• The Korean Nurse
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.61-76
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to develop a nursing care delivery system which can provide patient focused care and increase satisfaction for both patients and nurses. This study was a quasi-experimental study to test the effectiveness of direct / indirect nursing care hours, patient satisfaction, nurse's job satisfaction, and the difference of the length of stay between model and control group. Control group data were collected from 100 patients who had lumbar disease in the neuro-surgical unit and model group data were from 66 patients who didn't have family residents from August 21, 1995 to February 29, 1996. Model unit was operated by modified PPM(Professional Practical Model) system for 3 months from December 1, 1995 to February 29, 1996. Working committee empowered nurses to make a decision to provide increased opportunities for autonomy, accountability, and control over the environment in which they deliver care. Satisfaction survey was done twice and analyzed by the SPSS program. The results of the study were as follows; 1. Mean direct nursing care hours of the model group was 90.47 minutes as it was 28.04 in the control group which shows significant statistical difference (t=-18.0, P=0.000). 2. Patient satisfaction to nursing care of in the model group was significantly higher than the control group (t=-6. 77, P=0.000) and it apples to the all subcategories, too. 3. Nurse's job satisfaction shows the significant increase in the model group than the control group(Z=-3.0405, p=0.0024). 4. There was no statistical difference between 2 groups in average length of stay except for the post-op patient which shows 5.4 days less in the model group. This study shows that patient satisfaction and nurse's job satisfaction were increased and length of stay was decreased in the model group. Even though this new developed Patient - Nurse Oriented Model can provide nursing with the opportunity to improve patient care to increase productivity and highly valued, it is very difficult to practice due to the limited nursing resources, higher acuity levels and nursing care cost. It is strongly recommended that the government needs to look at the unreasonable reimbursement system and recognize the nursing care costs to the high acuity level patients. Otherwise, make the patient responsible for the nursing care cost so that we can provide more efficient and patient focused care.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.3-10
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• 2019

The entire duration of the long-term continuous construction contract project cannot be expected when calculating the initial budget as the construction of the contract is carried out annually according to the budget composition. In addition, the statutes related to the defect liability and execution of contracts have not been established systematically in relation to the contract. Therefore, there are many problems at the actual construction site with regard to the defect liability or the performance of the contract in relation to the contract. In this study, the following improvement directions were presented for the efficient operation of the contracts: First, the defect liability is legal and should be specified in an Act rather than an enforcement decree. Second, if the parties to the contract vary in the following order in the contract, the special agreement should be specified in the enforcement decree. Third, in the event of an indirect cost due to the extension of the period of the long-term continuous work, the contingency items of the total project cost management policy should be utilized. Fourth, in the case of general construction contract conditions, clauses related to the purchase of the premium of the CAR, inspection, taking over, defect repair, and defect inspection shall be supplemented.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.53-77
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• 2013

As advertising and promotions are categorized as operating expenses, managers tend to reduce marketing budget to improve their short term profitability. Gauging the value and accountability of marketing spending is therefore considered as a major research priority in marketing. To respond this call, recent studies have documented that financial market reacts positively to a firm's marketing activity or marketing related outcomes such as brand equity and customer satisfaction. However, prior studies focus on the relation of marketing variable and financial market variables. This study suggests a channel about how marketing activity increases firm valuation. Specifically, we propose that a firm's marketing activity increases the level of the firm's product market information and thereby the dispersion in financial analysts' earnings forecasts decreases. With less uncertainty about the firm's future prospect, the firm's managers and shareholders have less information asymmetry, which reduces the firm's cost of capital and thereby increases the valuation of the firm. To our knowledge, this is the first paper to examine how informational benefits can mediate the effect of marketing activity on firm value. To test whether marketing activity contributes to increase in firm value by mitigating information asymmetry, this study employs a longitudinal data which contains 12,824 firm-year observations with 2,337 distinct firms from 1981 to 2006. Firm value is measured by Tobin's Q and one-year-ahead buy-and-hold abnormal return (BHAR). Following prior literature, dispersion in analysts' earnings forecasts is used as a proxy for the information gap between management and shareholders. For model specification, to identify mediating effect, the three-step regression approach is adopted. All models are estimated using Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods to test the statistical significance of the mediating effect. The analysis shows that marketing intensity has a significant negative relationship with dispersion in analysts' earnings forecasts. After including the mediator variable about analyst dispersion, the effect of marketing intensity on firm value drops from 1.199 (p < .01) to 1.130 (p < .01) in Tobin's Q model and the same effect drops from .192 (p < .01) to .188 (p < .01) in BHAR model. The results suggest that analysts' forecast dispersion partially accounts for the positive effect of marketing on firm valuation. Additionally, the same analysis was conducted with an alternative dependent variable (forecast accuracy) and a marketing metric (advertising intensity). The analysis supports the robustness of the main results. In sum, the results provide empirical evidence that marketing activity can increase shareholder value by mitigating problem of information asymmetry in the capital market. The findings have important implications for managers. First, managers should be cognizant of the role of marketing activity in providing information to the financial market as well as to the consumer market. Thus, managers should take into account investors' reaction when they design marketing communication messages for reducing the cost of capital. Second, this study shows a channel on how marketing creates shareholder value and highlights the accountability of marketing. In addition to the direct impact of marketing on firm value, an indirect channel by reducing information asymmetry should be considered. Potentially, marketing managers can justify their spending from the perspective of increasing long-term shareholder value.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.17-26
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• 2010

