• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.168-172
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• 2012

Background: The aim of the study was to investigate the feasibility of fluoroscopy-guided anterior approach for suprascapular nerve block (SSNB). Methods: Twenty patients with chronic shoulder pain were included in the study. All of the nerve blocks were performed with patients in a supine position. Fluoroscopy was tilted medially to obtain the best view of the scapular notch (medial angle) and caudally to put the base of coracoid process and scapular spine on same line (caudal angle). SSNB was performed by introducing a 100-mm, 21-gauge needle to the scapular notch with tunnel view technique. Following negative aspiration, 1.0 ml of contrast was injected to confirm the scapular notch, and 1 % mepivacaine 2 ml was slowly injected. The success of SSNB was assessed by numerical rating scale (NRS) before and after the block. Results: The average NRS was decreased from $4.8{\pm}0.6$ to $0.6{\pm}0.5$ after the procedure (P < 0.05). The best view of the scapular notch was obtained in a medial angle of $15.1{\pm}2.2$ ($11-19^{\circ}$) and a caudal angle of $15.4{\pm}1.7^{\circ}$ ($12-18^{\circ}$). The average distance from the skin to the scapular notch was $5.8{\pm}0.6$ cm. None of the complications such as pneumothorax, intravascular injection, and hematoma formation was found except one case of partial brachial plexus block. Conclusions: SSNB by fluoroscopy-guided anterior approach is a feasible technique. The advantage of using a fluoroscopy resulted in an effective block with a small dose of local anesthetics by an accurate placement of a tip of needle in the scapular notch while avoiding pneumothorax.

• Journal of Adhesion and Interface
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.121-130
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• 2012

In the present study, bamboo/PLA biocomposites through injection molding process using extruded bamboo/PLA pellets with the fiber contents of 30, 40, and 50 wt% according to the presence and absence of bamboo fiber grinding, respectively, were fabricated and their mechanical, thermal, impact, and water absorption properties were explored. Compared to neat PLA, the flexural modulus, tensile modulus, storage modulus and impact strength of bamboo/PLA biocomposites were considerably increased. In particular, the moduli were further increased by introducing the ground bamboo fibers. In addition, use of the ground bamboo fibers was effective to enhance the long-term water resistance of the biocomposites. The heat treatment temperature of neat PLA was improved by 16% by incorporating the bamboo fibers and the fiber grinding effect was slight. The incorporation of the ground bamboo fibers to PLA did not influence the tensile strength and impact toughness of bamboo/PLA biocomposites.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.9-14
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• 2016

Embalming is process of chemically treating a dead body to reduce growth of microorganisms and retard organic decomposition. Embalming is contemporary preservation and includes skin incision and preservative fluid injection of blood vessels. That the preparation, embalming and final disposition of a dead body should be attended with appropriate legal bases and properness, having due regard and respect for the care of the human body. The necessity of embalming on legal base is present but it has not been studied in Korea. We propose the legal bases about the embalming that is based on the related law associated a dead body in Korea. We aim to have legal reason for the embalming and embalmer.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.45-52
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• 2019

Chemical grouting method is mainly used for construction of dams and reservoirs, stabilization and reinforcement of slopes, reinforcement of soft grounds such as embankments, dredging and landfills, the order of earthquake response method, and the reinforcement of structures. Recently, it is widely applied in construction sites such as highways, airfields, high-speed railways, subsea facilities, port construction works, tunnels, and subway works. As such, the demand for grouting continues to increase. The development of the grouting method was focused on increasing the strength of the ground, and the development of the chemical additives, the injection device, and the stirring device were mainly performed. But ordinary portland cement used for grouting is a product that consumes natural resources such as limestone, generates a large amount of greenhouse gases, consumes a large amount of energy sources, and it is time to develop products and new methods to replace them. In this study, Ordinary Portland Cement and New Grouting Binder (circulating fluidized bed boiler fly and blast furnace slag) were compared and analyzed by the following test. Homo-gel strength and homo-gel time, water quality analysis of the water used and soil contamination process tests of homo-gel samples were performed. In the case of NGB, when Using water is used as the reservoir water, the strength measured smaller than that of the other water. However, it shows about 2.5 times greater than the homo-gel compressive strength applied to OPC (7-day, reservoir water), so there is no problem with water quality when applied.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.369-376
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• 2015

Chemicals are injected in order to remove a variety of organic substances contained in the water purification plant influent. It can be determined with measuring sedimentation turbidity 4~7 hours later, whether the chemical dosage rate is proper or not, which make the real-time feedback control impossible. In addition, manual operation in accordance with the Jar-Test carried out in the laboratory and the operator's experience may cause the experimental and human error by the changes of organic characteristics and water quality. Especially at night ad weekend, the rate have been determined only by the operator judgment owing to environment engineer's absence. Therefore, the decision of optimal chemical dosage rate using proposed intelligent control algorithm is expected to result in real-time injection and cost reduction.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.41 no.5
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• pp.327-334
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• 2015

