• Journal of Species Research
• /
• v.4 no.1
• /
• pp.49-56
• /
• 2015

Zeuzera is one of the most important wood borer pests in South East Asia. Like of most other genera of moths, the systematic of this genus is still in dispute, especially on the monophyly and the relationship within this genus due to the fact that genus is very varied. This genus was defined based on external characters only such as cross vein Sc-Rs present, humeral plate approximately triangular in shape and anal plate moderately long to moderately short. Therefore, the monophyly of this genus need to be evaluated based on more comprehensive data. To clarify the monophyly of the genus Zeuzera, to reveal the phylogenetic relationships among the Indonesian species, and to establish the genetic characters of Indonesian Zeuzera, we analyzed seven species of Indonesian Zeuzera including three other species distributed around the world based on nucleotide sequence variation across a 580-bp region in the CO I gene. The results showed that the monophyly of Zeuzera was supported by bootstrap tests at the MP and ML tree building methods (>95%). Genus Zeuzera was divided into two groups (A and B) with Z. borneana was excluded from the two groups and occupied at the basal node. Indonesian species was distributed into two different clades. CO I gene alone was able to fully resolve the relationships among species within clade B. However, further investigations were needed by including more species and other genes that the more conserved to test the validity of the phylogenetic hypothesis proposed here.

• Journal of Mushroom
• /
• v.2 no.3
• /
• pp.157-162
• /
• 2004

The objectives of this experiment were to study the growth and development of fruiting body of the two Ganoderma lucidum isolates on log of the soft wood Paraserianthes falcataria and the hard wood Shorea sp., and determination of organic germanium and crude ganoderic acid content of the fruiting body produced. The two Ganoderma lucidum isolates used were one Indonesian native (Indonesia isolate) and another isolate was purchased from Fungi Perfecti, USA (commercial isolate). The development and quality of the primordium and fruiting body of the mushroom, in general, were influenced by the isolates used. The types of wood, however, had no effect on the quality of the primordium and fruiting body produced. The Indonesian isolate produced better fruiting body compared to that of the commercial isolate. The development of fruiting body from primordium, however, was low for the two isolates tested. In general, only about one third of the primordium developed further into mature fruiting bodies, except for the commercial isolate grown on the soft wood medium in which more than 60% of the primordium developed into mature fruiting body. Apart from producing normal fruiting body, the commercial isolate also produced an abnormal one, which had a white mature pileus, whereas the normal one was brownish red. The organic germanium concentration of the fruiting body produced on the hard wood, in general, was higher than that of grown on the soft wood. The fruiting body from commercial isolate had higher organic germanium concentration compared to that of Indonesian isolate in both wood types. The two isolates used, however, had almost the same value of the crude ganoderic acid concentration in both types of wood tested. The Indonesian isolate had higher total yield of both organic germanium and crude ganoderic acid of the fruiting body produced compared to that of the commercial isolate.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
• /
• v.40 no.4
• /
• pp.244-256
• /
• 2012

The anatomical characteristics of the ten Indonesian wood species (Gmelina, Jeunjing, Mangium, Durian, Gandaria, Jengkol, Kupa, Mangga, Nanaka and Rambutan) were investigated by optical microscopy. All the species were diffuse-porous with solitary and radial pore multiple. In Mangium, however, tangential pore multiple was observed as well. Tangential diameter of pore was larger than that of radial one except for Jeunjing and Nangka. Nangka showed the largest tangential diameter of pore among the species. Vessel number per $mm^2$ of Mangium, Gandaria and Kupa was higher than that of the other species. Especially Kupa showed highest vessel number. The tangential width of axial parenchyma cell in Gmelina, Mangium, Kupa and Mangga was larger than that of wood fiber, while the other species showed the opposite trend. Mangium was the largest in tangential width of axial parenchyma cell. Rays were homocellular composed only of procumbent cell in Gmelina, Jeunjing and Rambutan. Heterocellular rays composed of procumbent cells in the body and one row of upright and/or square in the margin are observed in Gandaria. Mangium, Durian, Jengkol, Kupa, Mangga and Nangkabody showed heterocellular rays composed of procumbent cells in the body and mostly 1~2 rows of upright and/or square cells in the margin. Crystals occurred in Durian, Gandaria, Jengkol, Jeunjing, Mangga and Rambutan and silica in Jeunjing and Mangga.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
• /
• v.48 no.4
• /
• pp.513-526
• /
• 2020

