• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.463-471
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• 2005

Recently, the number of diabetic patients have been increased with westernized living way and meal habitation. The regulation of blood sugar concentration is very important for diabetic patients to keep homeostasis and, to prevent acute or chronic complications. Epinephrine combined with lidocaine is used in dental clinic extensively. And epinephrine combined with lidocaine also effects on decreasing the blood leakage volume by constricting micro vessle and arteriole. But, So far there are few researches about the effect of epinephrine contained in dental local anesthetic agent on the blood sugar of diabetes during minor oral surgery. The purpose of this study was intended to investigate whether epinephrine which combined with dental local anesthetics influence body glucose level in diabetes patients by glucose monitoring. The subject of this study were 38 diabetic patients and 38 normal adults, each patient was checked body glucose after a meal 2 hours later with resting state, and injection 1:100000 epinephrine with dental lidocaine 54 ml or lidocaine 54 ml only. And then the body glucose level was checked 5 minutes and 30 minutes after injection. The results were analyzed by two way ANOVA test (p<0.05). The results were as follows: In the experimental group 1, the mean of the blood sugar level was 180.3 mg/dl before an anesthetic injection, 182.8 mg/dl after 5minutes of the anesthetic injection and 182.2 mg/dl after 30minutes of the anesthetic injection. The change of the blood sugar level was not statistically by two-way ANOVA tests (p<0.05). In the experimental group 2, the mean of the blood sugar level was 237 mg/dl before an anesthetic injection, 234.5 mg/dl after 5minutes of the anesthetic injection and 231.8 mg/dl after 30minutes of the anesthetic injection. The change of the blood sugar level was not statistically by two-way ANOVA tests (p<0.05). In the controlled group 1, the mean of the blood sugar level was 117.6 mg/dl before an anesthetic injection, 119.1 mg/dl after 5minutes of the anesthetic injection and 129.3 mg/dl after 30minutes of the anesthetic injection. The change of the blood sugar level was not statistically by two-way ANOVA tests (p<0.05). In the controlled group 2, the mean of the blood sugar level was 104.2 mg/dl before an anesthetic injection, 102 mg/dl after 5minutes of the anesthetic injection and 105.3 mg/dl after 30minutes of the anesthetic injection. The change of the blood sugar level was not statistically by two-way ANOVA tests (p<0.05).

• KSBB Journal
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.377-384
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• 2003

On-line monitoring techniques for fumaric acid and succinic acid were developed by flow injection analysis (FIA). For the determination of fumaric acid, two enzymes, fumarase and malic dehydrogenase were immobilized on VA-epoxy Biosynth E3-carrier and integrated into a FIA-system with a fluorescence detector. For the analysis of succinic acid, isocitrate lyase and isocitrate dehydrogenase were also immobilized on VA-epoxy polymer support and used in a FIA system. The immobilized enzymes in two FIA systems were characterized systematically, e.g. optimum pH and temperature, inhibitory effects etc. Two FIA systems were also used to on-line monitor the concentrations of fumaric acid and succinic acid in biotechnological processes. Good agreement between on-line monitored data and off-line data measured by HPLC showed extensive application of the FIA systems in bioprocesses.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.572-580
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• 2013

In this case study, I examined the microseismic safety management system of Deep Heat Mining Basel (DHMB) as EGS Geothermal Project which was conducted in Basel, Switzerland. EGS Geothermal Power projects which require induced seismic event by stimulation for creation of EGS geothermal reservoir have to be controlled pressure and flow rate of stimulation by establishment of microseismic safety management system. Traffic light system and Communication response procedure of DHMB project to respond step by step corresponding microseismic event intensity through continuous monitoring during stimulation period have been managed and established in advance of stimulation. However, the project was discontinued because of an earthquake to occur larger than expected one due to post-injection seismicity occurring in the geothermal reservoir after completion of injection for stimulation. The result of post analysis, Real-time traffic light system was verified to need a establishment of new microseismic safe management system to be considered post-injection seismicity phenomenon.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.18 no.12
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• pp.27-34
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• 2013

In wireless sensor networks, sensors need to communicate with each other to send their sensing data to the administration node and so they are susceptible to many attacks like garbage packet injection that cannot be prevented by using traditional cryptographic approaches. A behavior-based detection is used to defend against such attacks in which some specialized monitoring nodes overhear the communications of their neighbors to detect bad packets. As monitoring nodes use more energy, it is desirable to use the minimal number of monitoring nodes to cover the whole or maximal part of the network. The monitoring nodes can either be selected among the deployed normal nodes or differ in type from normal nodes. In this study, we have developed an algorithm for selecting the predefined number of monitoring nodes needed to cover the maximum number of normal nodes when the different types of normal nodes and monitoring nodes are deployed. We also have investigated experimentally how the number of monitoring nodes and their transmission range affect the connection ratio of the monitoring nodes and the coverage of the normal nodes.

• Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.30-36
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• 2006

Japan's first pilot-scale $CO_2$ sequestration experiment has been conducted in Nagaoka, where 10400 t of $CO_2$ have been injected in an onshore aquifer at a depth of about 1100 m. Among various measurements conducted at the site for monitoring the injected $CO_2$, we conducted time-lapse crosswell seismic tomography between two observation wells to determine the distribution of $CO_2$ in the aquifer by the change of P-wave velocities. This paper reports the results of the crosswell seismic tomography conducted at the site. The crosswell seismic tomography measurements were carried out three times; once before the injection as a baseline survey, and twice during the injection as monitoring surveys. The velocity tomograms resulting from the monitoring surveys were compared to the baseline survey tomogram, and velocity difference tomograms were generated. The velocity difference tomograms showed that velocity had decreased in a part of the aquifer around the injection well, where the injected $CO_2$ was supposed to be distributed. We also found that the area in which velocity had decreased was expanding in the formation up-dip direction, as increasing amounts of $CO_2$ were injected. The maximum velocity reductions observed were 3.0% after 3200 t of $CO_2$ had been injected, and 3.5% after injection of 6200 t of $CO_2$. Although seismic tomography could map the area of velocity decrease due to $CO_2$ injection, we observed some contradictions with the results of time-lapse sonic logging, and with the geological condition of the cap rock. To investigate these contradictions, we conducted numerical experiments simulating the test site. As a result, we found that part of the velocity distribution displayed in the tomograms was affected by artefacts or ghosts caused by the source-receiver geometry for the crosswell tomography in this particular site. The maximum velocity decrease obtained by tomography (3.5%) was much smaller than that observed by sonic logging (more than 20%). The numerical experiment results showed that only 5.5% velocity reduction might be observed, although the model was given a 20% velocity reduction zone. Judging from this result, the actual velocity reduction can be more than 3.5%, the value we obtained from the field data reconstruction. Further studies are needed to obtain more accurate velocity values that are comparable to those obtained by sonic logging.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.84-90
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• 2007

Trehalose is non-reducing disaccharide which is found in bacteria, fungi, plants and insects. Trehalose has been determined by several analysis methods. To monitor the concentrations of trehalose in a process, enzymatic methods have more advantage over others, e.g. more specific. In this work, trehalase was immobilized on VA-epoxy polymer and applied to FIA systems. The behaviours of these FIA systems were characterized and used to monitor the trehalose concentrations. Use of optical detection technique was chosen for trehalose-FIA system. On-line monitoring data and off-line data were measured by HPLC.

• Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.388-396
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• 2010

As a part of basic studies on monitoring and saturation estimation of carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) storage using resistivity survey, laboratory experiment has been conducted to measure the change of the electrical resistivity through repeated experiments of supercritical $CO_2$ and brine water injection into homogeneous and heterogeneous sandstones. The $CO_2$ saturation is estimated by using resistivity index based on the resistivity measurements. The experimental results of two types of sandstones show that the effect of pore structure in the rock and the effect of contained clay minerals in the rock can be affected to calculate the $CO_2$ saturation. The result can be useful to evaluate the $CO_2$ saturation based on resistivity survey at the site where $CO_2 sequestrates.

