• 생태와환경
• /
• 제37권3호통권108호
• /
• pp.297-303
• /
• 2004

수서 생태계에서 생물막 성장을 고찰하기 위해 2차원 셀룰라오토마톤 (CA) 모델을 구현하였다. 영양물 농도와 연계하여 CA의 단순한 지역 규칙을 세균 개체군의 성장을 나타내는데 적용하였다. 초기 세균 분포는 낮은 영양물 농도에서 개체군 크기와 생물막 형태를 결정하는데 중요한 역할을 하였다. 집중분포에서는 균일분포나 마구잡이분포에 비해 개체군 크기가 느리게 증가하였다. 반면 공극률은 다른 초기 분포에 비해 균일분포에서 높게 나타나는 경향을 보였다.

• 대한조선학회논문집
• /
• 제57권1호
• /
• pp.1-7
• /
• 2020

In general, an inspection schedule is established based on the long-term fatigue life during the design stage. However, in the design stage, it is difficult to clearly identify the uncertainty factors affecting long-term fatigue life. In this study, the probabilistic fatigue life assessment was conducted in accordance with the methodology of DNV-GL. Firstly, The initial crack distribution estimated through the initial crack propagation analysis was updated by reflecting the results of crack inspection. Secondly, the updated crack distribution was compared with the initial crack distribution, and the probability of failure was updated with the effect of crack inspection.

• KIEE International Transaction on Electrical Machinery and Energy Conversion Systems
• /
• 제2B권4호
• /
• pp.168-173
• /
• 2002

A new identification algorithm for the Preisach model is presented. The algorithm treats the identification procedure of the Preisach model as an inverse problem where the independent variables are parameters of the distribution function and the objective function is constructed using only the initial magnetization curve or only tile major loop of the hysteresis curve as well as the whole reversal curves. To parameterize the distribution function, the Bezier spline and Gaussian function are used for the coercive and interaction fields axes, respectively. The presented algorithm is applied to the ferrite permanent magnets, and the distribution functions are correctly found from the major loop of the hysteresis curve or the initial magnetization curve.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
• /
• 제14권1호
• /
• pp.24-32
• /
• 1997

Alfven파에 의한 항상풍을 가정하고 운동방정식을 수치적분하여 속도분포를 구하였다. 질량이 보존된다면 밀도분포 속도분포와 밀접한 관계를 가지므로 가정되는 초기 밀도 개수의 값에 따라 선윤곽이 변화하는 효과를 계산하였다. 실제적인 항성풍 모형을 계산하기 위해 Schroder(1986)의 관측과 잘 맞는 초기 밀도 개수 $N_0=5.5{\times}10^{12}/cm^3$의 경우와 $N_0=10^9,10^{10},10^{11}/cm^3$의 경우를 계산하였으며 초기 밀도 개수가 작을수록 속도분포가 급격하고 더 큰 종속도를 보였다. 또한 공전궤도위상 0.06과 0.78에서의 선윤곽을 계산하였고, $N_0$가 작을수록 더욱 강하고 좁은 흡수요소를 가졌으며 이로 인해 방출선의 극대가 청색편이되어 나타났다.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
• /
• 제32권6호
• /
• pp.615-625
• /
• 2023

Initial geometrical imperfection is an important factor affecting the structural characteristics of plate and shell structures. Studying the effect of geometrical imperfection on the structural characteristics of cylindrical shell is beneficial to explore the thermal post-buckling response characteristics of cylindrical shell. Therefore, we devote to investigating the thermal post-buckling behavior of graphene platelets reinforced mental foam (GPLRMF) cylindrical shells with geometrical imperfection. The properties of GPLRMF material with considering three types of graphene platelets (GPLs) distribution patterns are introduced firstly. Subsequently, based on Donnell nonlinear shell theory, the governing equations of cylindrical shell are derived according to Eulerian-Lagrange equations. Taking into account two different boundary conditions namely simply supported (S-S) and clamped supported (C-S), the Galerkin principle is used to solve the governing equations. Finally, the impact of initial geometrical imperfections, the GPLs distribution types, the porosity distribution types, the porosity coefficient as well as the GPLs mass fraction on the thermal post-buckling response of the cylindrical shells are analyzed.

