• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제11권7호
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• pp.3370-3392
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• 2017

Next Generation Beyond 4G/5G systems will rely on the deployment of small cells over conventional macrocells for achieving high spectral efficiency and improved coverage performance, especially for indoor and hotspot environments. In such heterogeneous networks, the expected performance gains can only be derived with the use of efficient interference coordination schemes, such as Fractional Frequency Reuse (FFR), which is very attractive for its simplicity and effectiveness. In this work, femtocells are deployed according to a spatial Poisson Point Process (PPP) over hexagonally shaped, 6-sector macro base stations (MeNBs) in an uncoordinated manner, operating in hybrid mode. A newly introduced intermediary region prevents cross-tier, cross-boundary interference and improves user equipment (UE) performance at the boundary of cell center and cell edge. With tools of stochastic geometry, an analytical framework for the signal-to-interference-plus-noise-ratio (SINR) distribution is developed to evaluate the performance of all UEs in different spatial locations, with consideration to both co-tier and cross-tier interference. Using the SINR distribution framework, average network throughput per tier is derived together with a newly proposed harmonic mean, which ensures fairness in resource allocation amongst all UEs. Finally, the FFR network parameters are optimized for maximizing average network throughput, and the harmonic mean using a fair resource assignment constraint. Numerical results verify the proposed analytical framework, and provide insights into design trade-offs between maximizing throughput and user fairness by appropriately adjusting the spatial partitioning thresholds, the spectrum allocation factor, and the femtocell density.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.324-332
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• 2017

Objectives: Much scientific evidence indicate a positive association between moldy environments and respiratory illnesses and/or symptoms. However, few comprehensive assessments of mold have been performed for such settings. Spore counts or microscopic enumeration only may not be sufficient for evaluating fungal exposure. Recently, Mold Specific QPCR technology developed by the US EPA (Environmental Relative Moldiness Index, ERMI) has been widely used worldwide and great performance for assessing fungal exposure has been shown. Methods: We aimed to develop a Korean version of ERMI suitable for the distribution of fungal flora in Korea. Thirty dwellings in the Seoul and Incheon area were selected for sampling, and each was classified as 'Flooded, 'Water-damaged' or 'Non-water-damaged'. Results: Dust on the floor and airborne sampling were collected using an MAS100 and a 'Dustream' collector. Samples were analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction(QPCR) for the 36 molds belonging to ERMI. Student t-test and ANOVA tests were carried out using SAS software. The median ERMI values of flooded, water damaged, and non-water damaged dwellings were 8.24(range: -5.6 to 27.9), 5.47(-25. 4 to 32.7), and -15.30(-24.6 to 14.8), respectively. Significant differences were observed between flooded and non-water damaged dwellings (P=0.001) and between water-damaged and non-water damaged dwellings (P=0.032). Conclusion: Our findings indicate that ERMI values attributed to dust samples in Korea could be applicable for the identification of flooded or water damaged buildings. However, much data is needed for continuously developing the Korean version of ERMI values.

• 방송공학회논문지
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• 제13권5호
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• pp.612-621
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• 2008

이용 가능한 데이터 영역과 전송전력 등 다양한 제한 요소들로 인하여 지그비 통신의 기술규격에는 음성통신에 대한 기준 사양이 포함되지 않았다. 본 논문에서는 지그비의 기반인 IEEE 802.15.4 표준에 적용하기 위한 음성부호화 기법이 제시된다. 여기서는 높은 압축율과 파형 복구능력이 우수한 파형부호기의 실현이 필수적이다. 이를 위하여 제시된 방법에서는 다단 이산 웨이블릿변환과 두 가지 펄스부호변조로 구성된 이진부호기가 사용된다. 이론적인 분석과 실내 무선 환경에서의 모의실험 결과 2단 웨이블릿변환을 적용한 경우가 압축율과 음성신호 복구능력 면에서 가장 적합한 것으로 판단된다. 직선전파경로 성분이 지배적인 경우 제시된 방법은 중간 정도의 신호 대 잡음비에서도 만족스러운 복구능력을 가진다. 따라서 제시된 음성부호화 방법은 향후 지그비를 이용한 음성통신의 표준 선정에 참고 가능한 기술이 될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Communications and Networks
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.312-320
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• 2013

