• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.30 no.7
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• pp.985-993
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• 2017

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate increasing doses of a novel microbial phytase (Cibenza Phytaverse, Novus International, St. Charles, MO, USA) on standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of P in canola meal (CM), corn, corn-derived distiller's dried grains with solubles (DDGS), rice bran (RB), sorghum, soybean meal (SBM), sunflower meal (SFM), and wheat. Methods: Two cohorts of 36 pigs each (initial body weight = $78.5{\pm}3.7kg$) were randomly assigned to 2 rooms, each housing 36 pigs, and then allotted to 6 diets with 6 replicates per diet in a randomized complete block design. Test ingredient was the only dietary source of P and diets contained 6 concentrations of phytase (0, 125, 250, 500, 1,000, or 2,000 phytase units [FTU]/kg) with 0.4% of $TiO_2$ as a digestibility marker. Feeding schedule for each ingredient was 5 d acclimation, 5 d fecal collection, and 4 d washout. The STTD of P increased (linear or exponential $p{\leq}0.001$) with the inclusion of phytase for all ingredients. Results: Basal STTD of P was 37.6% for CM, 37.6% for corn, 68.6% for DDGS, 10.3% for RB, 41.2% for sorghum, 36.7% for SBM, 26.2% for SFM, and 55.1% for wheat. The efficiency of this novel phytase to hydrolyze phytate is best described with a broken-line model for corn, an exponential model for CM, RB, SBM, SFM, and wheat, and a linear model for DDGS and sorghum. Based on best-fit model the phytase dose (FTU/kg) needed for highest STTD of P (%), respectively, was 735 for 64.3% in CM, 550 for 69.4% in corn, 160 for 55.5% in SBM, 1,219 for 57.8% in SFM, and 881 for 64.0% in wheat, whereas a maximum response was not obtained for sorghum, DDGS and RB within the evaluated phytase range of 0 to 2,000 FTU/kg. These differences in the phytase concentration needed to maximize the STTD of P clearly indicate that the enzyme does not have the same hydrolysis efficiency among the evaluated ingredients. Conclusion: Variations in enzyme efficacy to release P from phytate in various feedstuffs need to be taken into consideration when determining the matrix value for phytase in a mixed diet, which likely depends on the type and inclusion concentration of ingredients used in mixed diets for pigs. The use of a fixed P matrix value across different diet types for a given phytase concentration is discouraged as it may result in inaccurate diet formulation.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 1959

1) The comparative studies of the quantitative measurement of growth characteristics and utilization of substrates by Euglena gracilis var. bacilla 10616 in the light and in darkness have been carried out. Eodogenous respiration, effect of respiratory inhibitors and responses to the added substrates for the exogenous respiration are also investigated. 2) All cultures are grown in the open air under the continuous illumination of fluorescent light of 3500 lux at room termperature, the growth rate of the culture in the basal medium added 0.5% lactate is found to be the highest. The growth rate decreases successively for the cultures of 0.5% sucinate, 0.5% Na-acetate, 0.5% malate, and control. There is no growth in the basal meidum added 0.5% butyrate and 0.5% hydroquinone. The similar results are obtained for the mentioned cultures in the darkness. However, the growth rate in basal medium added 0.5% glucose and 0.5% sucrose does seem to increase in the darkness unlike the illumination. 3) The endogenous rate of respiration for the organism cultured photosynthetically is about 12.94ul 02/mg/hr, in basal medium and the respiratory quotient is about 0.84. The rate is decreased by starvations to 6.5ul 02/mg/hr, about to a half, but the respiratory quotient does net change. 4) The oxygen consomption during initial 2 hours in suspending solution ranging from pH 4.5 to pH 9.3 is highest at pH 4.5 in which the algae had grown, at pH 5.5 and at pH 6.9. 5) Endogenous respiration of the cells is strongly inhibited by 0.1M of potassium cyanide, malomic acid, sodium fluoride and iodo-acetic acid. It is also strongly inhibited by 0.01M of potassium cyanide. 6) The respiratory response to added substrates for the exogenous respiration in the organism is coincided with the rate in the basal medium added the substrate in light and in darkness, whether the cells are fed or starved. 7) According to the results of this study, there seems to be the flexibility of the interconversion between photosynthesis and chemosynthesis, heterotropic mode of metabolism, in Euglena gracilis var. bacillaris, and that this organism utilizes the lactate most. It also may be suggested that the enayme systems linked in the each steps of Embden-Myerhof-Parnas path way and TCA cycle seem to exist in this organism.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.437-447
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• 1999

