• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.27-33
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• 1990

In the past decades there has been a growth of interest in the use of stellate ganglion block (SGB) as part of the diagnosis and therapy for the disease of the head, neck and upper extremities. For the evaluation of changes in hemodynamics and temperature of the affected extremity after the SGB, unilateral SGB (either right or left) was performed by local injection of 10 ml of 1% lidocaine without epinephrine in 45 patients (right side SGB: 25, left side SGB: 20) with various diseases. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure, pulse rate and skin temperature of the ipsilateral hand were studied before and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 30 and 60 minutes after the block. The results were as follows: 1) Changes of blood pressure: Systolic and distolic blood pressure after either right or left side SGB showed no statistically significant change. 2) Changes of pulse rate: While the left side SGB showed a mild decrease without statistical significance, the right side SGB showed a statistically significant decrease at 30 and 60 minutes after the block (p<0.05). 3) Changes of skin temperature of the blocked hand: Either side SGB produced a gradual increase in temperature with time and showed statistical significance from 10 minutes in the left side block (p<0.01), and a from 10 minutes after the block in the right side (p<0.01). Both sides SGB showed a maximal increase at 30 minutes after the block and a small decrease at 60 minutes after the block compared to the 30 minutes value. 4) Despite the successful SGB. 4 of 45 patients failed to produce a significant increase in skin temperature on the affected upper extremity. In conclusion, unilateral SGB with 1% lidocaine at the 6th cervical vertebral level is a safe method for use on an outpatient basis, and an increase in skin temperature in the affected upper extremity is necessary to confirm the successful therapeutic effect on disease of the upper extremity.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.25 no.12
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• pp.2146-2152
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• 2015

Apios americana Medik (hereinafter Apios) has been reported to treat diseases, including cancer, hypertension, obesity, and diabetes. The therapeutic effect of Apios is likely to be associated with its anti-inflammatory activity. This study was conducted to evaluate the protective effects of Apios in animal models of acute lung injury induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or pandemic H1N1 2009 influenza A virus (H1N1). Mice were exposed to LPS or H1N1 for 2-4 days to induce acute lung injury. The treatment groups were administered Apios extracts via oral injection for 8 weeks before LPS treatment or H1N1 infection. To investigate the effects of Apios, we assessed the mice for in vivo effects of Apios on immune cell infiltration and the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, and histopathological changes in the lung. After induction of acute lung injury, the numbers of neutrophils and total cells were lower in the Apios-treated groups than in the non-Apios-treated LPS and H1N1 groups. The Apios groups tended to have lower levels of tumor necrosis factor-a and interleukin-6 in BAL fluid. In addition, the histopathological changes in the lungs were markedly reduced in the Apios-treated groups. These data suggest that Apios treatment reduces LPS- and H1N1-induced lung inflammation. These protective effects of Apios suggest that it may have therapeutic potential in acute lung injury.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.124-134
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• 1990

To investigate nutritional and growth status of premature infants, survey was conducted against 19 premature infants admitted to Nursery of Pediatrics, Young nam University Hospital from Jan. 1984 to July 1988. Variations in feeding patterns as analyzed through the five feeding phases of dextrose, dextrose/hyperal, dextrose/formula, dextrose/hyperal/formula and formula. During 30days from birth, dietary intake, feeding phase, selective anthropometric measurements, biochemical parameters and demograpic information of premature infants were as follows: Distributions of birth weight by gestational age and apgar score showed preamture infants below 1499g were 31 weeks, 4/7(1min/5min) and premature infants from 1500g to 1999g were 33 weeks, 8/9(1min/5min) and premature infants from 2000g to 2500g were 33 weeks, 8/9(1min/5min). Average calorie intakes of premature infants below 1499g, premature infants from 1500g to 1999g and premature infants from 2000g to 2500g were 102.0㎉/kg/day, 119.3㎉/kg/day and 101.7㎉/kg/day. The mean values Na, K, Ca, P for all premature infants remained within the normal level for full term infants throughtout the 25days of this study period. Percentages of inital weight loss showned premature infants below 1499g were 5.4%, premature infants from 1500g to 1999g were 6.4%, premature infants from 2000g to 2500g were 11.4%. Percentages of inital weight loss of the amino acid injection group and the amino acid control group were 9.4% and 9.0%.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.185-195
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• 2000

