• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.35-54
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• 2004

This study was intended to provide basic data of nutrition education to a prevention of obesity and living patterns of elementary school students. Through the measurment of the actual obesity rate of children for students who were in the fifth and sixth grades of elementary school as well as their mothers, and by analyzing obesity-related factors. Children have started to have the characteristics obesity and obesity problems. 1. There were total 234 children including 133 boys (56.8％) and 101 girls (43.2％) for the study. There were 80 children in the fifth grade (34.2％) and 154 children in the sixth grade (65.8％). 2. Among the subjects 20.1％ were obese. By gender, the obesity rate of boys (27.1％) was higher than that of girls (l0.9％)(p＜0.01). By grade, children in the fifth grade (26.3％) had higher obesity rate than children in the sixth grade (l6.9％)(p＜0.05). 3. In terms of the educational level of parents, the obesity rate of children of parents who received university and／or higher education was 27.5％ (p＜0.05). 44.1％ of parents answered ‘I almost never give snack’s’(p＜0.01). 4. There was 32.8％ for an irregular quantity of meal. There was no obese child who under-ate (p＜0.05). In terms of impulse eating, ‘I eat.’ and ‘I don't eat.’ were 24.4％ and 25.9％ respectively. The obesity rate of the case of ‘I eat only food I like.’ was 10.6％ (p＜0.05). In terms of the obesity rate based on the daily average meal frequency, there was the highest rate of 26.1％ for I average meal frequency per day, 13.0％ for 2 daily average meal frequency, and 7.4％ for over 3 average meal frequency per day (p＜0.05). For a degree of a physical activity, the group of active physical activity (p＜0.05) and the group which liked the physical exercise showed a lower obesity rate (p＜0.001). The obesity rate of children who had regular exercise was 11.8％. It was lower than the obesity rate (24.8％) of children who didn't exercise (p＜0.01). The higher exercise frequency per week was, the lower the obesity rate was(p＜0.01). In terms of the exercise time, there was 8.3％ for over 60 minutes and 28.9％ for less 15 minutes. The group which had the long exercise time showed a lower obesity rate(p＜0.05). As the result, the education for obesity must enable students to recognize the warning signs for obesity and control their own weight with proper living patterns, by modifying behaviors considering the degree of obesity. Obesity must be controlled by the prevention and education connected with the family for all students as one of the school health programs. There must be also the development of a program through individual consultation considering the degree of obesity.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.21-27
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• 2008

A total sample of 215 specimens of the Iksookimia koreensis was collected monthly from June 2004 to June 2005 in the Namdae stream, Cheorwon-gun, Gangwon-do, Korea. The age of every individual sample was estimated by the number of annual rings on the scales. A significant decrease of gonadosomatic index was noted between May and June reflecting the reproduction during this period. I. koreensis exhibited a strong bias to female (female : male, 1 : 0.56). The maximum age observed was 3 years old for male & female, both. The von Bertalanffy growth curves were expressed as $L_t=126.30[1-\exp\{-0.576(t+0.940)\}]$ for females and $L_t=100.19[1-\exp\{-1.119(t+0.695)\}]$ for males.Growth curve of weight was expressed as $W_t=11.567[1-\exp\{-0.576(t+0.940)\}]^{3.199}$ for females, $W_t=5.514[1-\exp\{-1.119(t+0.695)\}]^{3.199}$ for males. On the other hand, a significant difference in the growth rate between both sexes was found(i.e. females grew faster than males).