Type I diabetes, also known as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) results from the destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic $\beta$ cells by a progressive $\beta$ cell-specific autoimmune process. The pathogenesis of autoimmune IDDM has been extensively studied for the past two decades using animal models such as the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse and the Bio-Breeding (BB) rat. However, the initial events that trigger the immune responses leading to the selective destruction of the $\beta$ cells are poorly understood. It is thought that $\beta$ cell auto-antigens are involved in the triggering of $\beta$ cell-specific autoimmunity. Among a dozen putative $\beta$ cell autoantigens, glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) has bee proposed as perhaps the strongest candidate in both humans and the NOD mouse. In the NOD mouse, GAD, as compared with other $\beta$ cell autoantigens, provokes the earliest T cell proliferative response. The suppression of GAD expression in the $\beta$ cells results in the prevention of autoimmune diabetes in NOD mice. In addition, the major populations of cells infiltrating the iselts during the early stage of insulitis in BB rats and NOD mice are macrophages and dendritic cells. The inactivation of macrophages in NOD mice results in the prevention of T cell mediated autoimmune diabetes. Macrophages are primary contributors to the creation of the immune environment conducive to the development and activation of $\beta$cell-specific Th1-type CD4+ T cells and CD8+ cytotoxic T cells that cause autoimmune diabetes in NOD mice. CD4+ and CD8+ T cells are both believed to be important for the destruction of $\beta$ cells. These cells, as final effectors, can kill the insulin-producing $\beta$ cells by the induction of apoptosis. In addition, CD8+ cytotoxic T cells release granzyme and cytolysin (perforin), which are also toxic to $\beta$ cells. In this way, macrophages, CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells act synergistically to kill the $\beta$ cells in conjunction with $\beta$ cell autoantigens and MHC class I and II antigens, resulting in the onset of autoimmune type I diabetes.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.203-218
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• 1980

Unscheduled DNA synthesis, chromosome aberrations, sister chromatid exchanges and DNA replication inhibition induced by the combined treatments with ara-C and UV-light or MMS in $HF_1$, CHO and $HelaS_3$ cells were studied, and the results obtained were as follows: (1) Ara-C was found to inhibit UV-or MMS-induced unscheduled DNA synthesis and the inhibitory effect of ara-C was more remarkable in its post-treatment. (2) Ara-C enhanced the rate of chromosome aberrations induced by MMS or UV-light. Post-treatment with ara-C exhibited the synergistic effect on MMS-induced chromosome aberrations mainly by increases of chromatid deletions. (3) Contrarily, ara-C did not increase the rate of sister chromatid exchanges, particularly in the pre-treatment with MMS, although it was found to induce sister chromatid exchanges. (4) The rate of DNA synthesis was declined immediately after are-C treatment and then recovered. The combined treatments with ara-C and UV-light or MMS showed that the initial response on replication inhibition was similar to that of ara-C, but later responses were similar to that of UV-light or MMS treated group.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.245-250
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• 1998

Purpose : This study was to evaluate survival, failure patterns, and prognostic factors of stage I squamous cell carcinoma of the glottic larynx after curative radiation therapy. Materials and Methods : A retrospective analysis was done for 57 patients with glottic cancer who were treated with curative radiation therapy from June 1985 to November 1992. There were 55 male and two female patients. Patients' age ranged from 17 to 71 years(median 39 years). Radiation therapy was delivered five times a week, 2 Gy daily, total 66 Gy using 6 MV X-ray. Results : Complete response(CR) was noted in 51 out of 57 patients (89.5%) and persistent disease (PER) in six out of 57 patients(10.5%). The disease-free survival rates at 3 and 5 years were 72.9% and 63.8%, respectively. Seven failures were observed among 51 CR patients during follow-up. Salvage total laryngectomy for six recurred patients and partial laryngectomy for one recurred patient were done with successful results, i.e., all of them were actually salvaged. Among six PER patients, salvage total laryngectomy for two patients and partial laryngectomy for two patients were done and two patients refused operation. Following salvage surgery for the four PER patients, three were salvaged and one failed locoregionally. Among the 13 failures 10(76.9%) were salvaged with surgery. The ultimate local control rate at 5 years was 92.3% and overall 47 out of 57 (82.5%) patients were able to preserve their larynx. The 5-year disease-free survival rates were 85.5% for posterior lesions, and 61.6% for anterior lesions(P<0.05). Cord mobility, involvement of anterior commissure, field size, and T stage did not impact on disease-free survival. Conclusion : Considering the high percentage of voice preservation with initial radiotherapy, radiotherapy should be the first choice in the treatment of stage 1 glottic carcinoma.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.35-50
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• 2001

