• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.687-692
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• 2012

Schizandra chinensis extract has been known to possess a variety of efficacy including antitumor. However, it remains unclear how schizandrin, which is a major biological active ingredient of Schizandra chinensis, exerts antitumor effect. This study was designed to investigate the mechanism by which schizandrin inhibits tumor growth and metastasis. In in vivo test using tumor model mice injected with B16BL6 cell line, mice treated with 10 and 100 ${\mu}g/ml$ schizandrin showed a significant inhibition by $73.79{\pm}6.43%$ and $90.46{\pm}1.72%$, respectively, compared with positive tumor controls. Schizandrin did not exert a significant toxicity for the normal cells (HUVECs) and tumor cell lines (A549, B16BL6, Du145, Huh7). Treatment with schizandrin at 10 and 100 ${\mu}g$/head significantly inhibited the tumor-induced angiogenesis by $68.04{\pm}32.21%$ and $103.8{\pm}34.99%$ compared with the positive control group, respectively. Using in vivo lung metastasis model, tumor metastasis assay revealed that 10 and 100 ${\mu}g$/head schizandrin significantly decreased the metastatic lung tumor by $37.51{\pm}8.15%$ and $75.53{\pm}4.38%$ compared with positive controls, respectively. On the other hand, schizandrin did not affect the adherence of B16BL6 cell line to extracellular matrix protein. These results demonstrate that schizandrin exerts inhibitory effect on tumor growth and metastasis by inhibiting angiogenesis. This study thus suggest that schizandrin may be a candidate molecule target for cancer drug development.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제36권5호
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• pp.589-594
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• 2007

된장모델로서 0.2 mM $FeCl_2$를 함유한 0.1 M glucose-0.1 M glutamic acid 모델액에 50 mM citric acid와 이의 synergist로 5종의 금속결합능이 있는 식품첨가물을 첨가하여 시료를 조제한 후 $30^{\circ}C$와 $40^{\circ}C$에서 4주간 저장하면서 식품첨가물들이 된장모델의 갈변억제에 미치는 영향을 알아보았다. $30^{\circ}C$에서 저장시 시료의 갈변억제율은 일정하게 유지 되다가 3주후 급감하였고, $40^{\circ}C$에서 저장한 경우는 저장기간이 증가됨에 따라 감소하였다. $30^{\circ}C$와 $40^{\circ}C$에서 4주 저장후 가장 높은 갈변억제율을 나타낸 첨가구는 tannic acid 0.015%와 pyrophosphate 0.15%이었으며, $30^{\circ}C$에서 저장시 이들 첨가구의 갈변억제율은 synergist 무첨가구보다 32%가 높았다. 또한 $30^{\circ}C$에서 4주 저장 후 gallic acid, tannic acid, pyrophosphate는 형광물질과 3-deoxyglucosone과 같은 Maillard 반응중간생성물의 생성을 크게 억제하였는데, 이는 이들 synergist들의 높은 철 이온 결합능에 의한 것으로 생각되었다. 중간생성물의 생성 억제효과는 0.15% 첨가 시가 0.015% 첨가시보다 높았다. 한편 gallic acid는 갈변도를 증가시키고, tannic acid는 철 이온과 유색의 착체를 형성하므로, 갈변억제제로 citric acid를 된장에 사용할 경우 이의 synergist로는 pyrophosphate가 가장 적당한 것으로 생각되었다.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제41권1호
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• pp.88-95
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• 2013

