• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.88-96
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• 2009

Purpose: This study was done to investigate effects of Meridian massage on the growth of the infant and on mother-infant interaction, mother-infant attachment, and the mother's satisfaction with her mothering role. Method: The participants were 39 mothers of infants who were seen at one of two urban public health centers located in Yangju or Seoul. Data were collected from February 2008 to December 2008. Infants in the experimental group were given Meridian massage for 50 minutes (lecture 20 minutes, practice 15 minutes, preparation and arrangement 15 minutes) once a week for 6 weeks. Percentages, means with standard deviation, $X^2$-test, repeated measured ANOVA, and ANCOVA were used with the SPSS program to analyze the data. Results: Infants in the experimental group showed an increase in weight & height compared to those in the control group. Mother-infant interaction, mother-infant attachment, and satisfaction with mothering role were significantly higher in the experimental group than the control group. Conclusion: The above finding suggest that Meridian massage should be applied in clinical practice to improve growth of infants, interaction and attachment between infants and their mothers, and the mother's satisfaction with her mothering role.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.111-128
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• 2004

Responsiveness and initiative between infant and mother from toy centered play situation at 6, 7 months of age and infant's social communication skills at 12 months were studied in a sample of 62 infant-mother pairs. Through the video analysis, infants were grouped into simple react group, cooperated group, and active initiative group. In the between groups, we analyzed whether mother's initiative act styles and response styles were different, and whether their social communication skills were different when they tested at 12 months. The results showed that mother's initiative styles were not different but mother's response styles were significantly different with infant groups. Further result showed that cooperated group gained higher score than active initiative group in the total score of Eary Social Communication Skills scales at 12 months of age. The results suggested that mother's responsive behaviors were more important than initiative behaviors for the infant's positive interaction, and the difference of these behaviors would lead to a gap of early social communication abilities.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.81-100
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• 2014

This study aimed to explore the causal relationship between an infant-mother's job satisfaction, psychological features, parenting stress and marital conflict through structural equation modeling. Specifically, we tried to identify influences of an infant-mother's job satisfaction on parenting stress and marital conflict and demonstrated how psychological features (self-efficacy, self-esteem, and depression) were mediated by these influences by using a sample of 444 Korean infant-mothers with jobs from the 3rd year of Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey with AMOS 20.0. First, the results demonstrated that job satisfaction of an infant-mother positively related to their self-efficacy and self-esteem whereas negatively related to depression among psychological features. Furthermore, job satisfaction of an infant-mother showed negative relationships with parenting stress and marital conflict. Second, an infant-mother's job satisfaction did predict marital conflict, but not parenting stress. However, these job satisfactions were mediated by an infant-mother's psychological factors. Findings were discussed with regard to the relationship between an infant-mother's job satisfaction, parenting stress, and martial conflict in the family counseling implications.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.117-124
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• 2005

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of sensory stimulation conducted by primiparas on mother-infant interaction, maternal self-esteem and infant temperament. Method: A non-equivalent control group post-test study design was used. The data were collected from December 1, 2001 to March 30, 2003. The participants were 39 primiparas with normal birth weight infants. They were divided into two groups, 20 mothers in the intervention group and 19 in the control group. The mothers in the intervention group were given instruction on sensory stimulation by the researcher, and the mothers, in turn, used this technique on their infants twice a day during the first 2 months of life. Both groups were measured for maternal self-esteem and infant temperament using the maternal self-report inventory (MSRI) and What My Baby Is Like (WBL) and a film was made of the feeding situation when each infant was between 8 and 10 weeks of age. Results: Compared to the control group, the experimental group had significantly higher scores in mother-infant interaction, maternal self-concept and infant temperament. Conclusion: This suggests that sensory stimulation conducted by primiparas may improve the mother-infant interaction, maternal self-esteem and infant temperament.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.224-230
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• 2009

Purpose: This study was conducted to investigate infant temperament and mother-infant attachment of breast-feeding mothers with a $5{\sim}7$ month old infant. Methods: This study was descriptive research. The subjects were 258 infants and their mothers participating in 'Year 2007 Healthy Breastfed Baby Contest' on September 5, 2007 and visiting a community health service center from September 1 to December 30 in 2007, The data was gathered by structured questionnaires about the 'maternal attachment inventory (MAI)' and 'what my baby is like (WBL)'. Results: The mean score of WBL was 6.75 and that of MAI was 3.88. In addition, there was a significant positive correlation between the score of infant temperament and mother-infant attachment (r = .33, p < .01). Conclusion: Breast-feeding mothers perceived infant's temperament as more positive, therefore, breast-feeding should be encouraged.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.504-514
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• 2004

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to identify the influencing factors of mother-infant attachment and construct a descriptive model that explains mother-infant attachment during the early postpartum period. Method: The hypothetical model of this study consisted of 8 variables with 23 constructed paths. The subjects of this study were 152 postpartum women. Data was analyzed to test the hypothetical model using covariance structure analysis. Result: The final model which is modified from the hypothetical model improved to Chi-Square 41.92, GFI .95, AGFI .89, RMSR .02, RMSEA .06, NFI .94, and NNFI .95. Mother-infant attachment during the early postpartum period was proven to be influenced directly by neonatal perception, maternal sensitivity, and maternal-fetal attachment and also indirectly by social support, maternal-fetal attachment and maternal identity. These variables accounted for 32% of the variance of the mother-infant attachment during the early postpartum period. Conclusion: It is necessary that the nurses provide postpartum women with an intervention using social support for improving maternal identity and alleviating maternal role strain. It can be helpful to improve maternal sensitivity and in the end it will facilitate the mother-infant attachment during postpartum period.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.21-34
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• 2001

