• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.381-389
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• 2000

Lateral condensation with gutta-percha and sealer has been shown to provide an excellent apical seal; however, the lateral condensation technique has demonstrated less favorable apical leakage results in curved canals when compared with straight canals. Placement of endodontic spreaders to within 1 to 2mm of the root canal working length has been advocated for optimum gutta-percha obturation. Due to their stiffness, stainless-steel(SS) spreaders will often fail to achieve this position in curved canals. Newly marketed nickel-titanium(NT) spreaders may offer an advantage in this regard due to the increased flexibility of these instruments. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of NT finger spreader on the sealing ability in lateral condensation technique, compared with conventional SS finger spreader. Twenty four standardized resin models simulating curved canals(30 degree) were randomly placed into 2 groups and instrumented to a #30 master apical file size with Ni-Ti Profile .04 taper series using step down technique. Each groups was obturated with standardized gutta-percha cone by standard lateral condensation technique using SS finger spreader, NT finger spreader. And then, each model was sectioned horizontally with microtome at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5mm levels from the apex. At each of 5 levels, ratio of the area of gutta-percha was obtained by calculating the area of gutta-percha to the total area of the canal. The data collected were then analyzed statistically using a t test for independent samples. The results as follows ; 1. The total mean ratio of area of gutta-percha was 89.20${\pm}$7.00(%) for SS spreader group. 92.20${\pm}$5.17(%) for NT spreader group. There was statistically significant difference between each group(p<0.05). 2. At 3mm level, the mean ratio of area of gutta-percha was 88.32${\pm}$5.41(%) for SS spreader group, 95.25${\pm}$2.60(%) for NT spreader group. There was statistically significant difference between each group(p<0.05). At 1,2,4mm levels, NT spreader group showed greater mean ratio of area of gutta-percha than SS spreader group, too. But there was no statistically significant difference. 3. At 5mm level, the mean ratio of area of gutta-percha was 91.83${\pm}$3.42(%) for SS spreader group, 87.91${\pm}$3.68(%) for NT spreader group. There was statistically significant difference between each group(p<0.05). This study concluded that the NT spreader demonstrated somewhat favorable apical sealing effect than SS spreader in prepared curved canals. The clinical use of NT spreaders may enhance our ability to create better apical seals in curved canals, but further studies in this area will help clarify some of the remaining areas with which practitioners are concerned, such as compaction forces exerted by NT spreaders.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.35-44
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• 2005

Purpose: The aim of this preliminary study was to evaluate the effect of Problem-Based Learning (PBL) curriculum on development of comprehension of basic medical knowledge and quality of semi-structured problem solving including scientific reasoning skill. This scientific reasoning contained five components including: size of simple, design of research cause-effect, construction of risk factor, analysis statistic of data, interpretation of result. Materials and Methods: Seoul National University Dental students (100) participated in this experience during two weeks, 2004. Forty eight multiple-choice questions (MCQ) concerned "Infection Control and Prevention" were asked before and after two sections of Lecture-Based Learning (LBL) and PBL (pretest-posttest control group design). A semi-structured problem in epidemiological research was asked to these students after two sections (posttest-only control group design). Data (mean and SD) were analysed using the t Test for two independent samples (p<.05), comparing PBL versus LBL. Results: Our analyse of scores show no difference between LBL and PBL in the development of comprehension of "Infection Control and Prevention". The quality problem solving (epidemiological research) was significantly different between the two groups (p=.029); specially, two components' scores of reflection on scientific reasoning cause-effect (p=.000) and interpretation of result (p=.001) were significantly better for PBL than for LBL. Conclusion: Theses results indicate that comparing LBL and PBL, PBL curriculum have not been disadvantaged in comprehension of basic knowledge, and have contributed to develop the scientific reasoning in problem solving.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.411-416
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of conscious sedation on pain and anxiety of patients in implant surgery. A total of 95 patients who underwent implant surgery were included in the study. In this study, the patient's anxiety and pain to evaluate the pre-operative Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), during-operative Pain Question (PQ), post-operative (Short-form McGill Pain Questionnaire [SF-MPQ], VAS) was used for tools such as questionnaires. The data were analyzed using the chi-squire, independent-samples t-test, multiple linear regression analysis. As a result, the pain reduction was significantly different between the sedative dental treatment and non-sedative dental treatment (p<0.05). The finding of the study multiple linear regression analysis showed that operation time, implant surgery experience, gender, age, operation form and Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) with factors that affect the pain and anxiety (p<0.05). According to the results of the study, considered to be necessary to develop intervention strategies effective using the PCS when managing pain and anxiety of behavior management of this implant patient. Thus, it is advised to provide necessary practical guidelines and dental utilization behaviors on patients with conscious sedation.

