• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.42-48
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• 2020

Background: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory condition which can be studied using phthalic anhydride (PA) to induce AD. Anti-inflammatory properties of bee venom (BV) wereinvestigated to determine whether it may be a useful treatment for AD. Methods: AD was induced by applying to pical PA to 8-week-old HR-1 mice (N = 50), then treating with (0.1, 0.25, and 0.5 ㎍) or without topical BV. Body weight, ear thickness histology, enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay (serum IgE concentrations), Western blot analysis [inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, IκB-α, phospho-IκB-α, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), phospho-JNK, p38, phospho-p38, extra cellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and phospho-ERK], and the pull down assay for immunoblotting (p50), were used to measure inflammatory mediators. Results: PA + BV (0.1, 0.25, and 0.5 ㎍) significantly decreased ear thickness without altering body weight. IgE concentrations decreased in the PA + BV (0.5 ㎍)-treated groups compared with PAtreatment. Tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, phospho-IκB-α, phospho-JNK, p38, phospho-p38, and phospho-ERK, all decreased following treatment with PA + BV compared with the PA-treatment alone. p50 was upregulated in the PA + BV-treated groups compared with the PA-treated group. Furthermore, the number of mast cells decreased in the PA + BV-treated groups compared with the PA-treated group. Epidermal thickness was significantly lower in the PA + BV-treated group compared with PA treatment alone. Conclusion: BV maybe a useful anti-inflammatory treatment for AD.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.182-190
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• 2015

The Zostera marina ethanolic extract (ZMEE) was tested in this study to investigate the anti-inflammatory activity in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells and mouse model. Nitric oxide production and inducible nitiric oxide synthase expression in cells treated with ZMEE was reduced significantly in a dose-dependent manner. Similarly, the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-6, IL-$1{\beta}$, and TNF-${\alpha}$ was inhibited markedly. In addition, the expression of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-${\kappa}B$) and the phosphorylation of JNK, ERK, and p38 MAPKs was suppressed by ZMEE as well. In vivo test, ZMEE attenuated the croton oil-induced mouse ear edema and there were no mortalities in mice administered 5,000 mg/kg body weight of ZMEE during the observation periods. The results in photomicrograph of mice ear tissue showed the reduction of dermal thickness and the number of infiltrated mast cells. These results indicate that ZMEE inhibits the production of LPS-induced pro-inflammatory mediators, suggesting that ZMEE may be a potential material for anti-inflammatory therapies.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.423-434
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• 2014

Objectives: Activated microglia cells play an important role in inflammatory responses in the central nervous system (CNS) which are involved in neurodegenerative diseases. We attempted to determine the anti-inflammatory effects of Cheongnoimyungshin-hwan (CNMSH) in microglia cells. Methods: We examined the effect of CNMSH on the inflammatory responses in BV2 microglia cells induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and explored the mechanism underlying the action of CNMSH. Results: BV2 cells treated with LPS showed an up-regulation of nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin $PGE_2(PGE_2)$ and interleukin $1{\beta}(IL-1{\beta})$ release, whereas CNMSH suppressed this up-regulation. CNMSH inhibited the induction of COX-2, iNOS and $IL-1{\beta}$ proteins in LPS-treated BV2 cells and blocked the LPS-induced phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of nuclear factor ${\kappa}B(NF-{\kappa}B$). Furthermore, CNMSH attenuated the LPS-induced phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase and p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK), as well as the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathway, but did not inhibit the LPS-induced phosphorylation of c-Jun amino terminal kinase. Conclusions: These results suggest that the inhibitory effect of CNMSH on the LPS-induced production of inflammatory mediators and cytokines in BV2 cells is associated with the suppression of the $NF-{\kappa}B$ and PI3KAkt signaling pathways.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.714-720
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• 2007

