• 한국양식학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.173-182
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• 1998

이 연구는 붉바리의 생시고 발달과정과 $17^{\alpha}$-methyltestosterone 처리에 의한 웅성화 및 생식소내 생식세포의 변화 과정을 조사하였다. 그 결과, 사육 수조 내에서 붉바리의 생식소 숙도지수와 간 숙도지수의 년중 변화는 붉바리 암컷의 경우 실험구와 대조구에서 생식소 숙도지수는 2월부터 증가하기 시작하여 8월에 가장 높았으며 9월부터 감소하기 시작하여 1월까지 상대적으로 매우 낮은 수치를 나타내었다. 그리고, 수컷과 간성(intersex)의 경우 생식소 숙도 지수는 6월 이수에 감소하였다. 한편 대조구의 붉바리 간숙도 지수는 9월에 가장 낮았으며 난소의 성장기인 4월에서 5월경에 상대적으로 높은 값을 보였으나 실험구에 비해서 상대적으로 훨씬 낮은 값을 보였다. 그러나, 실험 기간 동안 비록 실험구의 간숙도 지수가 대조구보다 높았지만 월변화 추이는 대조구와 비슷한 경향을 나타내었다, 성변환(sex inversion)을 유도하기 위하여 ($17^{\alpha}$)-methyltestosterone (MT)을 어체중 kg당 0.2 mg과 0.5 mg을 120일 동안 경구 투여한 결과 기능적 웅성화 유도를 위해서는 MT 0.5 mg/kg-BW 농도가 MT 0.2 mg/kg-BW 농도보다 적합한 것으로 나타났다. 기능적 수컷의 변환율을 알기 위한 MT 0.5 mg/kg-BW 농도의 처리수에서 기능적 수컷은 전장 28.8 cm와 33.5 cm사이의 개체들에서 관찰할 수 있어서 $17^{\alpha}$-methyltestosterone을 사용한 수컷 유도는 전장 30 cm 이상의 개체들 대상으로 하는 것이 효과적인 것으로 나타났다.

• Journal of Korean Dental Science
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.32-38
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• 2010

Objective : To evaluate the relationship between the dose of Clodronate and serum level of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), calcium (Ca), and phosphate (PO4) during orthodontic tooth movement MaterialS and MethodS: A total of 18 sex-matched Wistar rats (weight=180~230g, mean age=8 weeks) were allocated into the 2.5mM Clodronate (2.5C) group, 10mM Clodronate (10C) group, or control group (n=6 for each group). After the application of a nickel-titanium closed coil spring (force of 60g) between the upper central incisors and first molars (UFM), 2.5C, 10C, or saline was injected every third day into the subperiosteum of the alveolar bone adjacent to UFM for the experimental and control groups. The animals were sacrificed 17 days later. Trunk blood was quickly collected into a heparinized tube and centrifuged at 2,000 rpm for 20 min. The plasma was used for the biochemical assays of the serum level of ALP, Ca, and PO4. Kruskall-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney test with Bonferroni correction were performed for the statistical analyses. Results : Dose-dependent increase in the level of ALP (P<0.01) and decrease in the level of Ca (P<0.001) were observed among the control, 2.5C, and 10C groups. Although there was no significant difference in PO4 between the 2.5C and 10C groups, the 10C group showed a significantly higher level of PO4 than the control group (P<0.01). Conclusion : Since Clodronate induced significant dose-dependent change in the serum level of ALP, Ca, and PO4 during orthodontic tooth movement, orthodontists should consider these biochemical markers not only as a diagnostic tool for bone turnover rate but also as a monitoring tool for orthodontic tooth movement.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.379-388
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• 2011