Recently concerns have been raised due to the unbalanced supply of crops: the price of crops has been unstable and at one point the price went up so high that the word Agflation(agriculture+ inflation) was coined. Korea, in particular, is a small-sized country and needs to secure the stable supply of crops by investing in the produce importation at a national level. Investment in foreign produce importation is becoming more important as a measure for sufficient supply of crops, limited supply of domestic crops, weakened farming conditions worldwide, as well as recent changes in the use of crops due to the development of bio-fuels, influence of carbon emission on crops, the price increase in crops, and influx of foreign hot money. However, there are many problems with investing in foreign produce importation: lack of support from the government; lack of farming information and technology; difficulty in securing the capital; no immediate pay-off from the investment and insufficient management. Although foreign produce is originally more price-competitive than domestic produce, it loses its competiveness in the process of importation (due to high tariffs) and poor distribution system, which makes it difficult to sell in Korea. Therefore, investment in foreign produce importation is being questioned for feasibility; to make it possible, foreign produce must maintain the price-competitiveness. Especially, harvest of agricultural products depends on natural and geographical conditions of each country and those products have indigenous properties, so distribution system according to import and export of agricultural products should be treated more carefully than that of other industries. Distribution costs are differentiated into each item and include cost of sorting and wrapping, cost of wrapping materials, cost of domestic transport, cost of international transport and cost of clearing customs for import and export. So transporting and storing agricultural products generates considerable costs compared with other products. Also, due to upgrade of dietary life, needs for stability, taste and visible quality toward food including agricultural products are being raised and wrong way of storage causes decomposition of food and loss of freshness, making the storage more difficult than that in room temperature, so storage and transport in distribution of agricultural products needs specialty. In addition, because lack of specialty in distribution and circulation such as storage and wrapping does not solve limit factors in distance, the distribution and circulation has been limited to a form of import and export within short-distant region. Therefore, need for distribution out-sourcing which can satisfy specialty in managing distribution and circulation and it is needed to establish more effective distribution system. However, existing distribution system of agricultural products is exposed to various problems including problems in distribution channel, making distribution and strategy for distribution and those problems are as follows. First, in case of investment in overseas agricultural industry, stable supply of the products is difficult because areas of production are dispersed widely and influenced by outer factors due to including overseas distribution channels. Also, at the aspect of quality, standardization of products is difficult, distribution system is quite complicated and unreasonable due to long distribution channels according to international trade and financial and institutional support is not enough. Especially, there are quite a lot of ineffective factors including multi level distribution process, dramatic gap between production cost and customer's cost, lack of physical distribution facilities and difficulties in storage and transport due to lack of wrapping containers. Besides, because import and export of agricultural products has been manages under the company's own distribution according to transaction contract between manufacturers and exporting company, efficiency is low due to excessive investment in fixed costs and lack of specialty in dealing with agricultural products causes fall of value of products, showing the limit to lose price-competitiveness. Especially, because lack of specialty in distribution and circulation such as storage and wrapping does not solve limit factors in distance, the distribution and circulation has been limited to a form of import and export within short-distant region. Therefore, need for distribution out-sourcing which can satisfy specialty in managing distribution and circulation and it is needed to establish more effective distribution system. Second, among tangible and intangible services which promote the efficiency of the whole distribution, a function building distribution environment which includes distribution information, system for standard and inspection, distribution finance, system for diversification of risks, education and training, distribution administration and tax system is wanted. In general, such a function building distribution environment is difficult to be changed and supplement innovatively because its effect compared with investment does not appear immediately despite of its necessity. Especially, in case of distribution of agricultural products, as a function of collecting and distributing is performed individually through various channels, the importance of distribution information and standardization is getting more focus due to the problem of repetition of work and lack of specialty. Also, efficient management of distribution is quite difficult due to lack of professionals in distribution, so support to professional education is needed. Third, though effort to keep self-sufficiency ratio of staple food, rice is regarded as important at the government level, level of dependency on overseas of others crops is high. Therefore, plan for stable securing food resources aside from staple food is also necessary. Especially, governmental organizations of agricultural products distribution in Korea are production-centered and have unreasonable structure whose function at the aspect of distribution and consumption is quite insufficient. And development of new distribution channels which can deal with changes in distribution environment and they do not achieve actual results of strategy for distribution due to non-positive strategy for price distribution. That is, it implies the possibility that base for supply will become vulnerable because it does not mediate appropriate interests on total distribution channels such as manufacturers, wholesale dealers and vendors by emphasizing consumer protection excessively in the distribution of agricultural products. Therefore, this study examined fundamental concept and actual situation for our investment to overseas agriculture, drew necessities, considerations, problems, etc. of overseas agricultural investment and suggested improvements at the level of distribution for price competitiveness of agricultural products cultivated in overseas under five aspects; government's indirect support, distribution's modernization and distribution information function's strengthening, government's political support for distribution facility, transportation route, load and unloading works' improvement, price competitiveness' securing, professional manpower's cultivation by education and training, etc. Here are some suggestions for foreign produce importation. First, the government should conduct a survey on the current distribution channels and analyze the situation to establish a measure for long-term development plans. By providing each agricultural area with a guideline for planning appropriate production of crops, the government can help farmers be ready for importation, and prevent them from producing same crops all at the same time. Government can sign an MOU with the foreign government and promote the importation so that the development of agricultural resources can be stable and steady. Second, the government can establish a strategy for an effective distribution system by providing farmers and agriculture-related workers with the distribution information such as price, production, demand, market structure and location, feature of each crop, and etc. In order for such distribution system to become feasible, the government needs to reconstruct the current distribution system, designate a public organization for providing distribution information and set the criteria for level of produce quality, trade units, and package units. Third, the government should provide financial support and a policy to seek an efficient distribution channel for foreign produce to be delivered fresh: the government should expand distribution facilities (for selecting, packaging, storing, and processing) and transportation vehicles while modernizing old facilities. There should be another policy to improve the efficiency of unloading, and to lower the cost of distribution. Fourth, it is necessary to enact a new law covering exceptional cases for importing produce in order to maintain the price competitiveness; currently the high tariffs is keeping the imported produce from being distributed domestically. However, the new adjustment should be made carefully within the WTO regulations since it can create a problem from giving preferential tariffs. The government can also simplify the distribution channels in order to reduce the cost in the distribution process. Fifth, the government should educate distributors to raise the efficiency and to modernize the distribution system. It is necessary to develop human resources by educating people regarding the foreign agricultural environment, the produce quality, management skills, and by introducing some successful cases in advanced countries.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.485-516
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• 2011

