• Molecular & Cellular Toxicology
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.40-45
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• 2005

Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) has long been used as an adjuvant or first choice of therapy for liver disease. Commonly, UDCA has been reported to play a role in improving hyperbilirubinemia and disorder of bromsulphalein. More commonly, UDCA has been used in reducing the rate of cholesterol level in bile juice that can cause cholesterol stone. The effects on the promotion of bile acid release that leads an excretion of toxic materials and wastes produced in liver cells as well as various arrays of liver disease such as hepatitis. Other than already reported in clinical use, immunosuppressive effect has been studied, especially in transplantation. In the study, we hypothesized that UDCA might have a certain role in anti-inflammation through a preventive effect of pro-inflammatory potentials in the brain macrophages, microglia. We found that the treatment of $200\;{\mu}g/ml$ UDCA effectively suppressed the pro-inflammatory mediators (i.e. nitric oxide and interleukin-$1{\beta}$) in rat microglia compared to comparators. Interestingly, RT-PCR analysis suggested that UDCA strongly attenuated the expression of $IL-1{\beta}$ that was comparable with cyclosporine A at 48 h incubation. Conclusively, we found that UDCA may playa cytoprotective role in microglial cells through direct or indirect pathways by scavenging a toxic compound or an anti-inflammatory effect, which are known as major causes of neurodegenerative diseases.

• 복식
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• 제59권3호
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• pp.1-13
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to discuss the modern fashion design that incorporates national flags, by each country, methods of their expressions and distinct characteristics. Moreover, it intends to contribute in creating the image of Korea and our own unique fashion identity through creative designs that coincides with the modern trend by adopting Taegeukgi. The results of this study can be summarized as follows: The American flag and the British Union Jack were molt widely used and even though it was less frequent, flags of the France, Korea, Israel, Germany as well as Argentina have been featured in modern fashion. The expression methods also varied and it demonstrated the unlimited options as to how a flag can be presented. Some used the traditional flag as is. Some only used a portion of a flag or its colors as a motive or sometimes the flags were completely redesigned. There are distinctive characteristics when flags are incorporated into fashion. First, the shapes or colors of the flags were used to emphasize the image of a country in rather simple silhouette without many details. Second, through altered shapes, shades, colors or rearrangement, the country's image is presented in more subtle, indirect manner. Third, a flag is a mere element of a formation with various changes to its shape or color, and it no longer holds the traditional significance of a flag. It may also represent the playful or ironic image by combining with other items or execution techniques.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.322-326
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• 2005

IgE-dependent histamine-releasing factor (HRF) is found extracellularly to regulate the degranulation process of histamine in mast cells and basophils and known to play a predominant role in the pathogenesis of chronic allergic disease. HRF has been also identified in the intracellular region of the cell. Previously, we reported that HRF interacts with the 3rd cytoplasmic domain of the alpha subunit of Na,K-ATPase and inhibits Na,K-ATPase activity. Since it is known that estroaen activates the sarcolemmal Na,K-ATPase, we tested whether estrogen recovers the Na,K-ATPase activity repressed by HRF. In this study, we showed that estrogen activates Na,K-ATPase repressed by HRF. RT-PCR and western blot analysis showed that estrogen doesn't reduce the expression level of HRF in HeLa cell, suggesting that this recovery effects of estrogen probably occur via indirect mechanism on HRF and Na,K-ATPase.

• 정보처리학회논문지A
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• 제18A권6호
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• pp.233-240
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• 2011

본 논문은 지속적으로 증가되고 있는 인터넷 역기능들을 미디어리터러시 기반의 소셜네트워크 서비스 스템을 통하여 미디어 접근능력, 비판적 이해능력, 창의적 표현능력, 참여와 소통능력을 향상 시켜 줄 수 있는 L-SNS시스템을 설계 및 구현 하였다. 구현된 L-SNS시스템은 학습자들의 원활한 소통의 매개체로 스마트폰을 사용하였으며, 실시간 상호작용과 상대방의 입장을 이해 할 수 있도록 간접적 체험을 경험 할 수 있게 하였다. 또한 다른 학습자들의 심도 있는 토론을 제3자의 입장에서 보는 과정을 통하여 객관적 판단을 할 수 있는 환경을 제공하고자 하였다.

• BMB Reports
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• 제47권10호
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• pp.587-592
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• 2014

We investigated the effects of ${\beta}$-adrenergic activation on bone marrow adiposity and on adipogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). C57BL/6 mice were subjected to a control (CON), high calorie (HIGH) or low calorie (LOW) diet for 12 weeks. In each group, mice were treated with vehicle (VEH) or propranolol. The number of adipocytes per area bone marrow was increased in LOWVEH and HIGHVEH mice compared with CONVEH mice, which was attenuated by propranolol. Isoproterenol increased lipid droplet accumulation and adipogenic marker gene expression in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and mouse BMSCs, which were blocked by propranolol. Conditioned medium obtained from MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts suppressed adipogenic differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells, which was significantly attenuated by treatment of MC3T3-E1 cells with isoproterenol. These data suggest that ${\beta}$-adrenergic activation enhances bone marrow adipogenesis via direct stimulation of BMSCs adipogenesis and indirect inhibition of osteoblast anti-adipogenic potential.