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.107-112
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• 1998

Lovastatin is a lipid lowering agent for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia and belongs to a new class of pharmacologic compounds called the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG CoA) reductase inhibitors. By competitively inhibiting HMG CoA reductase, lovastatin disrupts the biosynthesis of cholesterol in hepatic and peripheral cells and increases the synthesis of high-density-lipoprotein HDL) receptors. Following oral administration, the lactone ring of lovastatin is hydrolysed to the active inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase, lovastatin acid. Lovastatin is known to have poor oral absorption and wide individual variation. In this study, bioequivalence test of two lovastatin formulations, the test drug ($Lovaload^{TM}$, Chong Kun Dang Pharmaceutical Co.) and the reference drug ($Mevacor^{TM}$, Chung Wae Pharmaceutical Co.) were conducted according to the guidelines of Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). A total of 18 healthy male volunteers, $31.90\pm3.60$ years old and $72.17\;7.88$ kg of body weight in average, were evaluated in a randomized crossover manner with a 2-week washout period. Concentrations of lovastatin acid in plasma were measured upto 12 hours following a single oral administration of eight tablets (20 mg of lovastatin per tablet) by high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection at 238 nm. The area under the concentration-vs-time curve from 0 to 12 hours $(AUC_{0-12h})$ was calculated by the trapezoidal summation method. The statistical analysis showed that there are no significant differences in $AUC_{0-12h),\;C_{max}\;and\;T_{max}$ between the two formulations ($6.72\%,\;1.52\%,\;and\;0.88\$, respectively). The least significant differences between the formulations at $\alpha$=0.05 were less than $20\%\;(11.65\%,\;19.73\%,\;and\;14.81\%\;for\;AUC_{0-12h},\;C_{max}\;and\;T_{max}$, respectively). The $90\%$ confidence intervals for these parameters were also within $\pm20\%\;(-1.50{\leq}{\delta}{\leq}15.00$, $-12.50{\leq}{\delta}{\leq}15.50,\;and\;-9.64{\leq}{\delta]{\leq}11.40{\leq}\;for\;\;AUC_{0-12h}$ ,$C_{max}\;and\;T_{max}$, respectively). In conclusion, the new generic product $Lovaload^{TM}$ was proven to be bioequivalent with the reference drug.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.166-173
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• 2017

Morphological and population characteristics of the Cottus koreanus were investigated at Hoam stream from October 2015 and April 2016. This is the first record on C. koreanus not only from Hoam stream (the upstream region of Daejong stream, Gyeongsangbuk-do Gyeongju-si Yangbuk-myeon Hoam-ri) but also from the stream flowing into the Samcheogosip stream, in the southern part of East Sea, Korea. The distribution of C. koreanus ranged from Girim temple to Yongyeon waterfall, about 1.2 km, and the water surface were about $3,600m^2$. The population size was assumed to 1,656 individual number, 46 object per $100m^2$. The morphometric characteristics of C. koreanus in the Hoam stream and the Han river are very similar except that the population at Hoam stream shorter head length, ventral fin ray length, pectoral fin ray length and mouth width when compared with the population at Han river. Other than that, the two populations showed the same meristic characters. Frequency analysis of total length indicated that the group with 40~59 mm in total length was one year old, the 60~79 mm was two years old, and the group over 80 mm was three years old. The average number of eggs in the ovaries was estimated as 361 (239~468) per matured female. The number of matured eggs size in ovaries was $2.6{\pm}0.21$ (23.~3.1) mm and this species was large eggs type. Calculation of the length-weight relation of C. koreanus showed the value of constant a as 0.00001 and b as 3.01, and the Condition factor (K) was 1.26 an on average.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.695-703
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• 2011