Republic of Korea is small nation that is comprised of 0.7% of the world population and occupying just 0.07% of the world territory. Despite this, Republic of Korea once again proved herself to be as the world's major economic powerhouse by becoming the world's 7th largest exporter in 2010. However, the reality is that Republic of Korea is still significantly concerned about the volatile economic nature and anxiety that is spread across the globe since the global depression that began at the end of 2008 and the financial crisis that has been threatening the Euro-Zone recently. This has resulted in the nation reaching the limitation in significant economic growth and limited creation of jobs within the nation and due to such circumstances, the nation is becoming more aware of the fact that she needs to pay more attention on the service sector and service exports if she was to see a more positive economic outlook in the upcoming future. This research is aimed to analyse the cost that is associated with the service export sector, by examining a number of enterprises in relation to the MICE(Meeting Incentives Convention Exhibition) industry which certainly has both direct and indirect influences on the service exports of the nation Further, the prime goal of the research is to encourage the SMEs of Korea, who have substandard experience associated to foreign exports, to intensify and increase service exports and also the goal extends to the degree to suggest appropriate assistance measures to aid these enterprises to achieve such goals. This research is fundamentally designed and based on the literature research associated with the MICE industry and also, this research is premeditated through the analysis of the case of exports to Vietnam. As the result of research, it has been found out that SMEs in the MICE industry and those of in service export sector are reluctant or even feel insecure to attempt any kind of export of their services mainly due to; the lack of foreign market information and also the lack of experience associated with service exports. Furthermore, it has also been revealed that the difficulty to estimate the validity and profitability of service the export is a significant factor withholding those enterprises from attempting any service export to the foreign markets. Henceforth, in order to aid and stimulate service export to the foreign markets by these SMEs (including those in association with the MICE industry), it is imperative to prepare an one-stop service export assistance program which would provide the information associated with marketing, law and legislation, taxation system and financial area in regard to the global markets.