Since remotely sensed images of coastal wetlands are very sensitive to spatial resolution, it is very important to select an optimum resolution for particular geographic phenomena needed to be represented. Scale is one of the most important factors in spatial analysis techniques, which is defined as a spatial and temporal interval for a measurement or observation and is determined by the spatial extent of study area or the measurement unit. In order to acquire the optimum scale for a particular subject (i.e., coastal wetlands), measuring and representing the characteristics of attribute information extracted from the remotely sensed images are required. This study aims to explore and analyze the scale effects of attribute information extracted from remotely sensed coastal wetlands images. Specifically, it is focused on identifying the effects of scale in response to spatial resolution changes and suggesting a methodology for exploring the optimum spatial resolution. The LANDSAT TM image of Sunchon Bay was classified by a supervised classification method, Six land cover types were classified and the Kappa index for this classification was 84.6%. In order to explore the effects of scale in the classification procedure, a set of images that have different spatial resolutions were created by a aggregation method. Coarser images were created with the original image by averaging the DN values of neighboring pixels. Sixteen images whose resolution range from 30 m to 480 m were generated and classified to obtain land cover information using the same training set applied to the initial classification. The values of Kappa index show a distinctive pattern according to the spatial resolution change. Up to 120m, the values of Kappa index changed little, but Kappa index decreased dramatically at the 150m. However, at the resolution of 240 m and 270m, the classification accuracy was increased. From this observation, the optimum resolution for the study area would be either at 240m or 270m with respect to the classification accuracy and the best quality of attribute information can be obtained from these resolutions. Procedures and methodologies developed from this study would be applied to similar kinds and be used as a methodology of identifying and defining an optimum spatial resolution for a given problem.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.141-146
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• 2017

New infectious diseases such as MERS have been in need of many measures such as initial discovery, isolation, and crisis response. In addition, the culture of hospitals is changing, such as the general public 's visiting and Nursing Care Integration Services. However, as the qualifications and regulations of medical personnel in hospitals become rigid, overseas such as linens, wastes movements are replacing possible works with robots. we have developed a hospital logistics robot that can carry out various goods delivery within a hospital, and can move various kinds of objects safely to a desired location. In this thesis, we have studied a hospital logistics robot that can carry out various kinds of goods delivery within the hospital, and can move various kinds of objects such as waste, and linen safely to a desired location. The movement of a robot in a hospital may cause a collision between a person and an object, so that the collision must be prevented. In order to prevent collision, it is necessary to recognize whether or not an object exists in the movement path of the robot. And if there is an object, it should recognize whether it moves or not. In order to recognize human beings and objects, we recognize the person with face/body recognition technology and generate the context awareness of the object using 3D Vision image segmentation technology. We use the generated information to create a map that considers objects and person in the robot moving range. Thus, the robot can be operated safely and efficiently.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.576-580
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• 2003

A 7-year-old male was refered to Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Wonkwang Dental Hospital for treatment of a traumatic injury to the teeth of the maxillary anterior region of the mouth. His right central incisor presented subluxation and root fracture, the left central incisor had suffered intrusive luxation and root fracture. The initial treatment involved reposition and fixation of the teeth with 0.5mm stainless steel wire and composite resin. The patient was submitted for clinical and radiographic fallow-up. After 4 years, radiographically the right central incisor seemed to be healed by hard tissue union and showed to be indistinct fracture line, intact lamina dura. The left central incisor radiographically was healed by interposition of bone and connective tissue and showed to be distinct horizontal fracture line separating the fragments, and pulp canal obliteration. In clinical examination, the teeth showed a normal response to elective pulp test, percussion and mobility test. Pulp survival after injuries appears to be dependent upon the type of luxation injury, age of patient, stage of root development and degree of dislocation. In this case, the two teeth with incomplete root formation were suffered different type of injury by trauma and has showed different healing aspect.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.291-301
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• 2010