Vascular diseases are significant complications of diabetes mellitus (DM), and the endothelial cells may play a pivotal role in the development of vascular disease in DM. Endothelin-1 (ET-1) released from endothelium is a potent vasoconstrictor peptide and circulating level of ET-1 is increased in a variety of disease states. The purpose of this study was to determine the changes of responsiveness to ET-1 in DM, and we experimented on the changes in the ET-1-induced contraction, levels of nitrite and lipid peroxidation, and ET-1 immunoreactivity in aorta from streptozotocin-induced DM rats. DM was induced by single injection of streptozotocin (55 mg/kg, i.p.). The immunoreactive ET-1 levels in endothelial layer of thoracic aorta were much higher in DM rats than control rats. Nitrite in tissue homogenate was decreased and plasma nitrite was increased in DM rats. Malondialdehyde (MDA) was significantly increased in DM rats and cGMP was not significantly different between control and DM rats. ET-1 produced concentration- dependent contractile responses that are significantly attenuated in DM rats compared to controls. In the presence of selective $ET_A$ receptor antagonist BQ610, the maximum contraction was decreased and the concentration ratios for BQ610 yielded $pA_2$ values of 7.3 (slope, 0.65) in control rats, whereas BQ610 had no antagonistic effect on ET-1-induced contraction in DM rats. However, pretreatment with BQ788, an $ET_B$ receptor antagonist, maximum response was decreased and the dose-response curves for ET-1 were shifted to the right in both groups and $pA_2$ values were 7.9 and 7.7 (slope, 1.05 in control and DM rats), respectively. IRL 1620 and sarafotoxin S6c, $ET_B$ agonists, induced relaxation in control rats but not in DM rats. These results indicate that endothelial cell dysfunction and enhanced immunoreactivity of ET-1 have been found in DM rat and ET-1-induced contraction was attenuated in DM rat. These attenuated responses might be at least in part caused by the alteration of $ET_A$ receptor properties (e.g. desensitization), and partly related with an alteration in intracellular mechanism for contraction to ET-1.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.335-344
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• 2004

Interleukin-2 (IL-2), a glycoprotein mainly secreted by CD4+ T helper Iymphocytes, has been developed to use recombinant cytokine to augment the immune response against cancer since IL-2 not only stimulates T Iymphocytes but also enhances natural killer (NK) cell activity. In order to evaluate the immunological safety of recombinant mouse IL-2 (rmIL-2) in cancer therapy, renal cell carcinoma was established in the flank by s.c. injection of renca cell line. Tumor-bearing BALB/c mice were treated with I.p. injections with $2{\times}10^5$ Lu rmIL-2. Even though the tumor size was diminished, there were not significant recovery of body and relative lymphoid organ weights including thymic atrophy in rmIL-2 immunotherapy. Distribution ratios of T cell subsets in thymus were analysed using flow cytometry. Without regard to dosage of rmIL-2, the ratio of CD3+CD4-CD8- T cells was increased in accordance with survival of solid tumor but that of CD4+CD8+ T cells was decreased dramatically. Emergence of autoantibodies (ANA, anti-dsDNA, and anti-histone) in blood was measured after rmIL-2 treatment. The results showed that the levels of ANA and anti-dsDNA did not significantly changed, but the level of anti-histone was increased significantly owing to rmIL-2 therapy. These results indicate rmIL-2 immunotherapy is to induce the autoimmune potential, and the anti-histone measurement as a biomarker of autoimmunity is useful in cancer immunotherapy.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.155-165
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• 2014

