• Title/Summary/Keyword: Indirect network Externality

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Market Power of Internet Portals with Direct and Indirect Network Externality (직·간접 네트워크 외부성하에서 인터넷포털 기업의 시장력 분석)

  • Jin, Yangsoo
    • KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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    • v.31 no.2
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    • pp.87-126
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    • 2009
  • In the internet portal industry, the indirect network externality from portal visitors to advertisers and the direct network externality among portal visitors have important implications for anti-trust policies. This paper examines the existence and the magnitude of the direct/indirect network externality in the Korean internet portal industry and measures its effect on the market power of the internet portals. The results show that the direct/indirect network externality is substantive in the industry hence the market share of a portal in the visitors' side has the 'leverage' effect on its market power in the advertisers' side.

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Effects of Network Externality on Perceived Value and Adoption of High-tech Products : Focusing on Convergence Products (네트워크 외부성이 첨단기술제품에 대한 가치와 채택의도에 미치는 영향: 컨버전스제품을 중심으로)

  • Park, Kyung Ja
    • The Journal of Information Systems
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    • v.24 no.4
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    • pp.21-42
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    • 2015
  • Purpose The high-technology market shows characteristics of a highly interdependent network market in both supply-side and demand-side, compared to other markets. Particularly, for convergence products, connectivity with related elements, as well as characteristics of innovation itself, is relatively important to the extent that they combine functions provided by several devices into a single device. Therefore, this study aims to identify whether network externality exists in value and adoption of a convergence product and discover a source of network externality, if any. Design/methodology/approach: Through a preceding research analysis and a literature review, 'social influence' and 'network size' have been drawn as direct network elements. On the other hand, general (comprehensive) concept compatibilities including 'intra-technology compatibility', 'inter-technology compatibility' and 'complementary-technology compatibility' are regarded as indirect network elements. Findings: Major findings are as followed;- First, it is shown that the factors influencing on perceived value of a convergence products are 'social influence' and 'network size' as the direct network elements and 'complementary-compatibility' among indirect network elements. Second, it is also found that 'intra-technology compatibility', 'inter-technology compatibility', 'complementary-compatibility' and 'perceived value' have significant effects on adoption of a convergence product. Particularly, it is known that 'complementary-compatibility' is an important source of network externality as it plays a decisive role in value judgment and has significant effects on perceived value. It is worthwhile to notice that this study comprehensively explains effects of network on high-tech products by structuring comparability as a multi-dimensional concept, as well as direct network elements.

Analysis of Marketing Channel Competition under Network Externality (네트워크 외부성을 고려한 마케팅 채널 경쟁 분석)

  • Cho, Hyung-Rae;Rhee, Minho;Lim, Sang-Gyu
    • Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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    • v.40 no.1
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    • pp.105-113
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    • 2017
  • Network externality can be defined as the effect that one user of a good or service has on the value of that product to other people. When a network externality is present, the value of a product or service is dependent on the number of others using it. There exist asymmetries in network externalities between the online and traditional offline marketing channels. Technological capabilities such as interactivity and real-time communications enable the creation of virtual communities. These user communities generate significant direct as well as indirect network externalities by creating added value through user ratings, reviews and feedback, which contributes to eliminate consumers' concern for buying products without the experience of 'touch and feel'. The offline channel offers much less scope for such community building, and consequently, almost no possibility for the creation of network externality. In this study, we analyze the effect of network externality on the competition between online and conventional offline marketing channels using game theory. To do this, we first set up a two-period game model to represent the competition between online and offline marketing channels under network externalities. Numerical analysis of the Nash equilibrium solutions of the game showed that the pricing strategies of online and offline channels heavily depend not only on the strength of network externality but on the relative efficiency of online channel. When the relative efficiency of online channel is high, the online channel can greatly benefit by the network externality. On the other hand, if the relative efficiency of online channel is low, the online channel may not benefit at all by the network externality.

An Application of Evolutionary Game Theory to Platform Competition in Two Sided Market (양면시장형 컨버전스 산업생태계에서 플랫폼 경쟁에 관한 진화게임 모형)

  • Kim, Do-Hoon
    • Journal of the Korean Operations Research and Management Science Society
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    • v.35 no.4
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    • pp.55-79
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    • 2010
  • This study deals with a model for platform competition in a two-sided market. We suppose there are both direct and indirect network externalities between suppliers and users of each platform. Moreover, we suppose that both users and suppliers are distributed in their relative affinity for each platform type. That is, each user [supplier] has his/her own preferential position toward each platform, and users [suppliers] are horizontally differentiated over [0, 1]. And for analytical tractability, some parameters like direct and indirect network externalities are the same across the markets. Given the parameters and the pricing profile, users and suppliers conduct subscription game, where participants select the platform that gives them the highest payoffs. This game proceeds according to a replicator dynamics of the evolutionary game, which is simplified by properly defining gains from participant's strategy in the subscription game. We find that depending on the strength of these network effects, there might either be multiple stable equilibria, at which users and suppliers distribute across both platforms, or one unstable interior equilibrium corresponding to the market tipping in favor of either platform. In both cases, we also consider the pricing power of competing platform providers under the framework of the Stackelberg game. In particular, our study examines the possible effects of the type of competition between platform providers, which may constrain the equilibrium selection in the subscription game.