• Earthquakes and Structures
• /
• 제26권4호
• /
• pp.251-259
• /
• 2024

In this paper, the thermal post-buckling behavior of graphene platelets reinforced metal foams (GPLRMFs) plate with initial geometric imperfections on nonlinear elastic foundations are studied. First, the governing equation is derived based on the first-order shear deformation theory (FSDT) of plate. To obtain a single equation that only contains deflection, the Galerkin principle is employed to solve the governing equation. Subsequently, a comparative analysis was conducted with existing literature, thereby verifying the correctness and reliability of this paper. Finally, considering three GPLs distribution types (GPL-A, GPL-B, and GPL-C) of plates, the effects of initial geometric imperfections, foam distribution types, foam coefficients, GPLs weight fraction, temperature changes, and elastic foundation stiffness on the thermal post-buckling characteristics of the plates were investigated. The results show that the GPL-A distribution pattern exhibits the best buckling resistance. And with the foam coefficient (GPLs weight fraction, elastic foundation stiffness) increases, the deflection change of the plate under thermal load becomes smaller. On the contrary, when the initial geometric imperfection (temperature change) increases, the thermal buckling deflection increases. According to the current research situation, the results of this article can play an important role in the thermal stability analysis of GPLRMFs plates.

• 대한기계학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 대한기계학회 2003년도 춘계학술대회
• /
• pp.604-609
• /
• 2003

Flaw geometries, applied stress, and material properties are major input variables for the fracture mechanics analysis. Probabilistic approach can be applied for the consideration of uncertainties within these input variables. But probabilistic analysis requires many assumptions due to the lack of initial flaw distributions data. In this study correlations are examined between initial flaw distributions and in-service flaw distributions on structures under cyclic load. For the analysis, LEFM theories and Monte Carlo simulation are applied. Result shows that in-service flaw distributions are determined by initial flaw distributions rather than fatigue crack growth rate. So initial flaw distribution can be derived from in-service flaw distributions.

• 국제학술발표논문집
• /
• The 5th International Conference on Construction Engineering and Project Management
• /
• pp.488-493
• /
• 2013

Accurate initial cost estimates are essential to effective management of construction projects where many decisions are made in the course of project management by referencing the estimates. In practice, the initial estimates are frequently derived from historical actual cost data, for which standard distribution-based techniques are widely applied in the construction industry to account for risk associated with the estimates. This approach assumes the same probability distribution of estimate errors for any selected estimates. This assumption, however, is not always satisfied. In order to account for the probabilistic nature of estimate errors, an alternative method for measuring the risk associated with a selected initial estimate is developed by applying the Bayesian probability approach. An application example include demonstrates how the method is implemented. A hypothesis test is conducted to reveal the robustness of the Bayesian probability model. The method is envisioned to effectively complement cost estimating methods that are currently in use by providing benefits as follows: (1) it effectively accounts for the probabilistic nature of errors in estimates; (2) it is easy to implement by using historical estimates and actual costs that are readily available in most construction companies; and (3) it minimizes subjective judgment by using quantitative data only.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
• /
• 제88권5호
• /
• pp.405-417
• /
• 2023

This paper reveals theoretical research to the nonlinear dynamic response and initial geometric imperfections sensitivity of the spinning graphene platelets reinforced metal foams (GPLRMF) cylindrical shell under different boundary conditions in thermal environment. For the theoretical research, with the framework of von-Karman geometric nonlinearity, the GPLRMF cylindrical shell model which involves Coriolis acceleration and centrifugal acceleration caused by spinning motion is assumed to undergo large deformations. The coupled governing equations of motion are deduced using Euler-Lagrange principle and then solved by a combination of Galerkin's technique and modified Lindstedt Poincare (MLP) model. Furthermore, the impacts of a set of parameters including spinning velocity, initial geometric imperfections, temperature variation, weight fraction of GPLs, GPLs distribution pattern, porosity distribution pattern, porosity coefficient and external excitation amplitude on the nonlinear harmonic resonances of the spinning GPLRMF cylindrical shells are presented.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
• /
• 제55권3호
• /
• pp.461-472
• /
• 2015

The existence of initial imperfections in manufacturing or assembly of double-layer space structures having hundreds or thousands of members is inevitable. Many of the imperfections, such as the initial curvature of the members and residual stresses in members, are all random in nature. In this paper, the probabilistic effect of initial curvature imperfections in the load bearing capacity of double-layer grid space structures with different types of supports have been investigated. First, for the initial curvature imperfection of each member, a random number is generated from a gamma distribution. Then, by employing the same probabilistic model, the imperfections are randomly distributed amongst the members of the structure. Afterwards, the collapse behavior and the ultimate bearing capacity of the structure are determined by using nonlinear push down analysis and this procedure is frequently repeated. Ultimately, based on the maximum values of bearing capacity acquired from the analysis of different samples, structure's reliability is obtained by using Monte Carlo simulation method. The results show the sensitivity of the collapse behavior of double-layer grid space structures to the random distribution of initial imperfections and supports type.