Multiple thermal energy storage (TES) caverns can be used for storing thermal energy on a large scale and for a high-aspect-ratio heat storage design to provide good thermal performance. It may also be necessary to consider the use of multiple caverns with a reduced length when a single, long tunnel-shaped cavern is not suitable for connection to aboveground heat production and injection equipments. When using multiple TES caverns, the separation distance between the caverns is one of the significant factors that should be considered in the design of storage space, and the optimal separation distance should be determined based on a quantitative stability criterion. In this paper, we described a numerical approach for determining the optimal separation distance between multiple caverns for large-scale TES utilization. For reliable stability evaluation of multiple caverns, we employed a probabilistic method which can quantitatively take into account the uncertainty of input parameters by probability distributions, unlike conventional deterministic approaches. The present approach was applied to the design of a conceptual TES model to store hot water for district heating. The probabilistic stability results of this application demonstrated that the approach in our work can be effectively used as a decision-making tool to determine the optimal separation distance between multiple caverns. In addition, the probabilistic results were compared to those obtained through a deterministic analysis, and the comparison results suggested that care should taken in selecting the acceptable level of stability when using deterministic approaches.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.176-185
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• 1995

To improve photosensisitizing efficiency of ZnO/$H_2Pc(I)_x$ system, ZnO/$H_2Pc(I)_x$ system was dispersed in a typical photoconductive polymer of poly(9-vinylcarbazole)(PVCZ). The iodine dopant level(x) of ZnO/${\chi}-H_2Pc(I)_x$ is proportional to concentration of iodine, whereas x of ZnO/${\beta}-H_2Pc(I)_x$ decreased from the highest x=0.97 at more than $6.3{\times}10^{-3}$ M iodine solution. The Raman spectra of ZnO/${\chi}-H_2Pc(I)_x$ at 514 nm exhibited characteristic $I_3^-$ patterns in the range of 50∼550 $cm^{-1}$ at $x{\geq}0.57.$ The surface photovoltage of ZnO/${\chi}-H_2Pc(I)_{0.48}$/PVCZ was approximately 1.6 times greater than ZnO/${\chi}-H_2 Pc(I)_{0.48}$ and was 1.8 times of ZnO/${\chi}-H_2Pc(I)_{0.57}$/PVCZ at 670 nm. With ZnO/$H_2Pc(I)_x$/PVCZ, the highest iodine dopant levels showed a higher photovoltage. Therefore the injection of holes from H2Pc into PVCZ resulted in that photosensisitizing effect of ZnO/$H_2Pc(I)_x$/PVCZ system was improved compared to ZnO/$H_2Pc(I)_x$ case.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.77-85
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• 1992

This study was carried out in order to investigate the immunosuppressive factor and immune response of color carp. The protection and serum antibody production of juvenile color carp aganist Aeromonas hydrophila were investigated on the effect of temperature differences and injected several aquatic drugs, i.e. Hydrocortisone, Oxytetracycline, Chloramphenicol and Ascorbic acid. The fish were injected intraperitoneally with 1mg/fish of HKC and FKC at three different temperature conditions as $16^{\circ}C$, $24^{\circ}C$, and $32^{\circ}C$ respectively. There were induced better protection and serum antibody production in the fish which had been kept at $24^{\circ}C$ than in the fish which had been kept at $16^{\circ}C$ and $32^{\circ}C$. The FKC immunized fish were followed 24 hrs later with intraperitoneal injection of 40mg/kg body weight of Hydrocortisone, 60mg/kg body weight of Oxytetracycline. 60mg/kg body weight of Chloramphenicol and 30mg/kg body weight of Ascorbic acid, respectively. The control fish were injected PBS only. The fish given the above aquatic drugs reduced serum antibody production level and protection rate when compared to control fish. As the results, immune response of juvenile color carp immunized FKC at $24^{\circ}C$ was more effective than $16^{\circ}C$ or $32^{\circ}C$ and immune response of juvenile color carp injected several aquatic drugs which was seemed to be immunosuppressive factor.

• 한국정보디스플레이학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2008.10a
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• pp.993-994
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• 2008