Network Neutrality in the Digital Convergence Era : a System Dynamics Model with Two-Sided Market Framework (디지털 컨버전스 환경에서 양면시장 플랫폼으로서의 인터넷망 중립성에 관한 동태적 분석)

  • Kim, Do-Hoon
    • Journal of Information Technology Services
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    • v.10 no.2
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    • pp.75-94
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    • 2011
  • The industrial ecosystem around the Internet services has been evolving since the Internet was first introduced. The Net Neutrality issue best represents the process of the evolution and presents an inevitable challenge that the industry should overcome. This paper deals with this structural change with the Two-Sided Market framework and provides a System Dynamics(SD) model to evaluate the economic implications of the net neutrality policy. In particular, our approach analyzes the policy impacts when two competing platforms (network providers) play a role of the platform in a typical two-sided market, which connects Content Providers(CPs) with users. Previous studies show that the indirect network externality between these two markets makes the entire system tip to one platform. When the multi-homing in the CP market is allowed as in our model, however, their argument may lose its validity. To examine the system behavior, conducted here is SD simulations of our model. The simulation results show that co-existence of the competing platforms persists with the network effects over a certain threshold. The net neutrality policy seems to lower the threshold based on our experimental outcomes.

A Study on Antecedents of Customer Switching Behavior in Mobile Services (이동통신 서비스 전환행동에 영향을 미치는 요인에 관한 연구)

  • Yoon, Jung-In;Sung, Su-Jung;Lee, Jung-Woo
    • Korean Management Science Review
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    • v.26 no.3
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    • pp.169-184
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    • 2009
  • Recently, mobile telecommunication businesses contend with each other to expand their customer base by using aggressive marketing strategies. In order to determine if there strategies are effective, customer's switching behavior needs to be studied. This study identifies and analyzes direct, indirect factors that may customer switching behavior : attractiveness of alternatives, network externality, and switching cost. Results reveals that attractiveness of alternatives, network externalities have a direct impact on customer switching behavior. These two factors also have moderating effects on customer switching behavior but the switching cost does not In short, network externalities and alternatives strategically determine the success of 3.5G service. In this regard, mobile business should improve their own attractiveness of alternatives by developing specialized service in 3.5G service.

스마트 미디어 생태계

  • Kim, Do-Hun
    • Information and Communications Magazine
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    • v.29 no.10
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    • pp.3-8
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    • 2012
  • 본고에서는 스마트폰과 스마트TV 등과 같은 커넥티드 디바이스(connected device)에 관한 ICT 생태계(이하 '스마트 미디어 생태계')에 대해 알아본다. 스마트 미디어 생태계는 플랫폼을 중심으로 가치가 창출되는 생태계라는 특징을 가진다. 특히, 양면시장(two-sided market)에서 관찰되는 직/간접적 네트워크 외부성(direct and indirect network externality)에 의해 작동된다. 또한 단일 기능요소보다는 여러 사업자로부터 제공되는 기능요소들의 복합체인 플랫폼 연합체(platform coalition)로 출발한다. 이에 따라 생태계 초기에는 생태계 간 경쟁과 더불어 생태계 내에서 메타 플랫폼(meta platform)의 지위를 획득하려는 지배구조 경쟁도 전개된다. 스마트 미디어 생태계의 특성과 진화과정 및 운영원리에 대한 이해는 생태계 참여자들의 전략과 생태계 활성화를 위한 정책방향에 시사하는 바가 크다.

A study on the relevant market definition of online search advertising - Focusing on Naver, Korean Search & Portal service provider - (온라인검색광고시장의 시장획정에 관한 연구 - 검색포털사업자 네이버를 중심으로 -)

  • Cho, Dae-keun
    • Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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    • v.18 no.4
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    • pp.109-119
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    • 2017
  • This paper is to analyse empirically using the data collected from Korea portal Naver's ad management system and show online ad platform may not be two-sided market. It is aim of this study to propose the appropriate approach to define the market, based on the empirical result. Here are two research questions to be reviewed. First, is there any consistency between business model of search advertising and definition of two-sided market which Rochet-Tirole proposed in 2006? Second, do indirect network externalities exist significantly in search advertising market? if so, this study is going to estimate the level of it through empirical measurement. Based on Luchetta's paper which suggested that google may be one-sided market, it performed the correlation & regression analysis to prove his suggestion. The result is that online search advertising costs increased by more than 50 won when advertisers increased by one unit. However, there was no significant correlation and regression between the search frequency and online search advertising cost. It means that there is little possibility to identify two-sidedness in online search advertising service(market) because of no(or little) indirect network externalities which are a necessary condition for two-sided market. This result has three implications, such as the availability to adapt traditional market definition tools to online search advertising market, the possibility enhancement to find the fundamental competition elements in defined market and promotion of the powers of persuasion in competitive market reality. It is significant that the gap between legal scholars including regulatory practitioners and economists can be overcome to some extent. who have shown the different perspective on the two-sided market.

