• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.233-239
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• 2010

This study was conducted to examine the anticancer activities of Berberis koreana extracts according to different extraction processes. The highest extraction yield obtained was 8.26% following extraction by ultrasonification at 60 kHz and $60^{\circ}C$ followed by high pressure at 500MPa. Generally, the extracts from the ultrasonification process showed relatively low cytotoxicities against the human normal cell line, HEK293 showing as low as 15%. This extract inhibited the growth of the digestive related organs cell lines, human stomach adenocarcimoma cell and human epithelial adenocarcinoma cell by up to 80% when administered at 1.0 mg/mL, and showed 2.5-3.5 of selectivity. It was also found that this extract induced the production of nitric oxide levels as high $37.87\;{\mu}M$ from macrophages. For the in vivo experiment using ICR mice, the total serum IgG levels of mice treated with B. koreana extracts from ultrasonification extraction were increased by up to 57 ng/mL. The survival time of this group was longer than that of the other group after the injection of Sarcoma-180 and the increment of their body weights was also greatly suppressed. In addition, the extract showed the highest tumor inhibition activities, leading to a reduction of 78.47%. These results indicate that the highest activities of B. koreana associated with this extraction process can be significantly improved.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.73-79
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• 2009

This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of single and combined exposure of toluene (T) and xylene (X) on the cytochrome-450(CYP)-mediated metabolizing capacity, induction of CYP isozymes and the excretion of their metabolites in urine. Animal were adults male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats and divided into 4 groups such as control, T (treated with 63.7 mg/body kg), X (treated with 65.9 mg/body kg) and TX(T=X). Organic solvents was administrated by intraperitoneal injection for 3 days. The contents of protein and CYP in liver microsomes of control group were $16.48{\pm}0.56 mg/m{\ell}$ and $0.744{\pm}0.025$ nmol/mg protein, respectively, and they contents were significantly lower than in derived from treated groups (p<0.01). The activities of PROD and ${\rho}NPH$ were significantly higher in single treated groups than in control and combined group (TX). When Western immunoblotting were carried out with two monoclonal antibodies (MAb 1-98-1 and MAb 2-66-3) which were specific against CYP2B1/2 and CYP2E1, respectively, a strong signal corresponding to CYP2B1/2 was observed in microsomes obtained from rats treated with X and TX. The color density against CYP2E1 was slightly increased in T and TX groups compared with C and X groups. The amounts of urinary hippuric acid in T single treated group was $3.29{\pm}1.97$ g/g creatinine and TX combined group was $2.91{\pm}1.76$ g/g creatinine, but was not significant. However, amount of urinary methy hippuric acid in X single treated group ($1.62{\pm}0.72$ g/g creatinine) was significantly higher than TX combined group ($0.93{\pm} 0.63$ g/g creatinine)(p<0.01). These results suggested that CYP2E1 isozyme might be responsible for the metabolism of T, and CYP2B1/2 isozyme is for X. And also, difference of metabolites level between single and combined group may be speculated that the intermediates of T and X interacted each other in the process of their metabolite formation reaction.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea CI
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.35-43
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• 2009

In the Computer Aided Diagnosis(CAD) System, the efficient way of classifying nodules from chest CT images of a patient is to perform the classification of the remaining part after the pulmonary vessel extraction. During the pulmonary vessel extraction, due to the small difference between the vessel and nodule features in imaging studies such as CT scans after having an injection of contrast, nodule maybe extracted along with the pulmonary vessel. Therefore, the pulmonary vessel extraction method plays an important role in the nodule classification process. In this paper, we propose a nodule reclassification method based on vessel thickness analysis. The proposed method consist of four steps, lung region searching step, vessel extraction and thinning step, vessel topology formation and correction step and the reclassification of nodule in the vessel candidate step. The radiologists helped us to compare the accuracy of the CAD system using the proposed method and the accuracy of general one. Experimental results show that the proposed method can extract pulmonary vessels and reclassify false-positive nodules accurately.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.47-55
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• 2003

Objectives: Bok, Bcl-2-related ovarian killer, is a proapoptotic Bcl-2 family protein identified in the ovary based on its dimerization with the antiapoptotic protein Mcl-1. The present study examined the hormonal regulation and localization of Bok messenger RNA levels in the mouse ovary during the follicle development. Methods: The animals were implanted subcutaneously with Silastic brand capsules containing the synthetic estrogen, DES at $21{\sim}23$ days of age. Ovaries were collected $1{\sim}3$ days after implantation for RNA analysis and in situ hybridization. Some mice were removed capsule for $1{\sim}2$ days to induce ovarian follicle apoptosis. Ovaries were also collected from 26 day-old immature mice at various times after treatment with 10 IU PMSG. Some mice received a single intraperitoneal injection of 10 IU hCG to induce ovulation, and ovaries were obtained at different time intervals for Northern blot and in situ hybridization analysis, respectively. Results: Treatment of immature mice with diethylstilbestrol (DES) for $24{\sim}48$ h increased ovarian Bok mRNA levels. Bok mRNA was remained the same levels in mice removed DES for $24{\sim}48$ h to induce apoptosis. High signals of Bok mRNA after DES treatment were detected in granulosa cells of early antral follicles. Treatment of immature mice with PMSG for 12 h increased markedly ovarian Bok mRNA expression which was detected mainly in preantral and atretic follicles. Interestingly, low levels of Bok mRNA were also expressed in granulosa cells of preovulatory follicles. Treatment of PMSGprimed mice with hCG stimulated strongly ovarian Bok mRNA expression at $6{\sim}9$ h. At that time, Bok mRNA was expressed in granulosa cells of atretic and small growing follicles. Conclusion: These results demonstrate that Bok is one of proapoptotic Bcl-2 members expressed in early growing and atretic follicles during the ovarian follicular development. Gonadotropins induce a transient increase of Bok gene expression in granulosa cells of preantral and preovulatory follicles indicating some role in the ovulatory process.