The mechanism by which gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and dopamine (DA) control gonadotropin (GTH) release was studied in male and female rainbow trout using cultured pituitary cells obtained at different reproductive stages. The mechanisms of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) release by GnRH and DA could not be determined yet. However, basal and salmon-type GnRH (sGnRH)- or chicken-II-type GnRH (cGnRH-II)- induced luteinizing hormone (LH) release increased with gonadal maturation in both sexes. LH release activity was higher after sGnRH stimulation than cGnRH-II stimulation at maturing stages in both sexes. The GnRH antagonist ([Ac-3, 4-dehydro-$Pro^1$, D-p-F-$Phe^2$, D-$Trp^{3,6}$] GnRH) suppressed LH release by sGnRH stimulation in a dose-dependent manner, although the effect was weak in maturing fish. The role of DA as a GTH-release inhibitory factor differs during the reproductive cycle: the inhibition of sGnRH-stimulated LH release by DA was stronger in immature fish than in maturing, ovulating, or spermiated fish. DA did not completely inhibit sGnRH-stimulated LH release, and DA alone did not alter basal LH release. Relatively high doses ($10^{-6}$ or $10^{-5}M$) of domperidone (DOM, a DA D2 antagonist) increased LH release, which did not change with reproductive stage in either sex. The potency of DOM to enhance sGnRH-stimulated LH release was higher in maturing and ovulated fish than in immature fish. These data suggest that LH release from the pituitary gland is controlled by dual neuroendocrine mechanisms by GnRH and DA in rainbow trout, as has been reported in other teleosts. The mechanism of control of FSH release, however, remains unknown.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.375-401
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• 1995

성장기 골격성 제III급 부정교합의 원인은 상악 열성장, 하악 과성장과 두 양상의 조합형태로 나뉠 수 있다. 이중 상악 열성장을 동반한 성장기 골격성 제III급 부정교합의 경우, 상악골 전방견인 장치의 사용이 추천되고 있는데, 이러한 장치의 치료효과는 상악골의 전하방 이동과 하악골의 후하방 회전으로 알려져 있다. 국내외 선학들에 의해 상악골 전방견인 장치의 치료효과에 대한 많은 동물실험과 임상실험 결과가 발표되었으나, 연조직 측모 변화에 대한 연구는 미비한 상태이고, 또한 치료를 받은 환자간의 치료효과에 대한 비교도 부족한 상태이다. 이에 저자는 상악골 열성장으로 인한 성장기 골격성 제III급 부정교합으로 진단받고, 상악골 전방견인 장치로 치료 받은 93명의 환자를 성별, 치료개시 나이별, 구개봉합 opening여부(구강내 장치), 안모성장 형태에 따라 분류하여, 각 유형에 따라 어떠한 경조직과 연조직 측모의 변화가 관찰되는지 여부와, Angle씨 제 I 급 부정교합의 정상군 20명과 상악골 전방견인 장치로 치료받은 환자 사이에 경조직과 연조직에 있어서 성장량과 치료량에 어떠한 관계가 있는지 비교하여 다음의 결론을 얻었다. 1. 상악골 전방견인 장치 사용시 골격적 계측항목과 치아와 연조직 계측항목에서 성장량보다 많은 치료에 의한 변화량을 관찰할 수 있었다. 2. 남녀별 치료개시 나이에 따른 상악골 전방이동량과 하악골의 후하방 회전량에는 유의차가 없었다. 3. R.P.E.에서 La-Li보다 유의성 있는 상악골(A point)의 전방이동을 보였으며, 상악 전치의 순측 돌출이 La-Li를 사용하였을때 보다 감소되었다. 4. 안모성장 형태에 따라서는 상악골 전방이동량에는 유의차가 없었으나, 하악골의 후하방 회전을 나타내는 계측치에서 counterclockwise군이 clockwise군보다 많은 변화를 나타냈다. 5. 상순과 하순의 후경변화는 하부 골조직과 상하악 치아의 위치변화와 높은 상관관계를 보였으며, 상순의 고경과 nasolabial angle이 증가하고, mentolabial angle이 감소되었다.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.11-24
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• 1976