• Journal of Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.50-57
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• 2020

The objective of this research work was to know ovarian dynamics and pregnancy rate of cyclic Murrah buffalo cows with induced estrus by administration of prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) and timed artificial insemination (TAI) with frozen thawed semen. A total of 31 female buffaloes were selected for the study. The buffalos having matured CL observed by ultrasonography were given one intra muscular injection of cloprostenol 500 ㎍ and TAI was performed using frozen thawed semen of Indian Murrah buffalo bull. Results showed that 90.32% (significantly, at p < 0.05) cows explore the sign of heat after injection of PG and 67.85% (significantly, at p < 0.05) cows were become pregnant out of 28 inseminated (TAI) cows. In the 28 inseminated (TAI) cows, average number of smaller and larger size of follicles were non-significantly (p > 0.05) higher at day 3 post PG injection, but the medium size of follicles was nonsignificantly (p > 0.05) higher at PG injection. At day 3 post PG injection the diameter of follicles was significantly (p < 0.05) higher, but the diameter of CL was significantly (p < 0.01) lower compared at PG injection. At PG injection the diameter of largest follicle was non-significantly differences (p > 0.05) in between pregnant and non-pregnant cows. But at day 3 post PG injection it was significantly (p < 0.01) higher in pregnant cows compared to non-pregnant cows. The number of small, medium, and large follicles at PG injection and at day 3 post PG injection were non-significantly (p > 0.05) difference in between pregnant and non-pregnant buffalo cows. Finally, it is concluded that the CL was effectively regresses and induced the sign of heat in buffalo cows and after AI the cows were become pregnant with significant rate. The study will help to the veterinarian and researcher to know the efficacy of PG injection and AI for reproductive efficiency in buffalo cows.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.320-334
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• 2020

This study presents an application of hydro-mechanical coupled Particle Flow Code 3D (PFC3D) to simulation of fluid injection induced fault slip experiment conducted in Mont Terri Switzerland as a part of a task in an international research project DECOVALEX-2019. We also aimed as identifying the current limitations of the modelling method and issues for further development. A fluid flow algorithm was developed and implemented in a 3D pore-pipe network model in a 3D bonded particle assembly using PFC3D v5, and was applied to Mont Terri Step 2 minor fault activation experiment. The simulated results showed that the injected fluid migrates through the permeable fault zone and induces fault deformation, demonstrating a full hydro-mechanical coupled behavior. The simulated results were, however, partially matching with the field measurement. The simulated pressure build-up at the monitoring location showed linear and progressive increase, whereas the field measurement showed an abrupt increase associated with the fault slip We conclude that such difference between the modelling and the field test is due to the structure of the fault in the model which was represented as a combination of damage zone and core fractures. The modelled fault is likely larger in size than the real fault in Mont Terri site. Therefore, the modelled fault allows several path ways of fluid flow from the injection location to the pressure monitoring location, leading to smooth pressure build-up at the monitoring location while the injection pressure increases, and an early start of pressure decay even before the injection pressure reaches the maximum. We also conclude that the clay filling in the real fault could have acted as a fluid barrier which may have resulted in formation of fluid over-pressurization locally in the fault. Unlike the pressure result, the simulated fault deformations were matching with the field measurements. A better way of modelling a heterogeneous clay-filled fault structure with a narrow zone should be studied further to improve the applicability of the modelling method to fluid injection induced fault activation.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.643-659
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• 2022

Geologic sequestration technologies such as CCS (carbon capture and storage), EGS (enhanced geothermal systems), and EOR (enhanced oil recovery) have been widely implemented in recent years, prompting evaluation of the mechanical stability of storage sites. As fluid injection can stimulate mechanical instability in storage layers by perturbing the stress state and pore pressure, poroelastic models considering various injection scenarios are required. In this study, we calculate the pore pressure, stress distribution, and vertical displacement along a surface using commercial finite element software (COMSOL); fault slips are subsequently simulated using PyLith, an open-source finite element software. The displacement fields, are obtained from PyLith is transferred back to COMSOL to determine changes in coseismic stresses and surface displacements. Our sequential use of COMSOL-PyLith-COMSOL for poroelastic modeling of fluid-injection and induced-earthquakes reveals large variations of pore pressure, vertical displacement, and Coulomb failure stress change during injection periods. On the other hand, the residual stress diffuses into the remote field after injection stops. This flow pattern suggests the necessity of numerical modeling and long-term monitoring, even after injection has stopped. We found that the time at which the Coulomb failure stress reaches the critical point greatly varies with the hydraulic and poroelastic properties (e.g., permeability and Biot-Willis coefficient) of the fault and injection layer. We suggest that an understanding of the detailed physical properties of the surrounding layer is important in selecting the injection site. Our numerical results showing the surface displacement and deviatoric stress distribution with different amounts of fault slip highlight the need to test more variable fault slip scenarios.