Candida 바이오필름은 숙주조직과 의료기기의 표면에 자라는 자가-조직화된 미생물의 군락으로 전통적인 항진균제에 대한 저항성이 높게 나타난다. 황금(Scutellaria baicalensis)의 뿌리는 극동지방에서 의료용 목적으로 널리 사용되어 왔다. 본 연구의 목적은 10 C. albicans 임상 분리균주에 의해 형성된 바이오필름에 대한 황금의 수용성 추출물의 효과를 평가하고, 항바이오필름 활성에 대한 메커니즘을 알아보는 것이다. 바이오필름에 대한 효과는 XTT 환원분석법을 사용하였으며, 조사된 모든 균주에 대한 대사활성은 MIC에서 유의하게 감소($57.7{\pm}17.3$%)하였다. 황금추출물은 (1,3)-${\beta}$-D-글루칸 합성효소의 활성을 저해하였고 C. albicans의 형태에 대한 황금의 효과는 글루칸 합성의 억제로 인한 생장의 변화와 관련이 있었다: 대부분의 세포는 둥글고 팽창되었으며 세포벽이 진하게 염색되거나 파열되었다. 항캔디다 활성은 살진균성이었고, 황금은 C. albicans를 $G_0/G_1$기에 머물게 했다. 데이터는 황금이 목표가 되는 균류에 다중의 치명적인 효과를 내며, (1,3)-${\beta}$-D-글루칸 합성효소의 활성을 저해함을 통해 궁극적으로는 세포벽의 파열과 죽음에 이르게 한다는 것을 나타낸다. 따라서 황금은 바이오필름과 관련된 캔디다의 감염을 치료하고 제거하기 위한 항진균제 개발 후보 물질로서의 가능성을 가진다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.76-85
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• 2016

Background: Binding of adhesive proteins (i.e., fibrinogen, fibronectin, vitronectin) to platelet integrin glycoprotein IIb/IIIa (${\alpha}IIb/{\beta}3$) by various agonists (thrombin, collagen, adenosine diphosphate) involve in strength of thrombus. This study was carried out to evaluate the antiplatelet effect of total saponin from Korean Red Ginseng (KRG-TS) by investigating whether KRG-TS inhibits thrombin-induced binding of fibrinogen and fibronectin to ${\alpha}IIb/{\beta}3$. Methods: We investigated the effect of KRG-TS on phosphorylation of vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) and dephosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and Akt, affecting binding of fibrinogen and fibronectin to ${\alpha}IIb/{\beta}3$, and clot retraction. Results: KRG-TS had an antiplatelet effect by inhibiting the binding of fibrinogen and fibronectin to ${\alpha}IIb/{\beta}3$ via phosphorylation of VASP ($Ser^{157}$), and dephosphorylation of PI3K and Akt on thrombin-induced platelet aggregation. Moreover, A-kinase inhibitor Rp-8-Br-cyclic adenosine monophosphates (cAMPs) reduced KRG-TS-increased VASP ($Ser^{157}$) phosphorylation, and increased KRG-TS-inhibited fibrinogen-, and fibronectin-binding to ${\alpha}IIb/{\beta}3$. These findings indicate that KRG-TS interferes with the binding of fibrinogen and fibronectin to ${\alpha}IIb/{\beta}3$ via cAMP-dependent phosphorylation of VASP ($Ser^{157}$). In addition, KRG-TS decreased the rate of clot retraction, reflecting inhibition of ${\alpha}IIb/{\beta}3$ activation. In this study, we clarified ginsenoside Ro (G-Ro) in KRG-TS inhibited thrombin-induced platelet aggregation via both inhibition of $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ mobilization and increase of cAMP production. Conclusion: These results strongly indicate that KRG-TS is a beneficial herbal substance inhibiting fibrinogen-, and fibronectin-binding to ${\alpha}IIb/{\beta}3$, and clot retraction, and may prevent platelet ${\alpha}IIb/{\beta}3$-mediated thrombotic disease. In addition, we demonstrate that G-Ro is a novel compound with antiplatelet characteristics of KRG-TS.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제21권12호
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• pp.1698-1704
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• 2011

