• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.51 no.5
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• pp.536-539
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• 2013

In this study, mixed plant extracts including Phellodendro namurense and Eucommia ulmides Oliv were tested for antimicrobial activity and safety. Antimicrobial activity was measured by disc diffusion method using normal skin flora and opportunistic microbes such as Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans. As safety test, single dose oral toxicity test, single dose inhalation toxicity test and repeat dose inhalation toxicity test were done. From antimicrobial test, plant extracts showed significant antimicrobial activity Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, however, did not indicate any antibacterial effect on Escherichia coli. From 3 kinds of safety tests, toxicity of mixed plant extracts was not observed. From experimental results, mixed plant extracts including Phellodendro namurense and Eucommia ulmides Oliv showed good potential for natural antimicrobial agent.

• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.43-51
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• 2012

This study was carried out to observe the impacts of a mouse's inhalation of toxic gas SO2 generated from combustion on its organs by different concentrations. As for research methods: First, after concentrations of SO2 generation from combustion had been set to three: low (10.4 ppm), middle (24.9 ppm) and high (122 ppm) through Gas Toxicity Testing Method (KS F 2271) and SO2 combustion gas was exposed to eight mice in each concentration. Five mice that were able to move based on LD50, a criterion, which sets the down time of a mouse's average behaviors to over 9 minutes, were randomly selected in each concentration, and they were set up as the subjects of the study on toxicity bio-markers. Second, tissues were taken from heart, liver, lungs, spleen and the thymus gland of the mice selected in each concentration and a pathological examination of them was carried out. As a result, microvascular congestion appeared in the heart, and cell necrosis, cortex congestion and tubule medulla congestion, etc. in each concentration were observed in addition to vascular congestion in liver, lungs, spleen and the thymus gland. Also, it was found that the higher the concentrations of SO2 exposure is, the greater, the changes in the organs get. Through this study, SO2 of various toxic gases generated from fire turned out to affect the tissues of each organ of a mouse, it is expected that the toxic gases may greatly affect human body in case of actual fire, and this study is evaluated as having a significance as a basic data on inhalation toxicity assessment of toxic substances generated in combustion.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.249-263
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• 2004

Objectives: The objectives of the present study were to establish the exposure monitoring method of chlorpyrifos and chlorothalonil application to pear and field red pepper by vehicle-mounted sprayer, hand-held sprayer and to assess the risk. Methods and Results: Chlorpyrifos met all of requirements of sampling and analysis method(U.S. EPA), but chlorothalonil met only dermal patch method. Potential dermal and inhalation exposure was evaluated in 42 farmers. Compared with the hand-held sprayer application, vehicle mounted sprayer demonstrated producing relatively lower dermal exposure levels with statistical significance. In dermal exposure during hand-held application, there is no significant difference between pear and red pepper. Conclusions: This results show that application method is the main factor of dermal exposure. There was no statistically significant difference between each group of respiratory exposure level. The margin of safety (MOS) was calculated to assess the risk of pesticide exposure. All Chlorpyrifos MOS values are lower than 0.2, which mean working conditions are unsafe. In order to protect farmers, big efforts to control exposure are needed.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.497-510
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• 2019

