• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.197-201
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• 2017

Populus. caspica L. is an Iranian indigenous poplar species which naturally distributed in the northern part of country. Unfortunately, overuse has removed many of the stems of better form, so that natural stands now usually appear small and crook. Therefore genetic variation for selection of new superior clone of this species is needed. Conventional hybridization system is currently used to induce genetic variation in poplar species but incompatibility barriers have been observed between them. In vitro ovule embryo culture was used to overcome incompatibility obstacle for interspecific hybridization between Populus caspica L. with Populus deltoids L.62/75. Female flowers of Populus caspica L. have artificially been pollinated with pollen grain of P. deltoides 62/75 in one direction using twig and pot crossing system. Ovaries at different ages (7, 14 and 21 days after pollination) were disinfected through 70% ethanol for 1 minute, 5% of sodium-hypochlorite solution for fifteen min followed by three time rising with sterile distil-water. Isolated ovaries were then transferred to MS hormone free medium containing 30 and 60 g/L sucrose for embryo development and germination. Collected data have been analyzed by two factorial experimental designs. The results indicated that there were significant differences between age of embryos for development and germination at ${\alpha}=0.01%$. Highest embryo germination (45%) was observed from 21 days old ovaries. No significant differences were observed between MS culture media containing 30 and 60 g/L for percentages of ovary-embryo germination and number of germinated embryo per ovary at ${\alpha}=0.05%$. Fourteen percentage of embryo germination obtained in MS medium supplemented with 60 g/L sucrose, while only 35% of isolated ovaries were able to germinate in MS containing 30 g/L sucrose. Induced plantlets in 4 cm height were transferred into pots containing soilless (1:1:1 peat, per lit and vermiculite) medium for acclimatization. After successful acclimatization, plants were delivered to nursery.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.82-93
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• 2016

This article presents an overview of the Native Customary Rights to forests and its role in protecting the future of native people of Sarawak, Malaysia. The native people have had a long history and strong relationship with their forests. Existing documents and studies have been critically reviewed and analyzed in order to elaborate the Native Customary Rights which are critical to the native people of this region. To have a better understanding on Native Customary Rights, it is important to answer three related questions: (i) Who is a native of Sarawak, (ii) What is 'custom', and (iii) What is the nature of 'rights'? The roles of Native Customary Rights for economic, political or social reasons, operate through informal rules embedded in the natives' customs and traditions. These rules have never been codified into formal laws because the adat system merely functions to manage the human relations which are tied to culture thus making it difficult to codify the culture into laws. It is evident that there are several issues underlying the development of Native Customary Rights: (i) Native Customary Rights are considered as inferiority to those of the State, (ii) the issue of over-shadowing of traditional laws by the colonial rule and the current statutory laws and, (iii) projects and land schemes involving the Native Land. It is understood that the challenges of promoting Native Customary Rights are daunting task; however, the constitutional laws need to carefully revise to provide a better future for the natives.

• 농촌계획
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.157-165
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is on identifying charactreistics and management direction of complementary pond of Dalmaji village in Gangjin. Accordingly, this village was indicated as Experience and Resort village by Korean government. This study describes the construction background and characteristics and identifies species diversity and characteristics through field survey. For this, literature and field survey was performed. In field survey, vegetational survey was performed in Aug. of 2015. D(Dominant degree) and S(Sociability degree) was measured by Brown-Blanquet's method. The answer was searched from Myungsanron(明山論), a textbook of Fengsui(風水) in Joseon dynasty. Of these causes, it was considered that the representative one is a protection of fire and infectious disease because the Wolgak mountain is a fire mountain(火山) as a stone mountain in Fengsui. The results demonstrate decline of aquatic ecosystem because of neglect management. The total number of species was 24. Of the species, Zelkova serrata is a natural vegetation of this complementary forest. This is nominated as Lagerstroemia indica and Camellia japonica community. Species composition demonstrate the characteristics of Korean southern region as mixed forest of evergreen trees and deciduous ones which are indigenous plants. It was considered Juniperus chinensis KaizukaVariega in central round island was planted in Japanese colonial period and it have to be removed. It was considered that name of moon pond and moon island etc. projects the mind of village ancestors which are going to reach an ideal condition of moon. And management of quantity and depth of pond water was critical for restoration of disappearing lotus from related literature. Periodic management was needed for ecological structure and function improvement because of ecological disturbance by the invasive plants like Humulus japonicus.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.129-139
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• 2016