Today Korean clothing companies are experiencing difficulties in the global market due to unfavorable business conditions including poor production environments, labor shortage, rising costs, the further opening of the domestic distribution market, and increased competition among them. As a result, this has caused many of Korean clothing companies to transfer their production bases abroad in search of relatively inexpensive labor force, instead of using domestic plants. This study attempted to examine how Korean clothing companies perceive production environments and labor standards with regard to their offshore outsourcing. In such an attempt, in-depth interviews were conducted with 24 brand-name clothing firms. Those interviewed firms were the brands for the domestic or foreign market that were found to produce more than 200,000 pieces of clothing per year, and also the group of interviewees included some promotion service providers. The key findings from this study are as follows: First, a large number of the interviewed clothing companies were found to manage their foreign contract manufacturers by "visiting their factories regularly on a seasonal basis" or "stationing their personnel in factory for management purposes." Second, in relation to quality control in their foreign manufacturers, the most frequent response was to "have personnel stationed in those manufacturers." A smaller number of the clothing companies answered that they had "engaged their production management teams in quality control from time to time," or "used their inspectors to inspect products." Third, when asked about labor standards in foreign contract manufacturers, the largest number of the clothing companies responded, "we apply our own standards." The results of this study suggest that most of domestic clothing companies still use offshore sourcing just as a means of reducing their initial labor costs. However, in the continuously changing environment of the global clothing industry, clothing businesses are required to escape from the early phases of their manufacturing environments and set up more globalized standards.

• The Journal of Fisheries Business Administration
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.23-56
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• 2004

The offshore trawl fishery is seeking its survival way to overcome current management conditions in red, resulted from the bilateral agreement with China and Japan. However, this movement magnifies conflicts between fisheries on the contrary and it is thought to be impossible to get over current situations. For all that, this study is aimed at investigating how this current situations have occurred. The management freedom as response to the change in fishing conditions of a certain fishery, in case of Korea, is affected by institutional regulations. The example of this is controls on fishing gears, fishing vessels, and fishing grounds. The most exposure of this control is a segmentation of institutional fisheries. The initial segmentation of the offshore trawl fishery in Korea was occurred in the period of Japan's colonization when the degree of use of fishing grounds was limited geographically. At that time, fisheries were divided by fishing areas, but it did not divide the fishery itself. The large - sized fishing vessels were developed politically to be more competative to Japanese fishing vessels since 1950s. During this time, the trawl fishery was merged into current Eastern trawl fishery and South - Western trawl fishery. It was also inevitable to divide into the pair trawl and single trawl fishery as a result of the physical mergency between Western trawl and Southern trawl fishery. In order to develop the trawl fishery, new licenses were issued on the shrimp trawl fishery, through which it was expected to boost the trawl fishery. As opposed, the shrimp trawl fishery was changed into the mid - sized trawl fishery, targeting on the eastern fishing areas and the large - sized trawl fishery was developed since the late of 1970s with the development of filefish processing industry. The large trawl fishery that led in development of offshore trawl fishery since the late of 1950s was started to divide into a pair trawl and single trawl according to the fishing method and capital power. It finally became an institutionally independent fishery in 1980s, respectively. Looking into these historical process, the segmentation of the trawl fishery is thought as a result of the lack of long - term perspective and as a production of trial and error resulted by unprepared policy. As a result, these segmentation of fisheries roles as critical obstacles in harmonization of fisheries and in overcoming of current situations. Therefore, the review of this institutional segmentation of the offshore trawl fishery should be taken for an optimal redistribution of fishing grounds suits with business and fishing technology. For this, the fishery must be divided into large capitalized fishery and small - mid fishery with consideration of capital, fishing method, and the condition of use of fishing grounds. In addition to this, by limiting outline of fishing ground that the large fishery can harvest, it must allow for the small - mid fishery to catch with its own boundary. Furthermore, by launching buyback programs on the trawl, eastern trawl, pair trawl, it can provide broader fishing grounds where the fishery can harvest with management freedom.