본 연구는 국화추출물이 산화적 스트레스에 의한 세포와 DNA의 손상에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 국화추출물의 DPPH 유리 라디칼과 수산화 라디칼의 제거 활성은 $200{\mu}g$/ml에서 각각 92.8%, 73.8%로 나타났으며, $Fe^{2+}$-chelating 효과는 59.4%로 나타났다. 국화 추출물의 지질과산화 억제능은 대조군의 90.3%의 활성을 보였으며, p21 단백질의 발현 수준은 대조군의 79.6%로 나타나 라디칼 처리군에 비해 높은 것으로 조사되었다. 또한 국화추출물의 DNA 분절화 억제 활성은 대조군의 89.6%를 보였고, DNA tail의 이동은 농도에 따른 차이는 있으나 대조군과 비교적 유사한 수준으로 감소되는 경향을 나타내었으며 phospho-H2AX 단백질의 발현은 라디칼 처리군의 79.8%에 해당하는 수준을 보여 DNA 인산화를 억제하는 데 높은 활성을 나타내었다. 따라서 본 연구의 국화추출물은 산화적 스트레스에 의한 생체 내 독성으로부터 세포와 DNA를 보호하는 데 효과적으로 작용하는 천연 항산화 물질로서의 응용이 기대된다.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.253-259
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• 2011

Transforming growth factor ${\beta}$ (TGF-${\beta}$) is involved in cellular processes including growth, differentiation, apoptosis, migration, and homeostasis. Generally, TGF-${\beta}$ is the inhibitor of cell cycle progression and plays a role in enhancing the antagonistic effects of many growth factors. Unlike the antiproliferative effect of TGF-${\beta}$, E2, an endogeneous estrogen, is stimulating cell proliferation in the estrogen-dependent organs, which are mediated via the estrogen receptors, $ER{\alpha}$ and $ER{\beta}$, and may be considered as a critical risk factor in tumorigenesis of hormone-responsive cancers. Previous researches reported the cross-talk between estrogen/$ER{\alpha}$ and TGF-${\beta}$ pathway. Especially, based on the E2-mediated inhibition of TGF-${\beta}$ signaling, we examined the inhibition effect of 4-tert-octylphenol (OP) and 4-nonylphenol (NP), which are well known xenoestrogens in endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), on TGF-${\beta}$ signaling via semi-quantitative reverse-transcription PCR. The treatment of E2, OP, or NP resulted in the downregulation of TGF-${\beta}$ receptor2 (TGF-${\beta}$ R2) in TGF-${\beta}$ signaling pathway. However, the expression level of TGF-${\beta}1$ and TGF-${\beta}$ receptor1 (TGF-${\beta}$ R1) genes was not altered. On the other hand, E2, OP, or NP upregulated the expression of a cell-cycle regulating gene, c-myc, which is a oncogene and a downstream target gene of TGF-${\beta}$ signaling pathway. As a result of downregulation of TGF-${\beta}$ R2 and the upregulation of c-myc, E2, OP, or NP increased cell proliferation of BG-1 ovarian cancer cells. Taken together, these results suggest that E2 and these two EDCs may mediate cancer cell proliferation by inhibiting TGF-${\beta}$ signaling via the downregulation of TGF-${\beta}$ R2 and the upregulation of c-myc oncogene. In addition, it can be inferred that these EDCs have the possibility of tumorigenesis in estrogen-responsive organs by certainly representing estrogenic effect in inhibiting TGF-${\beta}$ signaling.

• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제47권1호
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• pp.75-84
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• 2021

본 연구에서는 3 개의 아미노산으로 이루어진 트리펩타이드의 미세먼지에 의한 인간각질형성세포의 손상 억제 효과에 대해 확인하였다. 실험 결과 트리펩타이드 처리 시 미세먼지에 의한 세포 사멸이 억제되어 생존율 증가가 관찰되었으며, aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) 기전 활성이 억제 되어 독성 대사체 생성과 염증반응에 관여하는 하위 인자인 cytochrome P450 family 1 subfamily A member 1 (CYP1A1) 및 cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)의 발현이 저해되었다. 또한 미세먼지에 의한 산화적 스트레스 억제 효과를 나타내어 염증성 사이토카인의 발현을 저해하였고, 피부 구성 단백질의 분해를 유도하는 matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1)의 발현을 저해하였으며, 세포 사멸 인자의 수준을 저해하였다. 이 결과를 종합해 볼 때, 본 연구의 트리펩타이드는 미세먼지에 의한 인간각질형성세포의 사멸 및 주변 피부 조직의 손상을 유도할 수 있는 기전들을 억제하여 보호 효과를 나타내는 것으로 보인다. 트리펩타이드의 이러한 안티폴루션 효과는 신규 기능성 화장품 소재로 응용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.529-539
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• 2022