Study was conducted to investigate tree diversity and its population and regeneration status in homegardens of upper Assam, Northeast India through field study by quadrat method. A total of 154 tree species have been recorded from 135 studied homegardens under 109 genera 53 families. Most of these species (79%) are indigenous to our country, while the rest (21%) arealiens (naturalized and cultivated exotics) by origin. Tree species richness per homegarden varies greatly in different homegardens and is ranged from 5 to 52 tree species with a mean of 22 ($SE{\pm}0.58$). A. malaccensis is the most dominant tree species in the studied homegardens contributed 34% of the total tree density of the documented trees. The tree density is much higher with 4,259 individuals $ha^{-1}$ but, basal area ($36.32m^2ha^{-1}$) is very less. Based on the number of individuals present, very rare species is accounted for 10%, rare species 39%, common species 19%, dominants 14% and predominant species 18% in the present study. The population density of 154 tree species is 4,259 (individuals $ha^{-1}$) for adults (>3.18 cm DBH), 5,902 (individuals $ha^{-1}$) for saplings and 38,164 (individuals $ha^{-1}$) for seedlings. The density of seedlings>saplings>adults represents good regeneration status of tree species in studied homegardens. The population structure study showed that about 8% tree species have good regeneration status, 9% have fair regeneration status, 48% have poor regeneration status and 34% tree species have no regeneration. Study suggests that research and development action is needed to stimulate regeneration of those tree species which having high importance value indices but showing poor or no regeneration. Based on present observation, it can be conclude that homegarden can emerge as an effective means for both economic well-being and biodiversity conservation in upper Assam, Northeast India.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.257-274
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• 2013

Ecological and ethnomedicinal survey of plants was conducted in one hundred and twenty homesteads in Mbala, Amuda, Umuaku, and Nneato communities of Nneochi Local Governement Area, Abia State-Nigeria. A total of ninety-one medicinal plant species belonging to seventy-eight genera and forty-eight families, used in the treatment of malaria, yellow fever, fibroid, hepatitis, convulsion, hypertension, diabetes, insomnia, ulcer, rashes, low sperm count, snake bite, among others, were documented. Plant remedies were prepared mostly as infusions or decoctions from different plant parts with mainly water, and palm wine/gin sometimes. The highest number of medicinal plant species (73) was recorded in Mbala, followed by Amuda (71), Umuaku (68) and Nneato (61). Medicinal plant species diversity was highest in Amuda (Simpson 1-D=0.9621;H=3.663), followed by Umuaku (Simpson 1-D=0.9481; H=3.471), Mbala (Simpson 1-D=0.9345; H=3.341), and Nneato (Simpson 1-D=0.9307; H=3.277), respectively. Similarity in medicinal plant species was highest between Umuaku and Nneato (76.71%), followed by Amuda and Umuaku (75.95%), Mbala and Amuda (71.43%), while Mbala and Nneato had the lowest similarity (59.52%). The results of the study showed that traditional medicine is pivotal in the treatment of ailments in the study area, and that the indigenous people of Nneochi have recognized the need to conserve medicinal plants of importance ex situ within homesteads due to threats from unsustainable exploitation and deforestation.

• Mycobiology
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.249-254
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• 2008

Minimal growth inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of chitosan acetate (M.W. 60 kDa) on heterotrophic bacteria (strains MK1, S, and R) isolated from the soft-rotten tissues of Neungee mushroom (Sarcodon aspratus) were measured. The slimy substance produced by the MK1 strain was responsible for the diseased mushroom’s appearance. The S and R strains were members of the Burkholderia cepacia complex. These strains showed different levels of susceptibility toward chitosan acetate. The MIC of chitosan acetate against the MK1 and S strains was 0.06%. The MIC against the R strain was greater than 0.10%. Survival fractions of the MK1 and S strains at the MIC were $3\;{\times}\;10^{-4}$ and $1.4\;{\times}\;10^{-3}$ after 24 h, and $2\;{\times}\;10^{-4}$ and $7\;{\times}\;10^{-4}$ after 48 h, respectively. Survival fractions of the R strain after 24 and 48 hr at 0.1% chitosan acetate were $1\;{\times}\;10^{-2}$ and $6.9\;{\times}\;10^{-3}$, respectively. Compared to the MK1 and S strains, the low susceptibility of the R stain towards chitosan acetate could be due to the ability of the R strain to utilize chitosan as a carbon source. Thirty-eight percent of Neungee pieces treated in a 0.06% chitosan acetate solution for $2{\sim}3$ second did not show any bacterial growth at 4 days, whereas bacterial growth around untreated mushroom pieces occurred within 2 days. These data suggest that chitosan acetate is highly effective in controlling growth of indigenous microorganisms on Neungee. The scanning electron micrographs of the MK1 strain treated with chitosan revealed a higher degree of disintegrated and distorted cellular structures.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.1-13
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• 2001

Compression, lateral, and opposite woods in the stem and branch of rimu (Dacrydium cupressinum Lamb.), a softwood species indigenous to New Zealand, were described and compared in the anatomical aspects. Qualitatively, growth rings were wide in the compression wood, intermediate in the lateral wood, and narrow in the opposite wood. Tracheid transition from early wood to late wood was very gradual in the compression wood but was more abrupt in both the lateral and opposite woods. When viewed transversely, compression wood tracheids showed a roundish outline except at the growth ring boundary but lateral and opposite wood tracheids were angular to rectangular in outline. Intercellular spaces were occasionally detected in the compression wood except in the late wood at the growth ring boundary but were absent from both the lateral and opposite woods. Slit-like extensions of the bordered pit openings caused by the location of pit apertures within short and narrow helical grooves were observed in the compression wood tracheids but not in the opposite or lateral wood tracheids. In the compression wood tracheids, fine striations in the form of fine checks or grooves were observed on the lumen surfaces and the innermost $S_3$ layer of secondary wall was absent. In the tracheids of lateral and opposite woods, the $S_3$ layer was sometimes absent but occasionally highly developed. Cross-field pits in the compression wood appeared to be piceoid due to slit-like pit apertures but those in the lateral and opposite wood tracheids showed cupressoid to taxodioid. Quantitatively, compression wood tracheids were somewhat shorter than those of opposite or lateral wood in stem but not different from the opposite or lateral wood tracheids in branch. The walls were thicker in the compression wood than in the lateral or opposite wood. Uniseriate rays in the compression wood were fewer than in the lateral or opposite wood.