Objectives: The aim of this study was to secure the reliability of using the CalTOX model when evaluating LADD (or ADD) and Risk (or HQ) among local residents for the emission of BTEX (Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, Xylene) and by closely examining the difference in the confidence interval of the assessment outcomes according to the difference in the probability density function of input variables. Methods: The assessment was made by dividing it according to the method ($I^{\dagger}$) of inputting the probability density function in meteorological variables of the model with log-normal distribution and the method of inputting ($II^{\ddagger}$) after grasping the optimal probability density function using @Risk. A T-test was carried out in order to analyze the difference in confidence interval of the two assessment results. Results: It was evaluated to be 1.46E-03 mg/kg-d in LADD of Benzene, 1.96E-04 mg/kg-d in ADD of Toluene, 8.15E-05 mg/kg-d in ADD of Ethylbenzene, and 2.30E-04 mg/kg-d in ADD of Xylene. As for the predicted confidence interval in LADD and ADD, there was a significant difference between the $I^{\dagger}$ and $II^{\ddagger}$ methods in $LADD_{Inhalation}$ for Benzene, and in $ADD_{Inhalation}$ and ADD for Toluene and Xylene. It appeared to be 3.58E-05 for risk in Benzene, 3.78E-03 for HQ in Toluene, 1.48E-03 for HQ in Ethylbenzene, and 3.77E-03 for HQ in Xylene. As a result of the HQ in Toluene and Xylene, the difference in confidence interval between the $I^{\dagger}$ and $II^{\ddagger}$ methods was shown to be significant. Conclusions: The human risk assessment for BTEX was made by dividing it into the method ($I^{\dagger}$) of inputting the probability density function of meteorological variables for the CalTOX model with log-normal distribution, and the method of inputting ($II^{\ddagger}$) after grasping the optimal probability density function using @Risk. As a result, it was identified that Risk (or HQ) is the same, but that there is a significant difference in the confidence interval of Risk (or HQ) between the $I^{\dagger}$ and $II^{\ddagger}$ methods.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.257-267
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• 1997

This study focuses on the health risk assessment of airborne volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in a petrochemical complex, with several emphases on a risk assessment method. The first emphasis is on the importance of hazard identification to determine the likely carcinogenic potential of a VOC. Without considering this type of information, a direct comparison of the carcinogenic risks of two pollutants is meaningless. Therefore, wer suggest that this type of information be prepared and be listed with the estimate of cancer risk in parallel. The second emphasis is on the selection of a better dose-response model to estimate unit risk or cancer potency factor of a carcinogenic VOC. Finally, probilistic risk assessment method is discussed and recommended to use within a comparison of conventional point-estimate method. A health risk assessment has also been carried out. For non-carcinogenic risk, even the highest hazard index for carbon tetrachloride is estimated to be less than 1 with the other VOCs less than 0.03. However, the lifetime cancer risk from the inhalation of airborne VOCs is estimated to be about $2.6 \times 10^{-4}$ which is higher than the risk standard of $10^{-6}$ or even $10^{-5}$. Therefore, the investigation into domestic petrochemical complexes should be strengthened to obtain more fine long-term airborne VOC data.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.671-678
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• 1997

The objective was to evaluate method of feeding (free access or intubation), method of slaughter (carbon dioxide gas or barbiturate) and digesta flushing medium (distilled water or physiological saline), in the development of an ileal amino acid digestibility assay for 4 week-old broiler chickens. Three diets were used (commercial (C), semi-synthetic meat-and bone meal (MBM) or wheat (W)). For the coarser C and W diets but not for the MBM diet, feeding method had a significant effect on concentrations of chromium (Cr), nitrogen (N), acid detergent fibre (ADF) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) in the crop contents at a set time after a meal. There appeared to be a selection of food particles under free-access feeding. For birds receiving the wheat diet there was an effect (p < 0.05) of sampling time after feeding on the concentrations of Cr, N, ADF and NDF/Cr in the crop contents. Flushing ileal digesta with distilled water or saline led to similar apparent ileal N digestibility coefficients. Birds given the MBM diet, and killed by inhalation of $CO_2$, had significantly (p < 0.05) lower apparent ileal N digestibility coefficients (73 versus 80%) than those killed by barbiturate overdose.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.100-106
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• 2012