• Journal of the Korean Geosynthetics Society
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.95-103
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• 2015

In this study, the causes and countermeasures for the leakage of a sea dyke under construction are analyzed. In general, the seabed ground is clearly divided from the embankment but a lot of parts show abnormal zones with low resistivity from the results of electric resistivity survey. Hence the causes of the leakage are considered as following: three-dimensional shear strain behavior, irregular compulsory replacement of the soft seabed ground with low strength and quality deterioration of the waterproof sheets during the closing process. The improvement method is determined by considering the constructability in the seawater and its velocity condition, durability, economic feasibility, similar application cases and so on. Consequently, a combination of low slump mortar and slurry grouting and injection method is selected as an optimum combination. Mixing ratio and improvement pattern are determined after drilling investigation and pilot test. The improvement boundary is separated into general and intense leakage area. The construction is performed with each pattern and the improvement effects are confirmed. The confirmed effects with various tests after completion show tolerable ranges for all of the established standards. Finally, various issues such as prediction of length of the waterproof sheet, installation of it against seawater velocity, etc. should be considered when sea dykes are designed or executed around the western sea which has high tide difference.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.13-24
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• 1988

This paper is concentrated on the development of oxygen transfer system by U-tube deep shaft in biological fluidised bed process. The depth of the shaft is 32 m, it is composed of downcomer and riser. Not only flow pattern and oxygen transfer in the deep shaft but also oxygen limitation in biofilm and oxygen utilization in biological fluidised bed are investigated. In this investigation, driving force for liquid circulation in the deep shaft is affected by air injection depth and gas hold-up in downcomer. Flow pattern of the deep shaft is revealed to plug flow. When flow velocity in the deep shaft is maintained to 0.52 m/sec, $K_La$ value is peak at 25~30 m depth in riser. The efficiency of dissolved oxygen supply which passed from the deep shaft to biological fluidised bed is estimated to 56~81 % in the organic wastewater treatment using the deep shaft and when dissolved oxygen concentration is 9.2 mg/l and over, limiting factors of flux and substrate within biofilm are organic materials. Terefore, organic loadings could be increase without decreasing of BOD removal efficiency.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.350-358
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• 2016

Objectives: This study was carried out to analyze the single dose toxicity of ShinEumHur (SEH) pharmacopuncture injected into the muscles of Sprague-Dawley rats. Methods: The SEH pharmacopuncture was made in a clean room at the Korean Pharmacopuncture Institute (K-GMP). After the mixing process with sterile distilled water had been completed, the pH was controlled to between 7.0 and 7.5. All experiments were conducted at Biotoxtech, an institution authorized to perform non-clinical studies under the Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) regulations. Sprague-Dawley rats were chosen for the pilot study. Doses of SEH pharmacopuncture, 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 mL, were administered to the experimental groups, and a dose of normal saline solution, 1.0 mL, was administered to the control group. We examined the survival rate, weights, clinical signs, mean hematology parameters, mean clinical chemistry, necropsy and histopathological findings. This study was conducted under the approval of the Institutional Animal Ethics Committee. Results: No deaths or abnormalities occurred in any of the four groups. No significant changes in weight, hematological parameters or clinical chemistry between the control group and the experimental groups were observed. To check for abnormalities in organs and tissues, we used microscopy to examine representative histological sections of each specified organ; the results showed no significant differences in any of the organs or tissues. Conclusion: The above findings suggest that treatment with SEH pharmacopuncture is relatively safe. Further studies on this subject are needed to yield more concrete evidence.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.35-69
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• 1995