• 생태와환경
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• 제50권1호
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• pp.70-78
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• 2017

화산습지는 경북 군위와 영천 경계의 산정 분지 (표고 644~780 m)에 위치한다. Z.-M. 학파의 식물사회학적 방법으로 현장 식생조사가 이루어졌고, 현존식생도가 제작되었다. 단위식생의 출현종의 행동양식은 피도와 상대기여도를 이용하여 분석하였다. 버드나무하위군락, 전형하위군락, 산돌배하위군락으로 이루어진 오리나무-백당나무군락이 처음으로 기재되었다. 오리나무 우점림에 대한 선행 기재단위식생 (오리나무-진퍼리새군락, 오리나무-일본갈매나무군집, 버드나무-신나무군집 등)과의 군락분류학적, 군락동태학적 대응성이 논의되었다. 본 군락은 오리나무군강(Alnetea japonicae)에 귀속되고 산간 계류 선상지에서의 분지상(分地狀) 범람원 습생림으로 규정되었다. 화산습지의 잠재자연식생이고 증거 식생형으로서 식생보존등급 [I]의 자연식생으로 평가되었다. 입지의 수리수문 환경조건의 극적인 변화(건생화 및 부영양화)로부터 국가적 보호 전략이 요구되었다.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.68-90
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• 1977

산간벽지(山間奧地)에 산재(散在)해 있는 화전취낙(火田聚落)의 민속자료발굴조사(民俗資料發掘調査)에 있어서 화전민(火田民)들의 생업(生業)에 대(對)한 불안정(不安定)으로 거주(居住)의 유동성(流動性)이 빈다(頻多)하여 조상(祖上)때부터 세습적(世襲的)으로 전승(傳承)하여 활용(活用) 또는 보존(保存)하고 있는 것이 희소(稀少)하다. 더욱이 근간(近間) 새마을운동(運動)의 물결과 근대문물(近代文物)의 침투(浸透)는 재래식생활양식(在來式生活樣式)의 개혁(改革)을 불가피(不可避)하게 하고 있어 조상전래(祖上傳來)의 재래식(在來式) 생활용구(生活用具)는 거의 그 자취를 감추고 있다. 근간(近間) 농산부(農山付)의 전화사업(電化事業)의 촉진(促進)은 과거에 한촌(寒村)이었던 火田聚落(화전취낙)을 근대화(近代化)로 지향(指向)시키는데 안간힘을 기우리고 있어 구각(舊殼)에서 탈피(脫皮)되고 있다. 그러나 교통(交通)이 불변(不便)하고 인적(人跡)이 소원(疎遠)한 산간오지(山間奧地)에서는 상금(尙今) 생활생업(生活生業)을 에워싸고 있는 민속자료(民俗資料)가 잔존(殘存)하고 있어 이를 통(通)하여 조상(祖上)의 생활풍습(生活風習)과 심산유욕(深山幽谷)을 배경(背景)으로한 환경(環境)의 적응성(適應性)이 강(强)하였음을 감지(感知)할 수 있다.

• 한국환경생태학회지
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.535-544
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• 2009

산지개발로 인해 불가피하게 훼손되어야 하는 양호한 식생을 대상으로 수목의 외형적 특성인 수형, 흉고직경 등과 기반특성인 토양층위 등 이식가능성 여부를 판단할 수 있는 기준을 제시하고자 본 연구를 진행하였다. 이식수목 선정은 자생성 및 천이단계에 의한 평가, 외형 및 기반특성에 의한 평가 2단계로 구분하여 진행하였다. 1단계에서는 식생발달 측면에서 천이를 주도하는 자생종이 아닌 인공식재수종과 생태적 천이 발달단계에서 도태가 예상되는 수목은 2단계 평가 전에 이식가능 수목에서 제외한 결과 총 3,841주 중 약 5.9%에 해당되는 수목이 이식 불가능한 것으로 판정되었다. 2단계 외형 및 기반특성에 따른 평가에서는 수형등급, 흉고직경급, 토양등급을 기준으로 각각의 수목을 평가한 결과 3,613주 중 약 33.7%(1,218주)는 이식 가능하였으나 23.0%(829주)는 이식 불가능한 것으로 분석되었다. 약 43.3%(1,566주)에 해당되는 수목에 대해서는 이식비용과 새롭게 식재하는 비용에 있어 큰 차이가 없으므로 가능한 이식하는 것이 생태계 보전 측면에서 바람직하나 토양상태 및 수형을 고려하여 현장 관리자의 의견을 반영하도록 제안하였다.