Objectives: In order to review both the effects of sewage sludge dewaterability and deodorizing ability in the existing advanced sewage treatment process, BIO-CLOD (a solidified mixture of 10% Bacillus concentrate and inorganics) was used as an inorganic conditioner effective for deodorization treatment in addition to the removal of organic matter and nutritive salts. Methods: Sludge dewaterability was evaluated using specific resistance to filtration (SRF) experiments with six agitators and two types of commercially available BIO-CLOD; one that is made by grinding solid matter (powdered BIO-CLOD) and one that has been obtained by sieving a separation with a particle diameter of 100 mesh (100 mesh BIO-CLOD). For deodorization odor treatment experiments, 20 g of commercially available solid BIO-CLOD was submerged in four liters of sewage sludge and mixed and agitated for 45 days. Results: When BIO-CLOD was injected into sewage sludge to experimentally compare specific resistance to filtration (SRF), the optimum amount of BIO-CLOD to be injected was shown to be 2% w/v and the SRF value in this case was $1.35{\times}10^{12}m/kg$. pH changes following BIO-CLOD injection were within 6.5-7.0. By 14 days after submerging BIO-CLOD into the sewage sludge to evaluate its deodorizing ability, $H_2S$ decreased by 68% and methyl mercaptan decreased by 74%. By 45 days after the submergal, both items decreased by 100%, indicating deodorizing ability. Conclusion: To compare the levels of dewaterablity of sewage sludge at different particle sizes of inorganic conditioner, powdered BIO-CLOD, particle size 100 mesh BIO-CLOD, and bentonite were tested. It could be seen that as the powdered BIO-CLOD increased, the precipitability increased up to 62% in 30 minutes. As an inorganic conditioner, BIO-CLOD was identified as a stable sludge conditioner that does not affect pH.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.51 no.5
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• pp.1-8
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• 2009

Photobioreactor (PBR) that houses and cultivates microalgae providing a suitable environment for its growth, such as light, nutrients, CO2, heat, etc. is now getting more popular in the last decade. Among the many types of PBRs, the bubble column type is very attractive because of its simple construction and easy operation. However, despite the availability of these PBRs, only a few of them can be practically used for mass production. Many limitations still holdback their use especially during their scale-up. To enlarge the culture volume and productivity while supplying optimum environmental conditions, various PBR structures and process control are needed to be investigated. In this study, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was economically used to design a bubble-column type PBR taking the place of field experiments. CFD is a promising technique which can simulate the growth and production of microalgae in the PBR. To study bubble column PBR with CFD, the most important factor is the possibility of realizing bubble. In this study, multi-phase models which are generally used to realize bubbles were compared by theoretical approaches and comparing in a 2D simulation. As a result, the VOF (volume of fluid) model was found to be the most effective model to realize the bubbles shape as well as the flow inside PBR which may be induced by bubble injection. Considering the accuracy and economical efficiency, 0.005 second time step size was chosen for 2.5 mm mesh size. These results will be used as criteria for scale-up in the PBR simulation.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.205-214
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• 2010

Many successive liquid-liquid extractions occur enabling purification of the crude material to occur. In high performance counter-current chromatography (HPCCC), crude material is partitioned between two immiscible layers of solvent phases. The stationary phase (SP) is retained by hydrodynamic force field effect and the mobile phase (MP) is pumped through the column. Purification occurs because of the different solubility of the components in the liquid mobile and stationary phases. There are many key benefits of liquid stationary phases such as high mass and volume injection loadings, total sample recovery, and easy scale-up. Many researchers showed that predictable scale-up from simple test is feasible with knowledge of the stationary phase retention for the planned process scale run. In this review we review the recent advances in HPCCC research and also describe the key applications such as natural products and synthetics (small or large molecules).

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.820-828
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• 2011

Energy saving is one of the most important factors for profits in marine transportation. In order to reduce the specific fuel oil consumption, the ship's propulsion efficiency must be increased as much as possible. The propulsion efficiency depends upon a combination of propulsion engine and propeller that has better efficiency as lower rotational speed. As the engine has lower speed the variation of rotational torque become larger because of the longer delay time in fuel oil injection process. In this study, robust control theory is applied to the design of engine speed controllers which are sub-optimal $H_{\infty}$ controller, $H_{\infty}$ loop-shaping controller and ${\mu}$-synthesis controller considering robust stability and robust performance. And the validity of these three controllers is investigated through the results of computer simulation.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.179-187
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• 2004

This study conducted a laboratory work to determine the change of dielectric constant of saturated soil porous media, which is injecting EML to use Frequency Domain Reflectometry(FDR) system and length 7cm-length measurement sensor. It is purpose of study that estimate a movement path through pore of soil for an ethanol mixing liquid(EML) which have the same specific gravity of water at $20{\;}^{\circ}C$, and determine to a dielectric measuring range for the measurement sensor. As an outflow point of saturated soil column upper part recedes from an EML inject point in EML diffusion test, the diffusion extent of EML through pore of saturated soil was expanded. And results of ail EML flow experiment were measured the change of dielectric constant at all measurement sensors which are placed to constant interval at the same travel time for saturated soil column. Therefore, the displace process of water that exist in pore of saturated soil by EML injection is enough available and confirm together mobility through pores.