Objectives: Diazinon is an insecticide which acts as a contact stomach and respiratory poison, and used throughout the world to control a wide range of sucking and chewing insects and mites on a range of crops. In this study, the airborne diazinon levels were measured for farmers, pest control operaters, landscapers, and agricultural chemicals sellers, and an assessment of the health risk to the workers was presented. The exposure scenario was based on the route of inhalation and skin absorption. The "OSHA Method No. 62" was used to sample and measure the airborne diazinon levels. The skin wipe method was applied to measure the level of the diazinone exposure through the skin. For the determination of exposure scenario, the exposure factors were surveyed for the daily average inhalation rate and the exposure period and frequency and time of diazinone as well as the body weight and lifetime of the workers. The median values of exposure frequency and exposure time were selected after evaluating the validity of those. Methods: The highest level of the diazinon exposure in the air was $107.21ug/m^3$ in farmers, followed by $93.53ug/m^3$ in landscapers, at $31.40ug/m^3$ in pest control operators, and $1.04ug/m^3$ in agricultural chemical seller. The amount of skin absorption was the highest in farmers at 63.39 ug/day, followed by landscapers at 10.47 ng/day, pest control operaters at 4.26 ng/day, and agricultural chemicals sellers at 0.34 ng/day. The hazardous indices calculated using toxicological reference value were 2.79 for pest control operaters, 0.41 for landscapers, 0.07 for agricultural chemicals sellers, and 0.06 for farmers. Conclusions: While the farmers were exposed to the high levels of diazinon through the air and skin, the pest control operaters, landscapers and agricultural chemicals sellers have more the diazinon hazards than the farmer based on the risk assessment in this study.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.57 no.10
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• pp.461-463
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• 2014

Decreased exercise capacity after Fontan surgery is relatively common and the failure of the Fontan state gradually increases with age. However, there is no further treatment for patients with Fontan circulation. Pulmonary vasodilation therapy is an effective method to solve this problem because pulmonary vascular resistance is a major factor of the Fontan problem. Inhaled iloprost is a chemically stable prostacyclin analogue and a potent pulmonary vasodilator. We experienced two cases of Fontan patients treated with inhaled iloprost for 12 weeks. The first patient was an 18-year-old female with pulmonary atresia with an intact ventricular septum, and the second patient was a 22-year-old male with a double outlet right ventricle. Fifteen years have passed since both patients received Fontan surgery. While the pulmonary pressure was not decreased significantly, improved exercise capacity and cardiac output were observed without any major side effects in both patients. The iloprost inhalation therapy was well tolerated and effective for the symptomatic treatment of Fontan patients.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.16 no.1 s.29
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• pp.451-467
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• 1995

In order to study on Bu-ja(Oh-du) toxicosis, the outhor investigated many documents. The results obtained were as follows: 1. Toxicosis of Bu-ja(Oh-du) arised mainly from carelessness in use. 2. In the symptoms of Bu-ja(Oh-du), Heart System(心系) symptom often came out. 3. The general and local paralysis, falling of blood pressure in Heart System(心系) symptom : vertigo, cramp in Liver System(肝系) symptom : nausea, vomiting in Spleen System (脾系) symptom : difficulty of breathing in Lung System(肺系) symptom : wasting disease in Kidney System (腎系) symptom frequently originated from toxicosis of Bu-ja(Oh-du). 4. In the detoification method, there are atropin injection, carrying out a gastric lavage, and supplying a liquid medicine from the western medicine : taking ginger-licorice root decoction, taking mung beans thick decoction and getting vomited with soaked cinnamon from the oriental medicine. And also keeping warm and oxygen inhalation were used to counteract poison. 5. A pregnant woman, heat of excess type(實熱), yang sydrome(陽證 )must not be taken Bu-ja(Oh-du).

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.511-515
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• 1984

In this study, 213 cases of the spontaneous pneumothorax experienced at the department of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery, Chungnam National University Hospital during from April, 1977, till Dec, 1983 were reviewed. 1.Sex ratio of the studied patients was 7.19;1 showing high incidence male patients. The incidence according to the age group showed that 20.2%, 18.3% of the patients belong to the age group 6th, 5th decade respectively. 2.The etiologic factors were as follows, tuberculous origin in 50.2%, unknown origin in 28.2%, COPD in 3.3%, bullae in 8.5%. The site was right in 47.9% and left in 44.1%, bilateral in 8%. 3.The clinical symptoms were frequently dyspnea in 35%, chest pain in 27.5%. 4.The employed method of treatment were as follow, bed rest with oxygen inhalation in 1.9%, closed thoracostomy in 95.8%, open thoracotomy in 7.98%, which bullectomy was performed in 12 cases and pneumonectomy in 3 cases and lobectomy in 1 case and decortication with simple closure of bleb was performed in remaining 1 case. 5.The duration of closed thoracostomy was longer in tuberculosis, which average duration was 11.28 days. 6.The overall recurrent rate was 12.3%.