• 복식문화연구
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.595-604
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• 2014

Tiffany & Co. had been recognized so highly in Korea even before its official advance to the country in 1991 that a successful jewelry company was called 'Korean Tiffany'. The purpose of this study was to explain how American brand Tiffany had been spread and recognized among Korean people by analyzing related articles and advertisements during the period from the Liberation to the 1989. The research method used in this study was the articles of newspapers and relevant literature. This is the result that, with the run of movie 'Breakfast at Tiffany's in Korea in 1962, the trade name and trademark of Tiffany were used illegally not only by jewelry traders but also by other businesses. Other luxury jewelry brands in the same period could not enjoy indirect advertising and spillover effects as good as Tiffany. As a result, a successful jewelry company was called 'Korean Tiffany' in 1989, and the expression is still valid in the country.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.230-234
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• 2007

In anti-cancer therapies, radiotherapy and chemotherapy show a superior inhibition effect on cancer cell growth, but those are very toxic to normal tissues and organs. Particularly, drugs for neutropenia, one of chemotherapy agents, which suppress the function of bone marrow, are needed to be controlled in terms of their dosage and therapy period because of their side effect. Phellinus linteus polysaccharide (PL) has been reported to increase the number of splenocytes and bone marrow cells. PL has been shown to decrease the side effects of cyclophosphamide (CYC) treatment to the cancer patients. PL showed no effects in semisolid clonogenic assay, suggesting that PL doesn't contain substantial compounds to substitute for colony stimulating factors (CSFs). On the other hand, PL increased the expression of SCF, IL-3, GM-CSF, TPO genes. These results indicate that PL may promote the growth and proliferation of splenocytes and bone marrow cells through indirect or CSFs-dependent pathway, which may lead to a hematopoiesis.

• BMB Reports
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• 제42권5호
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• pp.271-276
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• 2009

Sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas (L). Lam.) is relatively tolerant to unfavorable growth conditions such as drought, yet has not been exploited to provide a better understanding of the molecular basis of drought stress tolerance. We obtained 983 high-quality expressed sequence tags of 100 bp or longer (average length of 700 bp) from cDNA libraries of detached white fibrous root tissues by subjecting them to dehydration for 6 h. The 431 cDNAs were each assigned a function by alignment using the BLASTX algorithm. Among them, three genes associated with various abiotic stresses and nine genes not previously associated with drought stress were selected for expression pattern analysis through detailed reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The direct and indirect relationships of the 12 genes with drought tolerance mechanisms were ascertained at different developmental stages and under various stress conditions.

• BMB Reports
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.11-21
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• 2011

During the last decade small regulatory RNA (srRNA) emerged as central players in the regulation of gene expression in all kingdoms of life. Multiple pathways for srRNA biogenesis and diverse mechanisms of gene regulation may indicate that srRNA regulation evolved independently multiple times. However, small RNA pathways share numerous properties, including the ability of a single srRNA to regulate multiple targets. Some of the mechanisms of gene regulation by srRNAs have significant effect on the abundance of free srRNAs that are ready to interact with new targets. This results in indirect interactions among seemingly unrelated genes, as well as in a crosstalk between different srRNA pathways. Here we briefly review and compare the major srRNA pathways, and argue that the impact of srRNA is always at the system level. We demonstrate how a simple mathematical model can ease the discussion of governing principles. To demonstrate these points we review a few examples from bacteria and animals.

• 한국가축번식학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.39-46
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• 1997

본 연구는 체외생산된 소 배반포기배의 inner cell mass (ICM) 세포에서 epidermal growth factor-receptor (EGF-R)의 발현 유무를 immunosurgery와 indirect immunofluorescence (간접 면역 형광방법)을 이용하여 조사하고자 실시하였다. 본 실험에 사용된 ICM 세포는 체외수정 후 7∼8일째에 회수된 소 배반포기배로부터 immunosurgery 방법을 실시하여 얻어졌으며, 회수된 ICM세포는 live/dead 염색방법을 통한 생사 유무와 EGF-R 발현 유무 조사에 공시되었다. 특히, 배반포기배에 대한 immunosurgery를 위해 trophectoderm 세포에 대한 rabbit anti-bovine trophectoderm cell antibody (RABTE)를 제조하여 사용하였다. 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. ICM세포의 회수율은 RABTE와 guinea pig serum (complement)에 각각 15∼30분과 15∼60분동안 처리했을 경우 16.7∼74.2%였으며, 또한 처리시간이 각각 30분과 30분일 때 가장 높은 회수율(74.2%)을 얻었다. Immunosurgery 후 얻어진 ICM세포의 생존 유무를 조사하기 위해 live/dead 염색 방법을 이용하였던바, ICM세포의 생존율은 complement가 60분 처리된 군(69.3%)을 제외한 모든 처리군에서 84.0∼91.6%의 높은 생존율을 나타냈다. 또한, 회수된 ICM세포에 대한 EGF-R의 존재를 확인하였다. 따라서, ICM세포에서의 EGF-R의 발현은 인위적으로 첨가된 EGF의 이용 가능성을 높임으로서 체외에서의 착상전 배 발달을 증진시킬 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.