This study was a part of large scale of a prospective study on attitudes of professional students in medicine, nursing and teaching toward population related issues in Korea. The study was first conducted in May 1974 and then in May 1975 for the 1974 class cohot using a questionaire consisted of attitude scales and other items developed by Lee. The purpose of stuay was twohold, namely, to determine the difference in students among specializations on one hand and between the first and second years in the 1974 class cohot regarding tile subject matter. A one-way analysis of variance was used for attitude scale, and absolute and relative frequency were computed for the analysis of non-attitude scale items by employing Fishers' Ratio and Duncan's multiple range test at 5% level and chi square test at 5% level as significance tests. The hypothesis 'students in health profession are more likely to have positive attitudes toward population related issues progressively as class year advances than students in teaching profession' was tested and the following results were obtained: 1) Nursing students were more likely to display favarable attitudes toward family planning than medical or teaching students although the class cohot showed slightly negative improvement in the second year. Medical and teaching students apperaed to have slightly improved attitudes in the second year. 2) Respondents in general perceived national family planning program as a means of population control and this tendency was more true among nursing students as the class year advances than two other professional groups of students. Students in teaching profession appeared to perceive it more as a means to improve individual family welfare while health students were likely to see as to improve maternal and child health. This tendency was progressively improved as the class year advanced. 3) The majority of students regardless of their respective specializations believed that family planning program should be directed toward the improvement of individual family welfare. No progressive changes in the class cohot were observed. 4) About the plan to use contraceptives in future, no singnificant differences were observes among different specializations nor in different class years. However, the majority was confirmed to have a plan to use contracepives in future. An increasing proportion of the undecided category was observed, as class year advanced among health students. 5) Students in health profession were found to be more favorable about 'more leisure opportunities' as motive for limiting number of children whereas education students indicated the reasons as 'facilitate ambitions' and 'economic base' The progressive changes toward positive direction in both groups were observed as the class years advanced. 6) Attitudes toward induced abortions of the health students were observed to be positively related to class years while an inverse relationship was found in teaching students who showed much less favor in the subject matter than health students. This phenomenon may be due to the different exposure to learning environments unique to respective specializations. 7) Health students were found to have more favorable attitudes toward population education in general than the teaching students. The teaching students appeared to have changed more to the negative direction when they became the second year while no such development was observed in health students. The teaching students seemed to hold a very conservative position with regard to sex education in schools. 8) About the equality of sexes, the nursing group was found to be most favorable while the reverse was true in the teaching group. A change in the negative direction as the class year advanced was found in the teaching group. 9) About questions related to fertility values-the 10 percent of respondents regardless of specialization indicated that they would maintain their single status in future, however no change was observed in the second year. The desired number of children was found to be two by the majority of students in nursing, medicine and teaching in order of high proportion. No changes in a different class year were observed. The childless marriage was seen by nursing students as a problem more than other students, but a slight change in positive direction was found when the nursing students became the second year. In summing, as data supported in the above, students in health profession demonstrated more favorable attitudes toward population related issues than the teaching students and this tendency became more apparent in the second year. It was noticed that health students were more conscious about the health aspect of population and family planning program while the teaching students gave more attention to the socioeconomic aspect. The sex variable seemed to have operated in the item related to the equality of sexes. In conclusion, as data presented in the above, the hypothesis of this study was accepted except in the few items. It should be noted that the limitation of this study is the short duration of the observation in measuring the possible attitude changes. It should include curriculum analysis for the respective specializations in order to indentify the area of curriculum impact on students in future study.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.281-286
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• 2000

2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin (TCDD), a ubiquitous environmental contaminant, causes a variety of adverse effects on the male reproductive system in rats. The effect of green tea extract (GTE) was investigated on the testicular function in Spragure-Dawley rats after a single exposure of 10$\mu\textrm{g}$ TCDD/kg body weight. The exposure of rat to TCDD significantly increased the weights of the epididymis and ventral prostate, yet significantly decresed the weight of the seminal vesicle when compared to the controls (p<0.05). In a combined treatment of TCDD with GTE, the organ weight changes caused by TCDD treatment disappeared. Significant decreases in sperm motility and sperm numbers were observed in the TCDD-treated rats, when compared to the control (p<0.05). GTE treatment reversed the decrease of sperm motility and sperm numbers caused by TCDD. There were no differences in sperm morphology, histological changes of the reproductive organs, and spermatogenesis between all the treated groups. In the ventral prostate and seminal vesicle, TCDD increased the CYP1A1 mRNA level, however, it did not affect the estrogen receptor $\beta$ (ER-$\beta$) mRNA level. GTE treatment did not influence the effect of TCDD on the levels of CYP1A1 and Er-$\beta$ mRNA. These results seem to indicate that green tea protects the testicular function against TCDD-induced reproductive toxicity, not because of a receptor-mediated mechanism but rather due to a secondary change of testes or accessory sex organs.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.25-32
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• 1987