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by inflammatory cell infiltration in the skin. This study was performed to assess the therapeutic effects of BHOSB on the DNCB-induced dermatitis in NC/Nga mice, characterized by the onset of AD along with an increase the number of inflammatory cells and dysregulation of inflammatory mediators including cytokines and chemokines. BHOSB administration significantly reduced clinical dermatitis severity including pruritus, edema, eczematous and erythema. Histological findings indicated that the thickening of epidermis/dermis and dermal infiltration of inflammatory cells including mast cells were dramatically reduced. The suppression of dermatitis by BHOSB was accompanied by a decrease in the number of CD11b$^+$/Gr-1$^+$ immune cells in skin but not CD3$^+$/CCR3$^+$ cells. However, the number of CD3$^+$ cells was increased in BHOSB administrated NC/Nga mice. Oral administration of BHOSB significantly reduced the level of IL-6, TNF-a and eotaxin 2 mRNA in skin. These data suggest that BHOSB may be effective therapeutic agents for the treatment of AD.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.105-112
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• 2010

Korean Sophora japonica has been found to posses an anti-inflammatory activity. In this study, Korean Sophora japonica extract, rutin, was used to know whether rutin inhibits to produce inflammatory mediators NO and TNF-$\alpha$ from the mouse peritoneal macrophages that were treated an inflammatory agent LPS. The rutin-1 hr pretreated macrophages were incubated with LPS for 0.5~5 hrs, and then collected the supernatant and the cell lysate for measurements of the level of iNOS, NO, TNF-$\alpha$ mRNA, TNF-$\alpha$, and p-NF-${\kappa}B$. Minimal and maximal effective doses of the rutin on them were 1 and $100{\mu}g/ml$, respectively. The maximal effective dose of rutin certainly inhibted the productions of iNOS, NO, TNF-$\alpha$ mRNA, TNF-$\alpha$and p-NF-${\kappa}B$ from the LPS-treated macrophages (p<0.0001). Its $ED_{50}$ for inhibition of TNF-$\alpha$ mRNA and p-NF-${\kappa}B$ was $5{\mu}g/m{\ell}$, and for iNOS, NO, and TNF-$\alpha$ was $10{\mu}g/m{\ell}$. The rutin did not have any cytotoxic effect. As the results, the Sophora japonica rutin could be a good candidate for an anti-inflammatory action.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.49-68
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• 2008

Purpose: This study was performed to evaluate anti-inflammatory effects of Cheongyeoljohyeoltangkamibang water extract (CYJHT). Methods: In the study of anti-inflammatory effects. CYJHT was investigated using cultured cells and murine models. As for the parameters of inflammation. levels of several inflammatory cytokines and chemical mediators which are known to be related to inflammation were determined in mouse lung fibroblast cells(mLFCs). RAW 264.7 cells and acute inflammation-induced mice. Results: 1. CYJHT showed a safety in cytotoxicity and toxicity of liver. 2. CYJHT effected scavenging activity on 2.2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) free radical, superoxide dismutase(SOD) and superoxide anion radical(SAR). 3. CYJHT in RAW 264.7 cell decreased IL-l$\beta$ mRNA expression at 100, 50 ${\mu}g$/ml and also decreased TNF-$\alpha$ mRNA expression at 100 ${\mu}g/ml$ and decreased COX-2. NOS-II mRNA expression and decreased IL-6 mRNA expression in a concentration-dependent manner. 4. CYJHT in RAW 264.7 cell decreased IL-l$\beta$ significantly at 100, 50 ${\mu}g$/ml and decreased IL-6. TNF-$\alpha$ significantly at 100 ${\mu}g$/ml. 5. CYJHT inhibited IL-l1$\beta$, IL-6 and TNF-$\alpha$ production significantly in serum of acute inflammation-induced mice. 6. CYJHT decreased IL-1$\beta$, IL-6 and TNF-$\alpha$ mRNA production significantly in spleen tissue. and also decreased IL-l$\beta$. TNF-$\alpha$ mRNA production significantly in liver tissue of acute inflammation-induced mice. Conclusion: These results suggest that CYJHT can be useful in treating diverse female diseases caused by inflammation such as menstrual pain. menstrual disorder. leukorrhea. pelvic inflammatory disease and so on.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.295-300
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• 2021

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of Celeriac Extract on the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Inflammation is caused by pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β and mediators such as free radicals. We investigated the effect of Celeriac Extract (1ug/mL, 10ug/mL, 100ug/mL) on the production of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β and NO by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. These results demonstrated that Celeriac Extract inhibited the production of TNF-α, IL-6 and NO, without cytotoxicity significantly. Therefore, these findings suggest that Celeriac Extract may attenuate inflammatory responses via inhibition of production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and NO.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.54 no.3
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• pp.201-208
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• 2022