Objective: This study was to investigate the effects of coordinated upper-limb body postures on the subjective discomfort rating, heart rate, and muscle activities. Background: Although generally many checklists such as OWAS, RULA, and REBA were applied to evaluate various body postures, the body postures were might be overestimated or underestimated because each body part(i.e., back, shoulder, and elbow etc.) was evaluated separately, and then added all rates of individual body parts to assess an overall risk level for the body posture in these methodologies. Methods: A total of 20 participants maintained 14 postures which were combinations of back, shoulder, and elbow flexion angles and then muscle activities, subjective discomfort, and heart rates were collected every three minute during a sustained 15 minute and 0.5kg weight holding task. Four muscle groups were investigated: erector spine, anterior deltoid, upper trapezius, triceps brachii. Results: Results showed that subjective discomfort was the lowest when the angle of back and shoulder were both $0^{\circ}s$, while the body posture with $45^{\circ}$ of back angle and $45^{\circ}$ shoulder angle was rated as the most subjective discomfort posture. In general, the subjective discomfort ratings increased as back and shoulder flexion angles increased. It was noted that, however, the subjective discomfort of body posture with a $45^{\circ}$ back angle and $45^{\circ}$ shoulder flexion angle was lower than that of body posture with a $0^{\circ}$ back and $45^{\circ}$ shoulder flexion angle. The research findings of heart rates and muscle activities showed similar results for the analyses of subjective discomfort ratings. Conclusions: The possible limitations of the current ergonomics evaluation techniques which assessing a body posture with summing all body part score after individually analyzed in this study. Based on the analyses of subjective discomfort, heart rate, and muscle activities, it was recommended that a use of effects of coordinated upper-limb body postures would be considered when one evaluates work-load for various working postures. Application: These findings can be used for developing a more accurate assessment checklist for working posture as well as preventing musculoskeletal disorders of workers in workplaces.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.31-34
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• 2005

This experiment was carried out to examine on the physiological and cultural characteristics of commercial strain Kunneutari #3 of Pleurotus eryngii. The optimal medium suitable for mycelial growth was YM, and followed by MCM and PDA. Also this strain more faster mycelial growth as 6.1 cm/7days compared with commercial strain P. eryngii #1. The optimal mycelial growth temperature was $25{\sim}30^{\circ}C$. The fruitbody yield was increased 54% with $117{\pm}16g/850m{\ell}$ and the fruitbody shape and qualities of this strain was good. And individual weight was $41{\pm}27g$. Spawn run of P. eryngii #3 in bottle cultivation took 30 days and also it took 21 days from scratching of inoculum to harvest that was shorter 3 days than P. eryngii #1, respectively. Therefore, it is expected that cultivation for P. eryngii #3 strain will improve farmer's income by enhancing efficiency of facilities and shorten 6 days on cultivation period, in addition, getting more growing cycle of P. eryngii.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.379-384
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of individual savings banks' financial conditions on their loan portfolio after savings bank restructuring. The analysis results are as follows. First, it was estimated that the relationship between the rate of change in the NPL Ratio and the ratio of household loans has a significant positive value. Second, it was estimated that the interaction effect between the rate of change in the ratio of fixed and below loans and the spread of the deposit-to-deposit rate has a significant negative (-) value with the household loan weight. Third, the relationship between the asset size and the proportion of household loans was estimated to have a significant positive (+) value. In other words, it was analyzed that the financial situation of the savings bank affects the loan portfolio, and it should provide important implications for establishing policies for each financial situation of the savings bank. Depending on the financial situation in the future, there is a need to avoid excessive asset expansion of specific loans and preemptive soundness management.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.307-322
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• 2017

Objectives: This study examined the effects of nutrition education focused on personalized daily energy requirement and food units using Food Exchange System on anthropometric, biochemical characteristics, nutrition knowledge, dietary attitude and nutrient intakes for overweight and obese in a public health center. Methods: The subjects were 60 overweight/obese women based on BMI (educated 30 vs. non-educated 30, 50~64 years). Educated group was provided individual and/or group lessons (40 min/lesson/week, 5 week), 'Introduction: obese & health', '6 nutrients and 6 food groups', 'My obesity & daily needed energy', 'Meal planning for personalized daily energy and food units using Food Exchange Systems', and 'Smart food choices'. After education, we examined the differences in anthropometric/biochemical characteristics, nutrition knowledge, dietary attitude and nutrient intakes between educated group and non-educated group. Results: After nutrition education, in the educated group, there were improvements on anthropometric/biochemical characteristics, nutrition knowledge, dietary attitude and nutrient intakes in the educated group compared to the non-educated group. We observed a decrease in the mean weight, total cholesterol (TC) and the incidence of overweight/obesity and hypercholesterolemia and an increase in the mean lean body mass. The scores of nutrition knowledge, 'Function of carbohydrate, protein, vitamin, mineral' and 'Food Sources of fat, vitamin, mineral' were increased. The scores of dietary attitudes, 'Taking a joyful meal, a leisurely meal, a balanced meal, a meal with sufficient vegetables, a meal with diversity, a meal with spicy foods, a meal with overeating' were increased. The intakes of energy, carbohydrate, fat, protein, vitamin A, thiamin, Zn and cholesterol were decreased. The scores of INQ, protein, vitamin A, vitamin C, thiamin, riboflavin, vitamin B6, folate, Ca, P, Fe, Zn were increased. Conclusions: The nutrition education focused on personalized daily energy requirement and food exchange unit using Food Exchange System for overweight and obese may improve food behavior, dietary intakes and symptoms of overweight and obese, even in a community health center.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.141-147
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• 2003