전복부조사에 대한 X-선의 영향을 체중과 말초혈액 변화를 분석하여 적정 분할회수 및 치료기간설정에 응용하기 위하여 도합 160마리의 백색마우스를 두개의 조사군으로 나누어 제1군은 100cGy과, 제2군은 200cGy으로 나누고 일령이 $30{\pm}3$일로서 체중은 수컷이 $25{\pm}2gm$, 암컷은 $23{\pm}1gm$의 동수를 재료로 하여 방사선조사를 시행한 후, 체중의 변화와 말초혈액 변화를 분석하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 체중과 혈색소의 변화는 성별이나 분할조사량에 따른 현저한 차이를 발견할 수 없었다. 백혈구의 감소는 3,000cGy에서 최소치를 나타내었으며 암, 수 모두에서 100cGy군에 비해 200cGy군에서 현저하였다. 감별백혈구의 변화는 조사선량이 증가함에 따라 암, 수 모두에서 임파구의 감소가 급격하였으나 호중구는 이와 반대로 증가함을 보였으며 이런 변화는 일회 조사량이 더 많은 제1군에서 현저하였다. 위의 결과를 종합하여 보면 방사선조사 자체로 인한 체중과 혈색소의 변화는 일회조사량이나 총 조사기간에 따른 차이를 발견할 수 없었으며 일회조사량이 많은 경우에 백혈구의 감소가 더 현저하였으며 이는 주로 임파구의 감소에 기인하며 이와는 반대로 호중구의 비율증가가 나타났다. 실험적으로 분할조사량의 선정에 말초혈액상에 미치는 영향이 큼을 보여주어 실제 치료에서 분할조사량의 올바른 책정이 중요함을 시사하였다.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제12권6호
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• pp.67-79
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• 2014

Purpose - This study aims to accomplish three major research goals. First, it strives to change consumers' focus from peripheral routes to a central route of public service advertising related to the good health policy, without problematic effects, by influencing consumers' knowledge or involvement. Second, this study examines the elaboration likelihood model (ELM) and construal level theory (CLT). Specifically, we consider that the central route of ELM might correspond with the focal goal of CLT. Third, this study analyzes ELM through CLT. That is, ELM predicted that low involvement would take the peripheral route, and high involvement would take the central route. Research design, data, and methodology - This study consisted of three experiments. The first experiment had a 2×2 between-subject design. The subjects were university students and the research period was approximately one year. The first independent variable was the involvement of the overweight issue; this variable was measured and split by the median. The second independent variable was the temporal distance (near vs. distant future); this variable was manipulated. The second experiment also had a 2×2 between-subject design. The first variable was the involvement of cervical adenocarcinoma prevention, and was considered already manipulated by sex. Specifically, males had a low involvement of the disease, but females had high involvement. The second independent variable was priming (power vs. submissive). Power priming would induce abstract thinking, but submissive priming would take concrete processing. The third experiment had a 2×2×2 between-subject design. The first variable was cognitive depletion, and was manipulated by memorizing 9-digit numbers. The second and third independent variables were involvement and abstract thinking induction, such as prior experiments. Data were collected through questionnaires, and were analyzed by an SPSS program. Major hypotheses were tested by examining the interaction effects through ANOVA. Results - Major findings are as follows. First, even for low-involved consumers in the overweight category, distant future manipulation induced them to focus not on the peripheral route but on the central route of the public service advertisement. This result does not correspond to the typical ELM prediction. Second, under power priming, low-involved males of the cervical adenocarcinoma category focused on the peripheral route because of the induction to abstract thinking. This result replicated the first experiment, and confirmed the theoretical robustness. Third, high-involved females focused not on the central but on the peripheral route under the mixed condition of cognitive depletion and near future manipulation. Depletion consumed cognitive resources, and the processing mode of consumers changed from systematic to heuristic. Conclusions - ELM needs to be complemented through CLT in context of public service good health advertising. Specifically, the involvement of ELM may impact consumers' thinking mode (abstract vs. concrete), and the interaction effects may influence consumers' focus on advertising (central vs. peripheral route). This study's limitations were bounded subjects, limited stimuli, and somewhat weak external validity.