Neuroinflammation is defined as a neurological inflammation within the brain and the spinal cord. In neuroinflammation, microglia are the tissue-resident macrophages of the central nervous system, which act as the first line of defense against harmful pathogens. Dexmedetomidine (Dex) has an anti-inflammatory effect in many neurological conditions. Additionally, the microRNA-30a-5p (miR-30a-5p) mimic has been proven to be effective in macrophages in inflammatory conditions. This study aimed to investigate the synergistic anti-inflammatory effects of both miR-30a-5p and Dex in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced BV2 cells. This study showed that miR-30a-5p and Dex decreased nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) translocation in LPS-induced BV2 cells. MiR-30a-5p and Dex alleviated tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), LPS-induced phosphorylation c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and p38. Also, the expression of the NOD-like receptor pyrin domain containing 3 inflammasome (NLRP3), cleaved caspase-1, and ASC was inhibited. Furthermore, LPS-stimulated nitric oxide (NO) production, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression were attenuated by Dex and miR-30a-5p. Our results indicate that a combination of Dex and miR-30a-5p, attenuates NF-κB activation, the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway, and inflammatory mediators involved in LPS-induced inflammation and inhibits the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in LPS-activated BV2 cells.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.85-96
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• 2021

Reflux esophagitis (RE) is a common gastrointestinal disease observed at all ages, which seriously affects the quality of life. In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of Pomacea canaliculata extract (PCE) using the experimental RE rat model. RE was induced by a surgical procedure. The rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: normal group, RE group, PCE group (RE treated with PCE, 100 mg/kg), positive control group (RE treated with ranitidine, 40 mg/kg). We performed the histological examination and measured the expression of tight junction complex and inflammatory mediators using western blot analysis. The phenotypes of RE were attenuated by PCE treatment. PCE administration significantly reduced esophageal mucosal damage and protected tight junction confirmed by claudin-5. Furthermore, PCE treatment reduced inflammatory reaction by inhibiting the expression of COX-2 and TNF-α. PCE treatment, also, reduced translocation of NF-κB into nuclear and IκB-α phosphorylation at the same time. Our findings indicate that PCE has the potential as a novel therapeutic agent to inhibit RE by protecting mucosal damage and regulating inflammatory reactions mediated by NF-κB signaling.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.40-59
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• 2020

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of ethanol extracts from Forsythia viridissima Lindley's fructus and Lonicera japonica Thunberg's flos in vitro, which has been frequently used in inflammatory diseases. Methods: In this experiment, the anti-inflammatory effects of ethanol extracts from Forsythia viridissima Lindley's fructus and Lonicera japonica Thunberg's flos were evaluated by checking the following substances of LPS-activated Raw264.7 cell: Prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂), Nitric oxide (NO), Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inducible Nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), Interlukine-1β (IL-1β), Interlukine-6 (IL-6), Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), Inhibitor of kappa B-α (IκBα), Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). And additionally measured reactive oxygen species (ROS) and free radicals to check the antioxidant effect of ethanol extracts from Forsythia viridissima Lindley's fructus and Lonicera japonica Thunberg's flos which affect inflammatory responses. Results: As a result of measuring anti-inflammatory efficacy, PGE2, NO, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α production amounts were reduced in the ethanol extracts from Forsythia viridissima Lindley's fructus and Lonicera japonica Thunberg's flos groups compared with the control group, and decreased the amount of COX-2 mRNA, iNOS mRNA gene expression. Expression of MAPK (ERK, JNK, p38) pathway was decreased. Expression of IκBα was increased and NF-κB was decreased. It is demonstrated that ethanol extracts from Forsythia viridissima Lindley's fructus and Lonicera japonica Thunberg's flos, by reducing NF-κB, regulate the expression of the inflammatory genes and reduce the inflammatory mediators. Ethanol extracts from Forsythia viridissima Lindley's fructus and Lonicera japonica Thunberg's flos also decreased ROS production and free radicals, which shown to have antioxidant efficacy and influence anti-inflammatory effects. Conclusions: These data suggest that ethanol extracts from Forsythia viridissima Lindley's fructus and Lonicera japonica Thunberg's flos can be used to treat various inflammatory diseases.