The pileus of Pleurotus cystidiosus was attached at the side and was spatular-shape. It grew to the size of $7.6{\sim}9.8\;cm$ with dark brown color. The length of stem was $1.4{\sim}2.9\;cm$. The individual weight of fruiting-body was 25.4 g in average. This study was conducted to Investigate the physiological characteristics and to develop the artificial cultivation technique of P. cystidiosus. To find out the optimum condition of mycelial growth of P. cystidiosus, physiological conditions such as media, temperature, pH carbon sources and nitrogen sources were investigated. Various cultural media were used for the cultivation of P. cystidiosus and compost dextrose agar was favorable for mycelial growth. The optimal growing temperature and pH were in range of 25 to $30^{\circ}C$, pH $7{\sim}9$, respectively. When different carbon sources were compared, glucose was found to be best. However nitrogen sources were different with each strains. When different C/N ratio were compared, 20:1 of C/N ratio was found to be best.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.678-699
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• 2015

Although the harsh space environment imposes many severe challenges to space pioneers, space exploration is a realistic and profitable goal for long-term humanity survival. One of the viable and promising options to overcome the harsh environment of space is nuclear propulsion. Particularly, the Nuclear Thermal Rocket (NTR) is a leading candidate for nearterm human missions to Mars and beyond due to its relatively high thrust and efficiency. Traditional NTR designs use typically high power reactors with fast or epithermal neutron spectrums to simplify core design and to maximize thrust. In parallel there are a series of new NTR designs with lower thrust and higher efficiency, designed to enhance mission versatility and safety through the use of redundant engines (when used in a clustered engine arrangement) for future commercialization. This paper proposes a new NTR design of the second design philosophy, Korea Advanced NUclear Thermal Engine Rocket (KANUTER), for future space applications. The KANUTER consists of an Extremely High Temperature Gas cooled Reactor (EHTGR) utilizing hydrogen propellant, a propulsion system, and an optional electricity generation system to provide propulsion as well as electricity generation. The innovatively small engine has the characteristics of high efficiency, being compact and lightweight, and bimodal capability. The notable characteristics result from the moderated EHTGR design, uniquely utilizing the integrated fuel element with an ultra heat-resistant carbide fuel, an efficient metal hydride moderator, protectively cooling channels and an individual pressure tube in an all-in-one package. The EHTGR can be bimodally operated in a propulsion mode of $100MW_{th}$ and an electricity generation mode of $100MW_{th}$, equipped with a dynamic energy conversion system. To investigate the design features of the new reactor and to estimate referential engine performance, a preliminary design study in terms of neutronics and thermohydraulics was carried out. The result indicates that the innovative design has great potential for high propellant efficiency and thrust-to-weight of engine ratio, compared with the existing NTR designs. However, the build-up of fission products in fuel has a significant impact on the bimodal operation of the moderated reactor such as xenon-induced dead time. This issue can be overcome by building in excess reactivity and control margin for the reactor design.