The managerial environment of hospitals in Korea characterized by low levels of medical insurance fees is worsening by increasing government regulations as to the utilization of medical services, rising costs of labor, material, and medical equipments, growing patient expectations concerning the quality of services, and escalating competitions among large hospitals in the market. Hospitals should seek for their survival strategies in this harsh environment and they should have information about costs of their products in doing so. However, it has not been available due to the complexity of the production process of hospital services. The objectives of this study were to develop a service-based cost accounting model and to apply the developed model to a study hospital to obtain cost information of hospital services. A model commonly used for the job-order product cost accounting in the manufacturing industry was modified for the use in hospitals in Korea. Actual costs, instead of standard costs, incurred to produce a unit of services during a given period of time were estimated in the model. Data required to implement the model included financial information, statistics for the allocation of supportive cost center costs to final cost centers, statistics for the allocation of final cost center costs to services, and the volume of each services charged to patients during a study period. The model was executed using data of a university teaching hospital located in Seoul for the fiscal year 1992. Data for financial information, allocation statistics fo supportive service costs, and the volume of services, most of them in electronic form, were available to the study. Data for allocation statistics of final cost center costs were collected in the study. There were 15 types of evaluation and management service, 2, 923 types of technical service, and 2, 608 types of drug and material service charged to patients in the study hospital during the fiscal year 1992. Labor costs of each of seven types of pesonnel, material costs of 611 types of drugs and materials, and depreciation costs of 212 types of medical equipments, miscellaneous costs, and indirect costs incurred in producing a unit of each services were estimated. Medical insurance fees for basic services such as evaluation and management of inpatients and outpatients, injection, and filling prescriptions, and for operating procedures were found to be set lower than costs. Infrequent services which use expensive medical equipments showed negative revenuse as well. On the other hand, fees for services not covered by the insurance such as CT, MRI and Sonogram, and for laboratory tests were higher than costs. This study has a significance in making it possible for a hospital to obtain cost information for all types of services which produced income based on all types of expenses incurred during a given period of time. This information can assist the management of a hospital in finding an effective cost reduction strategy, an efficient service-mix strategy under a given fee structure, and an optimum strategy for within-hospital resource allocations.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.67 no.5
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• pp.635-643
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• 2018

This paper propose a method to identify the motor parameters and improve input voltage error which affect the low speed position error of the back-emf(back electromotive force) based sensorless algorithm and to secure the operation reliability and stability even in the case where the load fluctuation is severe and the start and low speed operation frequently occurs. In the model-based observer used in this paper, stator resistance, inductance, and input voltage are particularly influential factors on low speed performance. Stator resistance can cause resistance value fluctuation which may occur in mass production process, and fluctuation of resistance value due to heat generated during operation. The inductance is influenced by the fluctuation due to the manufacturing dispersion and at a low speed where the change of the current is severe. In order to find stator resistance and inductance which have different initial values and fluctuate during operation and have a large influence on sensorless performance at low speed, they are commonly measured through 2-point calculation method by 2-step align current injection. The effect of voltage error is minimized by offsetting the voltage error. In addition, when the command voltage is used, it is difficult to estimate the back-emf due to the relatively large distortion voltage due to the dead time and the voltage drop of the power device. In this paper, we propose a simple circuit and method to detect the voltage by measuring the PWM(Pulse Width Modulation) pulse width and compensate the voltage drop of the power device with the table, thereby minimizing the position error due to the exact estimation of the back-emf at low speed. The suitability of the proposed algorithm is verified through experiment.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.169-180
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• 2003

Background : Allergic asthma is thought to be mediated by $CD4^{+}$ T lymphocytes producing the Th2-associated cytokines. According to investigations of lung biopsies and respiratory secretions from patients, $CD4^{+}$ T cells and eosinophils are the main features of the inflammatory process. Object : This study aimed to find an inhibition effect on allergens induced by JCT (Jungchun-tang) and JCTG (Jungchuntanggagambang) through the change of $CD4^{+}$ T cells and $CD8^{+}$ T cells in BALF of rat, and to see the change of IgE m serum. Materials and Methods : Laboratory rats were primary sensitized with OA (ovalbumin); on day 1, rats of a control group and a sample group (SBP group) were systemically immunized by subcutaneous injection of 1mg OA and 300mg of A1(OH)3 in a total volume of 2 ml saline. The rats of the sample group were orally administered with an SBP water extract for 14 days after primary immunization. On day 14 after the systemic immunization, rats received local immunization by inhaling 0.9% saline aerosol containing 2%(wt/vol) OA. A day after local immunization, BAL fluid and serum were collected from the rats. Total cells, lymphocytes, $CD4^{+}$ T cells, $CD8^{+}$ T cells, and $CD4^{+}$/$CD8^{+}$ ratio in the BALF, and IgE level in serum were measured and evaluated. Results : L Total cell in BALF of rat : JCT was observed to be significantly reduced but JCTG had no significant difference in comparison with the control group. 2. Lymphocytes in BALF of rat : JCT and JCTG were observed to be significantly reduced in comparison with the control group. 3. $CD4^{+}$T cells in BALF of rat : JCT was observed to be more significantly reducing than JCTG in comparison with the control group. 4. $CD8^{+}$T cells in BALF of rat : JCT and JCTG were observed not to be significantly different than in the control group. 5. $CD4^{+}/CD8^{+}$ ratio in BALF of rat : JCT and JCTG were observed not to be significantly different than in the control group. 6. The IgE level in serum : JCT and JCTG were observed to be significantly reduced in comparison with the control group. Conclusion : This study shows that JCT inhibits allergen-induced specially select $CD4^{+}$T cell channel in BALF of rat.