Electrochromic (EC) devices are capable of reversibly changing their optical properties upon charge injection and extraction induced by the external voltage. The characteristics of the EC device, such as low power consumption, high coloration efficiency, and memory effects under open circuit status, make them suitable for use in a variety of applications including smart windows and electronic papers. Coloration due to reduction or oxidation of redox chromophores can be used for EC devices (e-paper), but the switching time is slow (second level). Recently, with increasing demand for the low cost, lightweight flat panel display with paper-like readability (electronic paper), an EC display technology based on dye-modified $TiO_2$ nanoparticle electrode was developed. A well known organic dye molecule, viologen, was adsorbed on the surface of a mesoporous $TiO_2$ nanoparticle film to form the EC electrode. On the other hand, ZnO is a wide bandgap II-VI semiconductor which has been applied in many fields such as UV lasers, field effect transistors and transparent conductors. The bandgap of the bulk ZnO is about 3.37 eV, which is close to that of the $TiO_2$ (3.4 eV). As a traditional transparent conductor, ZnO has excellent electron transport properties, even in ZnO nanoparticle films. In the past few years, one-dimension (1D) nanostructures of ZnO have attracted extensive research interest. In particular, 1D ZnO nanowires renders much better electron transportation capability by providing a direct conduction path for electron transport and greatly reducing the number of grain boundaries. These unique advantages make ZnO nanowires a promising matrix electrode for EC dye molecule loading. ZnO nanowires grow vertically from the substrate and form a dense array (Fig. 1). The ZnO nanowires show regular hexagonal cross section and the average diameter of the ZnO nanowires is about 100 nm. The cross-section image of the ZnO nanowires array (Fig. 1) indicates that the length of the ZnO nanowires is about $6\;{\mu}m$. From one on/off cycle of the ZnO EC cell (Fig. 2). We can see that, the switching time of a ZnO nanowire electrode EC cell with an active area of $1\;{\times}\;1\;cm^2$ is 170 ms and 142 ms for coloration and bleaching, respectively. The coloration and bleaching time is faster compared to the $TiO_2$ mesoporous EC devices with both coloration and bleaching time of about 250 ms for a device with an active area of $2.5\;cm^2$. With further optimization, it is possible that the response time can reach ten(s) of millisecond, i.e. capable of displaying video. Fig. 3 shows a prototype with two different transmittance states. It can be seen that good contrast was obtained. The retention was at least a few hours for these prototypes. Being an oxide, ZnO is oxidation resistant, i.e. it is more durable for field emission cathode. ZnO nanotetropods were also applied to realize the first prototype triode field emission device, making use of scattered surface-conduction electrons for field emission (Fig. 4). The device has a high efficiency (field emitted electron to total electron ratio) of about 60%. With this high efficiency, we were able to fabricate some prototype displays (Fig. 5 showing some alphanumerical symbols). ZnO tetrapods have four legs, which guarantees that there is one leg always pointing upward, even using screen printing method to fabricate the cathode.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.1137-1143
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• 1999

This study investigated the effect of tea fungus/kombucha beverage(TF) protein concentrations and enzyme activities in serum of both normal and diabetic male rats. Sprague Dawley growing rats were randomly assigned to one control and five diabetic groups. In five diabetic groups, D control group was fed drinking water and the other groups were fed drinking water supplemented with 20 or 40% TF (20 or 40% TFD group, respectively) and 20 or 40% disinfected TF(20 or 40% TFSD group, respectively) for 7 weeks. Diabetes was experimentally induced in all five diabetic groups by streptozotocin injection after 3 week feeding. The diabetic groups were significantly decreased the body weight( 29.4~ 48.6g) compared with those in control group(72.4g). The total liver and kidney weights in all diabetic groups were similar to those in control group, but those relative to body weights in all diabetic groups were heavier than those in control group. The total spleen weight in all diabetic groups was significantly decreased compared with those in control group, but those relative to body weights in all diabetic groups were similar to those in control group. The blood glucose levels were heigher in all diabetic groups than those in control group. The alkaline phosphatase activity in serum was higher in all experimental groups than those in control group, but it was lower in 40% TFD, 20% and 40% TFSD groups than those in D control group. The GPT activity was significantly increased in D control, 20% and 40% TFD groups than in control group. The GOT activity was significantly increased in D control goup than in control group, but those in all TFD and TFSD groups were similar to control group. The total protein concentration in all diabetic groups was significantly decreased compared with that in control group, but the albumin concentration showed almost the same levels in all the experimental groups. The ratio of albumin/globulin, and hem atocrit value were significantly increased in all diabetic groups than in control group. These results show that tea fungus/kombucha beverage with which diabetic rats were fed has not recovered the decreased body weight, lowered serum total protein level, hypertrophy of liver and kidney, hyperglycemia to the normal state.