The existing preservation methods are difficult to be applied to a large dimension log which is needed for making traditional wooden ship 'Jalur' in Riau Province. Novel techniques to provide the use of readily available species to replace traditional species alternative were investigated. These included infusion and a combination of injection and bandage-wrapping methods for preserving living trees of Balam (Macaranga conifera (Rchb.f. & Zoll.) Müll.Arg.) and Bintangor (Calophyllum soulattri Burm.f.). Water-based boron compounds were applied as wood preservatives. In total, 18 discs from the bottom, middle, and top of four trees and two controls were used. Trees undergoing treatment were also used to see how wood anatomical structure might affect the boron penetration. The overall aim was to identify the best method for use in Jalur manufacturing. The results showed that in infused Balam tree where the hose position for the preservative intake was deep (10-15 cm from the bark), no boron compound was observed in the outer sapwood. Combination of injection and bandage-wrapping method gave higher percentage of boron penetration at bottom and middle of Balam tree. However, infused Bintangor showed 100% boron penetration. The larger vessel diameter, the absence of tyloses, and the simple perforation plates in Bintangor wood were likely to have contributed to the higher penetration of boron. The combination of bandage-wrapping and infusion, or alternatively by infusing the living trees close to the bark, and at as low as position in the stem gives better protection when treatments are applied to living trees.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
• /
• v.42 no.4
• /
• pp.467-476
• /
• 2014

The physical and mechanical characteristics of 10 Indonesian wood species were investigated. Mangium, Gandaria and Rambutan showed higher density. Mangium, Gandaria and Mangga appeared lower in shrinkage, and the ratio of tangential/radial was low in Albizia, Kupa and Mangga. The compression strength parallel to the grain and hardness were high in Mangium and Nangka. Gmelina, Mangium, Gandaria, Kupa, Nangka and Rambutan had valuable properties for commercial wood materials. Consequently, it is considered that the results of this study could be useful basic data for the improved use of planted and promising species in Indonesia.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
• /
• v.46 no.6
• /
• pp.656-669
• /
• 2018

Tropical bamboo species, which have a very rapid growth rate, are considered as a promising non-timber forest product capable of exhibiting new functionality by carbonization technology. This study was conducted to compare the characteristics of carbonized bamboos from Andong (G. pseuudoarundinacea (Steudel) Widjaja), Hitam (G. atrovialacea), Tali (G. apus), Kuning (B. vulgaris Var. striata (Lodd. Ex Lindl)), and Ampel (B. vulgaris Scharad. ex Wendland), and Betung (D. asper). Each bamboo was carbonized at 200, 400, 600, 800, and $1,000^{\circ}C$, respectively, and their physical and anatomical characteristics were investigated. The result showed that the volume and weight of carbonized bamboo decreased with increasing carbonization temperature and showed the substantial changes of volume and weight between 200 and $400^{\circ}C$. The highest and the lowest density of carbonized samples were found in Ampel bamboo and Betung bamboo, respectively. The density of all carbonized bamboos tended to decrease after carbonization at 200 and $400^{\circ}C$ and relatively become constant afterwards. The carbonized bamboo prepared at 800 and $1,000^{\circ}C$ showed better refining degree. The results of the anatomical observation showed that the vascular diameter of carbonized bamboo decreased with increasing carbonization temperature, and the shrinkage in radial and tangential direction showed similar tendency. Statistical analysis showed that there was significant correlation between physical contraction and anatomical contraction. Based on the results of this study, comprehensive data about Indonesian bamboo charcoals could be obtained and it will be useful for future application studies.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
• /
• v.47 no.3
• /
• pp.324-335
• /
• 2019