• 대한안과학회지
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• 제59권12호
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• pp.1173-1180
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• 2018

목적: 원발개방각녹내장 환자에서 섬유주절제술과 백내장수술을 동시에 시행하는 경우 술 후 예측 굴절력의 정확성을 분석하고, 굴절력 오차에 영향을 미치는 요소에 대해 알아보고자 한다. 대상과 방법: 섬유주절제술과 백내장수술을 동시에 시행한 원발개방각녹내장 환자 27명을 대상으로 후향적으로 분석하였다. 술 후 예측 굴절력과 실제 굴절력을 비교하였으며 평균예측오차와 평균절대예측오차를 계산하였다. 같은 시기에 백내장수술만 단독 시행한 나이와 성별이 짝지어지는 대조군과 굴절력 오차를 비교하였다. 또한 굴절력 오차에 영향을 미치는 환자의 수술 전 인자들에 대하여 통계학적으로 분석하였다. 결과: 술 후 평균예측오차는 섬유주절제술과 백내장수술의 병합수술군에서 $+0.02{\pm}0.92$디옵터, 대조군에서 $-0.01{\pm}0.45$디옵터로 유의한 차이는 없었다. 평균절대예측오차는 병합수술군에서 $0.65{\pm}0.64$디옵터, 대조군에서 $0.35{\pm}0.28$디옵터로, 술 후 난시는 병합수술군에서 $-1.07{\pm}0.65$디옵터, 대조군에서 $-0.66{\pm}0.48$디옵터로 병합수술군에서 유의하게 높았다(p=0.035, p=0.020). 술 전 앞방깊이, 술 후 안압 변화가 부정확한 평균절대예측오차와 유의한 연관성을 보였다. 결론: 원발개방각녹내장 환자에서 섬유주절제술과 백내장수술을 동시에 시행하는 경우 술 후 예측 굴절력의 정확성이 떨어지고, 더 큰 난시를 유발하는 것으로 나타났다. 술 전 얕은 앞방깊이, 술 후 큰 안압 변화가 굴절력 오차를 증가시키므로 이를 고려하여야 하겠다.

• 산업노동연구
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.297-323
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• 2011

스웨덴 시간제근로가 주로 여성들의 일자리로 자리잡고 있음에도 불구하고 주변화되지 않고 좋은 일자리로 자리잡게 된 데에는 다음 세가지 조건이 가장 중요하였다고 판단된다. 첫째, 스웨덴에서 시간제근로는 고용유연화를 목적으로 한 것이라기 보다는 생계부양자 모형의 전환을 목적으로 한 포괄적인 일-생활 양립 프로젝트의 일환으로 확산되었으며 보육정책, 육아휴직정책과 긴밀하게 연계되어 시행되고 있다는 점이다. 둘째, 단시간근로 청구권을 바탕으로 한 전환형 시간제가 많아 종사상 지위의 측면에서 볼 때 전일제와 시간제의 지위 상 경계의 구분이 쉽지 않고 부가급여, 사회급여에서 차별적 대우의 근거가 없다는 점이다. 세째 EU근로시간 지침과 노동법, 단체협약에 의해 전일제근로의 노동시간에 대한 규제가 엄격하게 이루어지고 있어 시간제근로에 대한 수요가 크고 그와 함께 시간제근로의 초과근무를 엄격하게 통제하고 있어 시간제근로가 실질적으로 안착될 수 있었다는 점이다. 시간제근로가 스웨덴 여성들의 경제활동 및 생애과정에 미친 영향과 관련해서는 시간제근로가 여성 고용률을 증가시키는 데 기여했다는 데는 연구자들 간에 큰 이견이 없다. 1970년대 이후 시간제근로의 확산 과정을 보면 시간제근로는 기존에 경제활동을 하고 있던 전일제 여성근로자들을 시간제로 전환시킨 것보다는 경제적으로 비활동적이었던 여성들을 노동시장으로 끌어들인 효과가 훨씬 컸다. 시간제근로 확산 이후 스웨덴 여성들의 생애과정의 지배적인 패턴은 양육기 이전 전일제-양육기 시간제-양육기 이후 전일제로 양육기의 경력단절이 최소화된 패턴으로 대체된 것으로 평가된다. 성평등의 관점에서 볼 때 스웨덴의 시간제근로는 여성화의 문제, 여전히 온존하고 있는 성별직종분리의 문제 등 분리된 일자리라는 한계를 안고 있음에도 불구하고 여성들의 노동시장 통합도를 높이고 전일제로의 징검다리 역할을 하는 긍정성을 보여주고 있다.