Mediating Roles of Attachment for Information Sharing in Social Media: Social Capital Theory Perspective (소셜 미디어에서 정보공유를 위한 애착의 매개역할: 사회적 자본이론 관점)

  • Chung, Namho;Han, Hee Jeong;Koo, Chulmo
    • Asia pacific journal of information systems
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    • v.22 no.4
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    • pp.101-123
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    • 2012
  • Currently, Social Media, it has widely a renown keyword and its related social trends and businesses have been fastly applied into various contexts. Social media has become an important research area for scholars interested in online technologies and cyber space and their social impacts. Social media is not only including web-based services but also mobile-based application services that allow people to share various style information and knowledge through online connection. Social media users have tendency to common identity- and bond-attachment through interactions such as 'thumbs up', 'reply note', 'forwarding', which may have driven from various factors and may result in delivering information, sharing knowledge, and specific experiences et al. Even further, almost of all social media sites provide and connect unknown strangers depending on shared interests, political views, or enjoyable activities, and other stuffs incorporating the creation of contents, which provides benefits to users. As fast developing digital devices including smartphone, tablet PC, internet based blogging, and photo and video clips, scholars desperately have began to study regarding diverse issues connecting human beings' motivations and the behavioral results which may be articulated by the format of antecedents as well as consequences related to contents that people create via social media. Social media such as Facebook, Twitter, or Cyworld users are more and more getting close each other and build up their relationships by a different style. In this sense, people use social media as tools for maintain pre-existing network, creating new people socially, and at the same time, explicitly find some business opportunities using personal and unlimited public networks. In terms of theory in explaining this phenomenon, social capital is a concept that describes the benefits one receives from one's relationship with others. Thereby, social media use is closely related to the form and connected of people, which is a bridge that can be able to achieve informational benefits of a heterogeneous network of people and common identity- and bonding-attachment which emphasizes emotional benefits from community members or friend group. Social capital would be resources accumulated through the relationships among people, which can be considered as an investment in social relations with expected returns and may achieve benefits from the greater access to and use of resources embedded in social networks. Social media using for their social capital has vastly been adopted in a cyber world, however, there has been little explaining the phenomenon theoretically how people may take advantages or opportunities through interaction among people, why people may interactively give willingness to help or their answers. The individual consciously express themselves in an online space, so called, common identity- or bonding-attachments. Common-identity attachment is the focus of the weak ties, which are loose connections between individuals who may provide useful information or new perspectives for one another but typically not emotional support, whereas common-bonding attachment is explained that between individuals in tightly-knit, emotionally close relationship such as family and close friends. The common identify- and bonding-attachment are mainly studying on-offline setting, which individual convey an impression to others that are expressed to own interest to others. Thus, individuals expect to meet other people and are trying to behave self-presentation engaging in opposite partners accordingly. As developing social media, individuals are motivated to disclose self-disclosures of open and honest using diverse cues such as verbal and nonverbal and pictorial and video files to their friends as well as passing strangers. Social media context, common identity- and bond-attachment for self-presentation seems different compared with face-to-face context. In the realm of social media, social users look for self-impression by posting text messages, pictures, video files. Under the digital environments, people interact to work, shop, learn, entertain, and be played. Social media provides increasingly the kinds of intention and behavior in online. Typically, identity and bond social capital through self-presentation is the intentional and tangible component of identity. At social media, people try to engage in others via a desired impression, which can maintain through performing coherent and complementary communications including displaying signs, symbols, brands made of digital stuffs(information, interest, pictures, etc,). In marketing area, consumers traditionally show common-identity as they select clothes, hairstyles, automobiles, logos, and so on, to impress others in any given context in a shopping mall or opera. To examine these social capital and attachment, we combined a social capital theory with an attachment theory into our research model. Our research model focuses on the common identity- and bond-attachment how they are formulated through social capitals: cognitive capital, structural capital, relational capital, and individual characteristics. Thus, we examined that individual online kindness, self-rated expertise, and social relation influence to build common identity- and bond-attachment, and the attachment effects make an impact on both the willingness to help, however, common bond seems not to show directly impact on information sharing. As a result, we discover that the social capital and attachment theories are mainly applicable to the context of social media and usage in the individual networks. We collected sample data of 256 who are using social media such as Facebook, Twitter, and Cyworld and analyzed the suggested hypotheses through the Structural Equation Model by AMOS. This study analyzes the direct and indirect relationship between the social network service usage and outcomes. Antecedents of kindness, confidence of knowledge, social relations are significantly affected to the mediators common identity-and bond attachments, however, interestingly, network externality does not impact, which we assumed that a size of network was a negative because group members would not significantly contribute if the members do not intend to actively interact with each other. The mediating variables had a positive effect on toward willingness to help. Further, common identity attachment has stronger significant on shared information.

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