Home evolved Node-B (HeNB), also called a femtocell or a femto base station, is introduced to provide high data rate to indoor users. However, two main problems arise in femtocell networks: (1) Small coverage area of HeNB, which results in limited cell-splitting gain and ping-pong handover (HO) problems and (2) high inter-femtocell interference because HeNBs may be densely deployed in a small region. In this study, an efficient cooperation mechanism called an HeNB-aided virtual-HO (HaVHO) scheme is proposed to expand the coverage area of femtocells and to reduce inter-femtocell interference. The cooperation among neighbor HeNBs is exploited in HaVHO by enabling an HeNB to relay the data of its neighbor HeNB without an HO. The HaVHO procedure is compatible with the existing long term evolution specification, and the information exchange overhead in HaVHO is relatively low. To estimate the signal to interference plus noise ratio improvement, the area average channel state metric is proposed, and the amount of user throughput enhancement by HaVHO is derived. System-level simulation shows that HaVHO has a better performance than the other four schemes, such as lesser radio link failure, lesser ping-pong handover, lesser short-stay handover, and higher user throughput.

• 한국인터넷방송통신학회논문지
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.39-43
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• 2020

본 논문은 스마트 빌딩을 위한 가시광 통신 시스템 (VLC, Visible Light Communication)에서 통신의 안정성 및 데이터의 신뢰성을 향상시키는 다중 채널 간섭 제거 알고리즘에 대해 연구하였다. 가시광 통신 시스템은 LED (Light Emitting Diode)를 통해 방사되는 가시광을 이용한 차세대 통신 시스템으로 스마트 빌딩을 위한 유비쿼터스 네트워크 서비스 환경에서 에너지 절감 효과를 가져 올 수 있다. 또한 기존 인프라를 활용하여 고출력 전송이 가능하며 유지 보수비용을 절감할 수 있다. 실내에서 다수의 사용자가 통신을 할 경우, 채널 간섭으로 인해 성능의 열화가 발생하게 된다. 간섭 제거를 위해 먼저 MMSE (Minimum Mean Square Error) 기법을 통해 간섭을 제거한 후, 순차 연속 간섭 제거(SIC, Successive Interference Cancellation) 알고리즘을 이용하여 추가적으로 주변의 영향력이 큰 간섭원을 제거하여 성능을 향상시켰다. 채널 모델로서 실내 가시광 통신 모델을 적용 하였고, 비트 오류율 (BER, Bit Error Rate)을 평가하여 성능을 검증하였다. 모의실험을 통해 제안된 시스템의 성능을 검증하였고 기존의 시스템보다 향상된 결과가 나타냈다. 제안한 시스템 모델은 가시광 통신뿐만 아니라 일반적인 통신 시스템에서도 신호의 품질을 향상시킬 수 있도록 다양하게 적용이 가능하다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제43권5호
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• pp.382-392
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• 2017

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to obtain basic data on the development of a risk communication model through an investigation of risk perception for radon and identify effective risk communication channels. Methods: A questionnaire was used to evaluate differences in perception level according to respective communication channels. A chi-squared test was used to analyze the difference in pre- and post-risk communication by communication channel. One-way ANOVA was used to analyze the difference in the radon risk perception rate for each communication channel. Results: All of the communication channels resulted in increased radon risk perception, but there was no statistical difference between them in terms of perception (p>0.05). However, based on previous findings that it is effective to use a multi-channel approach, it is considered that communication channels based on duplicate avenues is most appropriate. Conclusions: It is expected that this study will be used as basic data to better understand the formation of public opinion about radon risk and to understand the social reaction to each risk factor.

• 조명전기설비학회논문지
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• 제24권8호
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• pp.119-125
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• 2010

본 논문에서는 초음파를 이용하여 자율 운행을 하는 이동로봇이 가지는 물리적인 문제점을 해결하기 위한 방안을 제시 한다. 이동 로봇이 주변 환경을 인지함에 있어서 각종 센서를 사용한다. 그러한 센서들은 항상 올바른 값을 주지 않는다. 센서값에는 항상 노이즈가 포함되어 있는데 이것을 해결하기 위해서 학습 알고리즘인 SVR(Support Vector Regression)을 사용하여 주변 환경을 센싱한 초음파 값을 토대로 주변 환경을 추정할 수 있다. SVR을 사용하기 위해서는 SVR의 요소인 parameter와 커널을 선정해야 한다. SVR의 요소를 선정함에 있어서 정해진 값이 존재하지 않기 때문에 실험을 통해서 가장 적합한 parameter 값을 선정해야 한다. 또한 커널을 선정함에 있어서는 일반화가 가장 잘 되어 있는 RBF(Radial Basis Function)커널을 사용하였다. 본 논문에서는 세가지 환경에서의 실험을 통하여 SVR을 이용하여 센서값의 오류를 개선할 수 있음을 나타내었다.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제36권10B호
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• pp.1258-1267
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• 2011