• Journal of Communication Design
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• v.68
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• pp.278-288
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to analyze the effects of risk and convenience on purchase intention in the IOT market, and I want to analyze the moderating effect of emotional consumption value. In this study, two products were selected from three product groups. There are three major methods of research. First, theoretical considerations. Second, survey analysis. Reliability analysis and factor analysis were performed using descriptive statistics using SPSS. Third, we measured changes of EEG according to in - depth interview and indirect experience. As a result of the hypothesis of this study, it was confirmed that convenience of use of IoT product influences purchase intention. Risk was predicted to have a negative effect on purchase intentions, but not significant in this study. This implies that IoT products tend to be neglected in terms of monetary loss such as cost of purchase, cost of use, and disposal cost when purchasing. In-depth interviews and EEG analysis revealed that there is a desire to purchase and try out the IoT product due to the nature of the product, the novelty of new technology, and the vague idea that it will benefit my life. The aesthetic, symbolic, and pleasure factors, which are sub - elements of emotional consumption value, were found to have a great influence. This is consistent with previous research showing that emotional consumption value has a positive effect on purchase intention. In-depth interviews and EEG analyzes also yielded the same results. This study has revealed that emotional consumption value affects the intention to purchase IoT products. It seems that companies producing IoT products need to concentrate on marketing with more emotional consumption value.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.1-36
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• 2020

This study is to reveal the acceptance factors of the Market Sentiment Index (MSI) created by reflecting the investor sentiment extracted by processing unstructured big data. The research model was established by exploring exogenous variables based on the rational behavior theory and applying the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). The acceptance of MSI provided to investors in the stock market was found to be influenced by the exogenous variables presented in this study. The results of causal analysis are as follows. First, self-efficacy, investment opportunities, Innovativeness, and perceived cost significantly affect perceived ease of use. Second, Diversity of services and perceived benefits have a statistically significant impact on perceived usefulness. Third, Perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness have a statistically significant effect on attitude to use. Fourth, Attitude to use statistically significantly influences the intention to use, and the investment opportunities as an independent variable affects the intention to use. Fifth, the intention to use statistically significantly affects the final dependent variable, the intention to use continuously. The mediating effect between the independent and dependent variables of the research model is as follows. First, The indirect effect on the causal route from diversity of services to continuous use intention was 0.1491, which was statistically significant at the significance level of 1%. Second, The indirect effect on the causal route from perceived benefit to continuous use intention was 0.1281, which was statistically significant at the significance level of 1%. The results of the multi-group analysis are as follows. First, for groups with and without stock investment experience, multi-group analysis was not possible because the measurement uniformity between the two groups was not secured. Second, the analysis result of the difference in the effect of independent variables of male and female groups on the intention to use continuously, where measurement uniformity was secured between the two groups, In the causal route from usage attitude to usage intention, women are higher than men. And in the causal route from use intention to continuous use intention, males were very high and showed statistically significant difference at significance level 5%.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.15-23
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• 2012