Timber from plantation forests has inferior physical and mechanical properties compared to timber from natural forest because it is mostly from fast-growing tree species that are cut at a young age. Filling cell voids with methyl methacrylate (MMA) can improve the wood properties. The purpose of this study was to determine the physical and mechanical properties of MMA-impregnated wood from three fast-growing wood species, namely jabon (Anthocephalus cadamba (Roxb.) Miq.), mangium (Acacia mangium Willd) and pine (Pinus merkusii Jungh. & de Vriese). Wood samples were either immersed in MMA monomer or impregnated with it and then heated to induce the polymerization process. Jabon, which was the lowest density wood, had the highest polymer loading, followed by pine and mangium. The physical and mechanical properties of samples were affected by wood species and the presence of MMA, with higher-density wood having better properties than wood with a lower density. Physical and mechanical properties of MMA wood were enhanced compared to untreated wood. Furthermore, the impregnation process was better than immersion process resulting the physical and mechanical properties. Based on MOR values, the MMA woods were one strength class higher compared to untreated wood with regard to Strength Classification of Indonesian Wood.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
• /
• v.25 no.2
• /
• pp.127-130
• /
• 2009

This study has been carried out to investigate the characteristics of the commercial wood pellets such as moisture content, heating value, ash content, and chemical component. The wood pellets from national forestry cooperatives federation and China were evaluated to see if they can be 1st or 2nd class of Korea standard. Indonesian pellet was estimated to be a 3rd class because of the heating value and high ash content. It is considered that there is a quality difference in wood pellets in accordance with the production nations. It could be originated from the difference of raw materials produced in different region.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
• /
• v.49 no.5
• /
• pp.453-461
• /
• 2021

In wood-based composite panels, low-molar ratio (LMR) urea-formaldehyde (UF) resins usually result in reduced formaldehyde emission (FE) at the expense of poor adhesion. However, the FE and adhesion of medium-density fiberboard (MDF) bonded with LMR UF resins were both improved in this study. The modified LMR UF resins with transition metal ion-modified bentonite (TMI-BNT) nanoclay simultaneously improved the FE and adhesion of MDF panels. The modified LMR UF resins with 5% TMI-BNT resulted in a 37.1% FE reduction and 102.6% increase in the internal bonding (IB) strength of MDF panels. Furthermore, thickness swelling and water absorption also significantly decreased to 13.0% and 24.9%, respectively. These results imply that TMI-BNT modification of LMR UF resins could enhance the formation of a three-dimensional network rather than crystalline domains, resulting in improved cohesion.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
• /
• v.44 no.1
• /
• pp.9-18
• /
• 2016

This study was performed to understand wood durability to climate deterioration of planted Indonesian wood specie such as Albizia, Gmelina, Mangium and Mindi. Wood samples were exposed to indoor and outdoor condition. $L^*a^*b^*$ and Color changes (${\Delta}E*ab$) were determined by a spectrophotometer. As a result, color of all samples was changed more markedly by ultraviolet radiation. In indoor test with UV, brightness of wood specimens from four species was not changed and all samples were changed into more reddish and yellowish. In accelerated weathering test, all samples were bleached and changed into more greenish and blueish. In outdoor test, brightness of wood specimens decreased in Albizia and Gmelina and increased in Mangium and Mindi. All wood specimens in outdoor test were changed into more greenish and blueish. Albizia and Gmleina woods showed greater color change than those of Mangium and Mindi. Especially, color change of wood samples might be influenced greatly by moisture. In conclusion, wood color changed into more clearly by UV radiation. Therefore, exposing woods to UV radiation could be one of reasonable methods to improve wood quality on visual characteristic.