The impact of childhood experience has lifelong significance on subsequent health and development. Especially, the experience of infant is mostly affected by the quality of parental care and rearing environment. But the new mothers usually do not know what to do because of the lack of experience in these days. Therefore, an educational program regarding maternal role would be necessary. This study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the maternal role education program for mother-infant interaction, child-rearing environment, and infant development. Non-equivalent control group time-series design was used, and Barnard's mother-infant interaction model was used as a conceptual framework of this study. The subjects were the healthy infants weighing over 2,500gm at birth, whose gestational age was more than 37 weeks, and their mothers. The final sample consisted of 19 mother-infant dyads for intervention group and 18 dyads for control group. Data were collected from March 15th to September 3rd in 1999. For the intervention group, programmed education which focused on mother-infant interaction, breast feeding, and infant care was provided before discharge. Telephone counselling was provided within one week after discharge. Home visiting for maternal role education was provided twice, one month and three months postpartum. For the control group, home visiting was also conducted but only for data collection. The data were analyzed using chi-square test and t-test to test the equivalence of two groups, and the effectiveness of intervention program was determined with repeated measure ANCOVA and t-test. The results were as follows: 1. Significant differences were found in mother-infant interaction between two groups(p=.000). It indicates that intervention program was effective in improving mother- infant interaction. In subscale analysis, four out of six subscale showed significant differences between the groups: sensitivity to cues (p=.000), social-emotional growth fostering (p=.000), cognitive growth fostering(p=.000) in mothers, and responsiveness to caregiver (p=.019) in infants. 2. The difference in the mean score of childrearing environment (HOME) between the intervention group and control group was significant(p=.003). When each subscale of HOME was examined individually, intervention group showed significantly higher scores in the diversity of stimulation(p=.000), and mother's involvement(p=.001). 3. Three-month-Infants of the intervention group showed higher GQ in the Griffiths mental development scale(p=.026). In subscale analysis, significant differences were found in the personal-social(p=.005), and the hearing and speech(p=.003). In conclusion, the maternal role education program proved to be effective in promoting the mother-infant interaction, organizing the childrearing environment, and fostering the infant development. These results are very meaningful that we found maternal role education necessary for normal infants' mothers, and that nurses can make a great contribution in promoting health of infants and mothers.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.820-828
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• 2004

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the effectiveness of sensory stimulation program administered by primipara on the physical growth and mother-infant feeding interaction for the first 6 months of infancy. Method: Data were collected from December 1, 2001 to June 30, 2003. A total of 35 mothers and their infants were assigned to a control(n=17) and an experimental(n=18) group. Mothers in the experimental group received education related to sensory stimulation program and administered to their infants twice a day for 6 months. Both groups were measured the weight, length, head circumference and chest circumference of infants at 6 weeks, 10 weeks, 14 weeks, 18 weeks, and 22 weeks and the mother-infant feeding interaction at 6 weeks, 10 weeks through the home visiting. Result: Compared to the control group, the experimental group had significantly larger increases in head circumference for intervention period. In addition to, the experimental group showed significantly higher score in mother-infant interaction than control group. Conclusion: These data suggested that sensory stimulation program administered by primipara may improve the physical growth of full term infant and mother-infant feeding interaction.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.251-257
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• 2007

The combined impact of maternal depression, parenting stress, infant cry, and infant temperament on family functions was examined. The sample included 257 mothers in the near communities. Questionnaires completed by the mothers who had 0-36 month old children were used to measure depressive symptoms in mothers, infant cry, infant temperament, parenting stress, and family function. Maternal depression, parenting stress, infant crying and infant temperament had negative influence on family adaptability and family cohesion. Mother's depression had negative effect particularly on infant cry. Infant cry had positive effect on infant temperament. Infant temperament had high direct effect on parenting stress. As a result, it had negative influence on family function.

• International Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.109-117
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• 2011

This study examines the infant crying acoustic characteristics likely to arouse negative emotions and distress in mothers. We used samples of infant crying from three situations (hunger, pain, and the mother's absence) in six healthy infants over six months. We played the recordings of infants crying to 90 mothers in the care of infants and had them self-evaluate emotions and feelings. In addition, the sounds were analyzed acoustically through a CSL4400 to analyze frequency, energy, total expiratory time, and the number of the expirations. In this study, cries due to pain and the absence of the mother caused more unpleasant emotions and irritation in comparison to the infant sounds of hunger. In particular, crying from the absence of the mother caused the most distress. An analysis of these sounds showed that crying in the situations of pain and the absence of the mother were strong in frequency, high energy, and prolonged. These results suggest a relation between infant crying acoustical characteristics and the feelings of distress by the mother.