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a multifactorial immune-mediated disease, the pathogenesis of which involves different cell types. T-cell activation plays an important role in RA. Therefore, inhibiting T-cell activation is one of the current therapeutic strategies. Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4-immunoglobulin (CTLA4-Ig), also known as abatacept, reduces cytokine secretion by inhibiting T-cell activation. To achieve a homeostatic therapeutic effect, CTLA4-Ig has to be administered repeatedly over several weeks, which limits its applicability in RA treatment. To overcome this limitation, we increased the number of sialic acid-capped antennas by genetically engineering the CTLA4 region to increase the therapeutic effect of CTLA4-Ig. N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (GnT) and α2,6-sialyltransferase (α2,6-ST) were co-overexpressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells to generate a highly sialylated CTLA4-Ig fusion protein, named ST6. The therapeutic and immunogenic effects of ST6 and CTLA4-Ig were compared. ST6 dose-dependently decreased paw edema in a mouse model of collagen-induced arthritis and reduced cytokine levels in a co-culture cell assay in a similar manner to CTLA4-Ig. ST6- and CTLA4-Ig-induced T cell-derived cytokines were examined in CD4 T cells isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells after cell killing through irradiation followed by flow- and magnetic-bead-assisted separation. Interestingly, compared to CTLA4-Ig, ST6 was substantially less immunogenic and more stable and durable. Our data suggest that ST6 can serve as a novel, less immunogenic therapeutic strategy for patients with RA.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.141-155
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• 2001

Objective : The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of Injin fractions on hepatic fibrosis induced by $TGF-{\beta}1$. Method : $TGF-{\beta}1$ mRNA, protein, $TGF-{\beta}1$ receptor, Smad family and PAI-I mRNA were studied in HepG2 cell, and the proliferation, connective tissue growth factor, fibronectin and collagen type I mRNA in T3891 fibroblast by quantitative RT-PCR, ELISA and thymidine incorporation assay. Results : On $TGF-{\beta}1$ mRNA and protein synthesis in HepG2, $H_2O$, butanol and hexane fractions of Injin showed inhibitory effect in a dose-dependent way. In the study on $TGF-{\beta}1$ receptor, Smad family and PAI-1 mRNA in HepG2, $H_2O$, butanol and hexane fraction of Injin showed inhibitory effect on the expression of PAI-1 in a dose-dependent way. On the proliferation of T3891 fibroblast induced by $TGF-{\beta}1$, $H_2O$, ethylacetate and butanol fractions of Injin showed inhibitory effect. In the study on the factors affected by $TGF-{\beta}1$, $H_2O$, ethylacetate and butanol fractions of Injin showed inhibitory effect on CTGF, and $H_2O$, butanol, chloroform and hexane fractions showed inhibitory effect on the expression of collagen type I, whereas no fraction showed inhibitory effect on the expression of fibronectin Conclusion : These results show that each fraction of Injin acts as a fibrosis inhibitory factor by itself or in combination, ultimately inhibiting liver cirrhosis.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.9-15
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• 2000

This study was conducted to investigate the antimicrobial activity of grapefruit extracts and polylysine mixture against food-borne pathogens. The mixture was showed a potent and quick antibacterial activity for 5 major bacteria causing food poisoning i.e. Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli O-157, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio cholerae. The antibacterial effect of the mixture on the ordinary bacteria inhibiting on the surface of lettuce was lasted even 6 hrs after the treatment, however the mixture was non-effective on the color, smell and taste of lettuce. The treatment with 10% mixture solution of the foods such as fish, meat, rice and bread suppressed the growth of the bacteria and kept the foods more freshly than the untreated foods.