• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.279-288
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• 2008

Vertical forest distribution is one of the important factors to understand various ecological mechanism such as succession, disturbance and environmental effects. LiDAR data provide information, both the horizontal and vertical distribution of forest structure. The laser scanner survey provided a point cloud, in which the x, y, and z coordinates of the points are known. The objectives of this study were 1) to analyze factors of forest structure such as individual tree isolation, tree height, canopy closure and tree density using LiDAR data and 2) to compare the forest structure between outer and interior forest. The paper conducted to extract the individual tree using watershed algorithm and to interpolate using the first return of LiDAR data for yielding digital surface model (DSM). The results of the study show characters of edge such as more isolated individual trees, higher density, lower canopy closure, and lower tree height than those of interior forest. LiDAR data is to be useful for analyzing of forest structure. Further study should be undertaken with species for more accurate results.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.1-12
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• 2019

It is important to measure the height of trees as an essential element for assessing the forest health in urban areas. Therefore, an automated method that can measure the height of individual tree as a three-dimensional forest information is needed in an extensive and dense forest. Since airborne LiDAR dataset is easy to analyze the tree height(z-coordinate) of forests, studies on individual tree height measurement could be performed as an assessment forest health. Especially in urban forests, that adversely affected by habitat fragmentation and isolation. So this study was analyzed to measure the height of individual trees for assessing the urban forests health, Furthermore to identify environmental factors that affect forest growth. The survey was conducted in the Mt. Bongseo located in Seobuk-gu. Cheonan-si(Middle Chungcheong Province). We segment the individual trees on coniferous by automatic method using the airborne LiDAR dataset of the two periods (year of 2016 and 2017) and to find out individual tree growth. Segmentation of individual trees was performed by using the watershed algorithm and the local maximum, and the tree growth was determined by the difference of the tree height according to the two periods. After we clarify the relationship between the environmental factors affecting the tree growth. The tree growth of Mt. Bongseo was about 20cm for a year, and it was analyzed to be lower than 23.9cm/year of the growth of the dominant species, Pinus rigida. This may have an adverse effect on the growth of isolated urban forests. It also determined different trees growth according to age, diameter and density class in the stock map, effective soil depth and drainage grade in the soil map. There was a statistically significant positive correlation between the distance to the road and the solar radiation as an environmental factor affecting the tree growth. Since there is less correlation, it is necessary to determine other influencing factors affecting tree growth in urban forests besides anthropogenic influences. This study is the first data for the analysis of segmentation and the growth of the individual tree, and it can be used as a scientific data of the urban forest health assessment and management.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.411-414
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• 2006

The mating systems of two groups of natural populations of Gleditsia japonica var. koraiensis in Korea were determined using allozyme analysis. The result suggests that G. japonica var. koraiensis is predominantly outcrossing. The tm values of eight populations in Korea varied from 0.667 (Mdh-1) to 0.938 (ldh-1), giving an average 0.820. Population and individual outcrossing estimates were associated with flowering tree density or degree of spatial isolation. The reason for relatively low outcrossing rates of some populations could be attributed to reduction of effective population sizes of sib for the medicine, small population size, and isolation of flowering mature trees. The heterozygote excesses were observed in some natural populations, whereas other populations exhibited varying degrees of inbreeding and heterozygotes deficit. Thus, selection against homozygotes operated in the progeny populations throughout the life cycle.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.17 no.6 s.86
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• pp.805-810
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• 2007

Inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers were performed in order to analyse the phylogenetic relationships of eight Hypericum electum populations in Korea. The six primers were produced 37 reproducible ISSR bands. Analysis of ISSR from individual plants of Korean H. erectum resulted in 22 polymorphic bands with 59.5%. Across populations, the mean number of alleles per locus was 1.348 and Shannon's information index was 0.203.Population Mt. Gyeryong had the highest expected genetic diversity (0.175) among all populations. When species were grouped by eight populations, within group diversity was 0.140 (Hs), while among group diversity was 0.472 (G$_{ST}$) on a per locus basis. The estimated gene flow (Nm) for H. erectum was very low (0.561). It is suggested that reproductive isolation by the isolation of geographical distance among H. electum populations and genetic drift may have played roles in shaping the population structure of this species. In phonetic tree, all populations were well separated from each other. Thus, ISSR markers are very effective in classifying natural population levels of genus Hypericum in Korea.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.731-738
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• 2019

Endophytic fungi are an important component of plant microbiota, and have the excellent capacity for producing a broad variety of bioactive metabolites. These bioactive metabolites not only affect the survival of the host plant, but also provide valuable lead compounds for novel drug discovery. In this study, forty-two endophytic filamentous fungi were isolated from Ficus elastica leaves, and further identified as seven individual taxa by ITS-rDNA sequencing. The antimicrobial activity of these endophytic fungi was evaluated against five pathogenic microorganisms. Two strains, Fes1711 (Penicillium funiculosum) and Fes1712 (Trichoderma harzianum), displayed broad-spectrum bioactivities. Our following study emphasizes the isolation, identification and bioactivity testing of chemical metabolites produced by T. harzianum Fes1712. Two new isocoumarin derivatives (1 and 2), together with three known compounds (3-5) were isolated, and their structures were elucidated using NMR and MS. Compounds 1 and 2 exhibited inhibitory activity against Escherichia coli. Our findings reveal that endophytic fungi from the rubber tree F. elastica leaves exhibit unique characteristics and are potential producers of novel natural bioactive products.

• Journal of Korean Society for Geospatial Information Science
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.27-34
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• 2013

Due to the increased interest in global warming, interest in forest resources aimed towards reducing greenhouse gases have subsequently increased. Thus far, data related to forest resources have been obtained, through the employment of aerial photographs or satellite images, by means of plotting. However, the use of imaging data is disadvantageous; merely, due to the fact that recorded measurements such as the height of trees, in dense forest areas, lack accuracy. Within such context, the authors of this study have presented a method of data processing in which an individual tree is isolated within forested areas through the use of LIDAR data and ortho-images. Such isolation resulted in the provision of more efficient and accurate data in regards to the height of trees. As for the data processing of LIDAR, the authors have generated a normalized digital surface model to extract tree points via local maxima filtering, and have additionally, with motives to extract forest areas, applied object oriented image classifications to the processing of data using ortho-images. The final tree point was then given a figure derived from the combination of LIDAR and ortho-images results. Based from an experiment conducted in the Yongin area, the authors have analyzed the merits and demerits of methods that either employ LIDAR data or ortho-images and have thereby obtained information of individual trees within forested areas by combining the two data; thus verifying the efficiency of the above presented method.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.740-745
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• 2006

Inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers were performed in order to analyse the phylogenetic relationships of four taxa of Castor-aralia (Kalopanax pictus): K. pictus, K. pictus var. magnificus, K. pictus var. maximowiczii, and thornless K. pictus. The 11 primers were produced 64 reproducible ISSR bands. Analysis of ISSR from individual plants of Korean K. pictus resulted in 41 polymorphic bands with 64.1%. When species were grouped by four taxa, within group diversity was 0.115 $(H_S)$, while among group diversity was 0.467 $(G_{ST})$ on a per locus basis. The estimated gene flow (Nm) for K. pictus var. maximowiczii and K. pictus var. magnificus were very higher than K. pictus. It is suggested that the isolation of geographical distance and reproductive isolation among K. pictus populations may have played roles in shaping the population structure of this species. In phenetic tree, ISSR markers are very effective in classifying natural populations as well as taxon levels of genus Kalopanax in Korea.