Indirect Test Method is often used instead of direct test method in test method for extinguishing performance of $CO_2$ extinguishing facility because of high cost, environment problems and difficulties of procedure. But in the danger facilities for a unit of nation, such as a petrochemical plant, a nuclear power plant, or etc. is better to verify the performance of the extinguishment through direct discharge test. In $CO_2$ extinguishing system for total flooding system installed in dangerous facilities in Korea, each protected area in surface fire and deep-seated fire had selected and verified of extinguishing performance of $CO_2$ extinguishing facilities. To get recognized as extinguishing performance, discharged $CO_2$ concentration to protected area should be equivalence with design concentration standards (NFSC and NFPA). The Design Concentration means that $CO_2$ extinguishing agent is considerate of concentration for percentage of allowance (20 %) from extinguishing concentration which available to control of flame. As test result, surface fire and deep seated fire in protected area is obtained $CO_2$ design concentration and maintained design concentration more than 20 minutes as deep-seated fire. Through this study, we introduced direct discharging test method and decision method. And furthermore, especially in the dangerous facilities as a unit of Nation, we suggested necessity about reliability of extinguishing facilities to use direct test method.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.941-951
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• 2015

In the recent years, Korean construction companies have been awarded 680 billion USD in the oversea projects which lead to a successful quantitative growth. However, due to the lack of capability in the core technology and project management compared to the leading companies, in addition to low-price bidding, massive deficit projects have caused problems to the companies. In order to overcome the limitations of the lack of capabilities, the term constructability has been researched recently by developed countries to apply in the practical use. The concept of constructability must be applied for Korean companies to compete in the EPC construction projects. The term constructability is defined as the factor that affect the overall construction process of a project which is defined by the ease of construction and to secure the project quality. Therefore, this study aims to develop a constructability assessment model using the structural equation to assess the factors that affect the constructability in the design and construction stage. The purpose of using the structural equation is to analyze the direct and indirect correlation between each factor that affects the international construction projects. Total of 8 latent variables and 34 measured variables are derived through literature review, corporate reports, experts' interview and surveys. The result of the model suggests the constructability factors that are to be managed the most efficiently to reduce cost, time and improve the quality as well as a countermeasure strategy to successfully execute the target international construction projects.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.39-46
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• 1975

It is the purpose of this paper to design the most preferable method of erythropoietin bioassay in Korea. Bioassay utilizing polycythemic mice are currently in general use for the indirect determination of erythropoietin. Assay animals are usually prepared either by transfusion or by exposure to reduced oxygen tension in specially constructed chamber. We prepared the polycythemic, mice by the specially constructed hypobaric chamber. We observed weights and hematocrits of the mice in the hypobaric chamber, then hematocrits and 72 hours $^{59}Fe$ red cell upatke ratio of the polycythemic mice induced by hypoxia after removal from the hypobaric chamber. We designed the method of erythropoietin bioassay according to the results obtained by above experiments. Then we measured the 72 hours $^{59}Fe$ red cell uptake ratio of the polycythemic mice with normal saline, normal plasma and anemic plasma according to the method we designed. The results are followed: 1. The hematocrits of the mice in hypobaric chamber increased to 74% in 14 days It is preferable to maintain the pressure of the chamber to 400mmHg for first 4 days then 300mmHg for last 10 days to reduce the death rate and time consuming in hypobaric chamber. 2. After removal from the hypobaric chamber, the 72 hours $^{59}Fe$ red cell uptake ratio decreased rapidly and maintained the lowest level from the fourth day to tenth day. 3. We design the method of erythropoietin bioassay according to the results of above experiment and to the half life of erythropoietin. 4. The Korean product S9Fe is mixture of $^{59}Fe\;and\;^{55}Fe$. And the $^{59}Fe$ red cell uptake ratio in normal mice was far less with Korean product $^{59}Fe$ than with pure $^{59}Fe$ of foreign product. So it is desirable to use pure $^{59}Fe$ in this method of erythropoietin bioassay. 5. Considering the cost, the technique, the time consuming and the sensitivity it is the most preferable method of erythropoietin bioassay in Korea using hypobaric chamber to induce the polycythemia.