본 논문에서는, 실내에서 Light Emitting Diode-Identification(LED-ID) 통신 시스템을 이용하여 비디오 신호를 전송하는 방법에 대하여 연구하였다. LED-ID 통신 기술은 기존 조명의 기능을 수행하는 LED를 사용하여 통신의 가능까지 동시에 구현할 수 있는 효과적인 방법이다. 본 기술은 LED의 RGB(Red Green Blue)광원을 통하여 신호를 전송하는 방법으로, RGB의 혼합 비율에 따라서 조명의 색이 결정되고, 또한 각 RGB신호의 BER성능이 결정된다. 그러나, 기존의 시스템처럼 비디오 신호를 RGB에 고정적으로 할당 시켜 전송하는 경우, 각 선호의 중요도가 다른 Scalable Video Coding(SVC) 신호에 비해서 비디오의 품질에 한계가 발생한다. 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위해서 이 논문에서는 White LED를 위한 RGB 혼합 비율에 따른 RGB신호의 성능을 분석하고, 분석된 성능을 바탕으로 SVC 신호를 할당 하여 전송함으로써 비디오의 품질을 향상 시킬 수 있는 방법에 대해서 연구하였다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제40권5호
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• pp.425-434
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• 2014

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to introduce the establishment process and results of the Seoul Metropolitan Government's road map on environmental health policy. Methods: The process consisted of expert group meetings, civic participation, research, and questionnaire survey for priority environmental health policy agenda items in Seoul. Results: The announced vision for the environmental health policy was "a healthy environment, safety in Seoul". This policy was established in order to define environment health policy initiatives for a period of five years with an aim to protect Seoul citizens' health from hazardous environmental factors. The resulting Seoul environmental health policy consisted of four areas and 16 key agenda items. The four areas were "Protection for children against hazardous materials", "Enhancement of health and safety of all", "Carcinogen-free and endocrine-disrupting chemical-free Seoul (reducing environmental exposure to hazardous materials), and "Establish the foundation of environmental health policy". Sixteen key agenda items include the enhancement of management of spaces for children, certification of environmental health status at schools, establishment of a unit responsible for the environmental health of children, strengthening environmental health management for susceptible populations (children, the aged, and the socioeconomically vulnerable), management of hazardous materials, physical hazardous factors (noise, radiation, etc.), indoor air quality, and the enhancement of monitoring, research, and regulation of environment health. Conclusion: The Seoul Metropolitan Government established an environmental health policy road map for a five-year period (2013-2017). To implement this environmental health policy, budget allocation, and detailed execution plans are required.

• 한국환경교육학회지:환경교육
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.28-41
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• 2007

Current environmental education at elementary school is demanded to be changed into 'Sustainable Development', Therefore, we should find a new program to reflect appropriateness and diversity of environmental education at elementary school for 'Sustainable Development'. The result of analysing textbooks and the realities in environmental education at elementary school is as follows, First, when we analysed the contents of the textbook in environmental education, the reflecting rate was high in 'natural environment' and 'sound consumption', compared with in 'artificial environment', 'resource and energy' and 'health and environment'. Second, we realized the necessity for 'environmental education' complementary to 'Sustainable Development'. That is because the analysis showed the lack for the activity for approaching and solving environmental problems with 'artificial environment', 'resource and energy' and 'health and environment'. Third, the analysis also showed the deficiency in the reflection of 'environmental education' contents for maintaining healthful environment through improving the quality of life. Current textbook didn't deal with very important elements of 'environmental education' - the Quality of indoor atmosphere, harmful matter, safe things to eat, noise, stench, etc. For those reasons, it is necessary to reconstruct the realm and the contents of 'environmental education' for 'Sustainable Development' appropriate to elementary school. We require a new curriculum and textbook to cover diverse' environmental education' as well.