze day were 68.24 and $23.86{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively. Contribution rate of total inorganic water-soluble ion to $PM_{10}$ mass on haze day and non haze day were 58.2% and 61.5%, respectively, and contribution rate of total water-soluble ion to $PM_{2.5}$ mass on haze day and non haze day were 58.7% and 64.7%, respectively. Also, contribution rate of secondary ion to $PM_{10}$ mass on haze day and non haze day were 52.1% and 47.5%, respectively, and contribution rate of secondary ion to $PM_{2.5}$ mass on haze day and non haze day were 54.4% and 53.6%, respectively. AC (anion equivalents)/CE (cation equivalents) ratio of $PM_{10}$ mass on haze day and non haze day were 1.09 and 1.0, respectively, and AC/CE ratios of $PM_{2.5}$ mass on haze day and non haze day were 1.12 and 1.04, respectively. Also, SOR (Sulfur Oxidation Ratio) of $PM_{10}$ mass on haze day and non haze day were 0.32 and 0.17, respectively, and SOR of $PM_{2.5}$ on haze day and non haze day were 0.30 and 0.15, respectively. Lastly, NOR (Nitrogen Oxidation Ratio) of $PM_{10}$ on haze day and non haze day were 0.17 and 0.08, respectively, and NOR of $PM_{2.5}$ on haze day and non haze day were 0.13 and 0.06, respectively.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.55-64
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• 2015

The dry weight of mother plants' leaves had the highest increase rate in both NS (single-use) and NS+EM (mixed-use) mixed with NS 0.8 (customary use). In seafood amino acid fertilizer (SAF) application, the increase rate was highest in SAF solution at a 300-fold dilution. Mother plants' crown diameter, plant height, leaf length, leaf width, petiole length and leaf number showed the greatest growth amount when NS 0.8 (customary use) was mixed to NS (single-use) or NS+EM (mixed-use) solution. The growth was highest in SAF solution diluted 300 folds, but lowest in SAF solution diluted 100 folds. Of all inorganic nutrients, excluding sulfur, total amount of nitrogen, available phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium had the highest increase rate in both NS (single-use) and NS+EM (mixed-use) with the treatment of NS 0.8 (customary use). Total nitrogen, in particular, was increased by 3.1% in NS 0.4, 6.0% in NS 0.8, and 4.5% in NS 0.8 with the application of NS+EM at a 500-fold dilution compared to NS alone. Total nitrogen amount showed the highest increase rate in SAF solution diluted 300 folds. Total nitrogen, available phosphorus, calcium, magnesium and EC in soils applied with culture solutions (NS, NS+EM) had increasing tendencies after fertilizer application. The results were comparable to those of SAF treatment. The increase rate of each inorganic nutrient composition declined in soils applied with NS+EM solution diluted 500 folds compared to NS alone.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.74-80
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• 2015

To assess environmental characteristics of the aquaculture area in Tongyeong, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), dissolved inorganic phosphorous (DIP) and chemical oxygen demand (COD), and acid volatile sulfur (AVS) were measured in seawater and sediment samples collected from 10 locations of Tongyeong coastal area from July to December in 2013. The quality of the seawater may be affected by seasonal variation rather than the distance from fish farm. However, sediment was contrary to seawater; the distance from fish farm may be a main factor to affect COD and AVS in sediment than season and other parameters. It is expected that contaminated organic sediments of fishery located in semi-closed bay are rapidly dispersed into surrounding waters due to fast current.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.53 no.6
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• pp.701-705
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• 2021

Although the breed protection rights of Jangsaemi garlic were registered in 2012, the cultivation area was not large and no related papers were found, so this study was conducted. Potassium was the highest inorganic content of Jangsaemi garlic, followed by nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus. Allin and allicin were also present at 9.73±0.97 and 1.65±0.15 mg/g, respectively. The solid content was 7.90±0.00°Bx, and the reducing sugar was 33.42±1.79 mg GE/g. The total phenol and flavonoid contents were 80.35±2.67 mg GAE/100 g and 33.80±2.17 mg QE/100 g, respectively. The antibacterial activity of Jangsaemi garlic was higher in gram-positive bacteria than in gram-negative bacteria, especially Staphylococcus epidermidis and Micrococcus luteus. The results of these studies are expected to provide useful information for farmers growing Jangsaemi garlic in the future.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.721-729
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• 2022

Objective: An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of supplementing graded concentrations of inorganic sulphur (S) without and with folic acid (FA) in maize-soybean meal diets on performance, slaughter and anti-oxidant variables, immune responses and serum protein fractions in broiler chicken. Methods: Inorganic S was supplemented at 0.05%, 0.10%, 0.15%, and 0.20% alone or in combination with FA (4 mg/kg) in basal diet (BD) containing no supplemental methionine (Met) and FA. A control group was fed with the recommended concentration of Met. Each diet was offered to 10 pens of 5 male broiler chicks (Cobb 400) and fed ad libitum from day 1 to 42. Results: The broilers fed the BD had lower body weight gain (BWG), feed efficiency (FE), higher lipid peroxidation (LP), lower activity of glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx), lower lymphocyte proliferation ratio (LPR), and reduced concentrations of total protein, albumin, and globulin in serum. Supplementation of FA and S to the BD improved the BWG (all concentrations of S) and FE (0.20% S) similar to the control group. Similarly, the combination of S and FA significantly improved the concentrations of total protein, albumin, and globulin in serum, reduced the LP and increased the activity of GSHPx and LPR. However, responses in the above parameters were related to the concentration of S in the diet. The slaughter variables and antibody titres against the Newcastle disease were not affected with the treatments. Conclusion: Based on the results, it is concluded that the combination of S (0.2%) and FA (4 mg/kg) improved the BWG and FE, similarly supplementation of these nutrients improved the concentration of protein fractions and reduced the stress (reduced LP and improved GSHPx) variables in serum and improved the cell mediated immune response (LPR) in broilers fed sub-optimal concentrations of Met in diet.