• Korean Journal of Comparative Education
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.73-96
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• 2017

This study aims to investigate the primary teachers' perception of social emotional learning (SEL) in Malawi. To achieve this purpose, total 78 questionnaires were gathered from 9 primary schools in rural area. The data was analyzed with independent-samples t-test, correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis. The results of this study are follows. First, the sub-factors of the Malawian primary teachers' perception of SEL shows that Comfort is 4.10, Commitment is 4.59, and Culture is 3.78. Second, there was a significant difference in the Malawian primary teachers' perception by age, years of teaching, and participation to in-service training about SEL among the individual characteristics. Third, the Malawian primary teachers' degree of implementation of SEL in school was 4.01, and there was a significant difference by years of teaching. Forth, among the sub-factors of teachers' perception of SEL, Comfort had a positive effect on the degree of implementation of SEL. This result implied that the reason why Malawian primary teachers had difficulty in implementing SEL in the school might be not a lack of individual competence but feel uncomfortable with implementation. Therefore, in order to implement SEL in the Malawi school, it is necessary to support teachers so they have confidence and comfort psychologically.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.2-8
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• 2019

Objectives: This study aimed to compare the quality of life reported by patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) to the patients' quality of life as reported by their caregivers. In addition, it aimed to examine how emotional problems, including depression and anxiety, and the severity of the symptoms affect the quality of life reported by the patients and their caregivers. Methods: The patients' quality of life and their degree of depression and anxiety were measured using the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL) 4.0 Child Self-Report, the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI), and the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale, respectively. The caregivers' perception of the patients' quality of life and severity of the ADHD symptoms were measured using the PedsQL 4.0 Parent Proxy Report and the Conners' Parent Rating Scale (CPRS), respectively. A total of 66 participants completed the survey. The independent-samples t-test, Pearson's correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis were conducted. Results: The mean score of the PedsQL 4.0 Child Self-Report was significantly higher than the mean score of the PedsQL 4.0 Parent Proxy Report. However, for school function, the PedsQL 4.0 Child Self-Report score was significantly lower than that of Parent Proxy Report. The correlation between the PedsQL 4.0 Child Self-Report and PedsQL 4.0 Parent Proxy Report scores was significant only for emotional function and social function. The multiple regression analysis showed that the PedsQL 4.0 Child Self-Report and PedsQL 4.0 Parent Proxy Report scores were significantly predicted by the CDI and CPRS scores, respectively. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that there are clear differences between the quality of life reported by the patient themselves and that reported by their caregivers. In addition, the findings suggest that it is critical to treat the patients' accompanying depressive symptoms.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.122-134
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• 2009

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to know the blood stasis pattern for the patients who had hysterectomy. Methods: Among the patients who had hysterectomy in the department of obstetrics and gynecology, OO medical center from March 3rd 2009 to October 21st 2009, subjects who met inclusion criteria and submitted appropriate questionnaire. We compared blood stasis score and operational method, age, BMI, past operation history of abdominal and pelvic site, parity, whether adhesiolysis, oriental medicine intervention was done. For statistics, we used independent samples t-test, oneway analysis of variances(ANOVA) and SPSS version 13.0 for windows. Results: Blood stasis score of the subtotal hysterectomy group ($44.43{\pm}15.01$) is higher than that of the total hysterectomy group($39.04{\pm}12.46$). Blood stasis score under the age 40($51.88{\pm}12.68$) is higher than 40-49 age patients($40.34{\pm}14.24$) and over the age 50 patients($41.62{\pm}13.46$). There is no statistically significant difference between laparoscopic and abdominal trial, whether adhesiolysis, oriental medicine intervention was done, BMI, past operation history abdominal and pelvic site, parity, chief complaint before hysterectomy, oriental medicine intervention. Conclusion: Through the results showed, when traditional Korean medical doctors use static blood medication, history of hysterectomy and age should be considered as the history of subtotal hysterectomy and younger age tend to have a higher rate of a blood stasis pattern. We need a further study to develop blood stasis indicators with a validated questionnaire, and more subjects involved at multiple institutions.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.109-117
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• 2024

In order to determine the level of awareness of nuclear power generation and Fukushima contaminated water, this study conducted an online survey targeting the general public living in the Busan area and analyzed a total of 201 questionnaires. Independent samples t-test and one-way analysis of variance were conducted to verify differences in variables according to the characteristics of the study subjects, and correlation analysis was conducted to confirm the correlation between variables. First, the results of the study showed that women had a more negative perception of nuclear power generation and Fukushima contaminated water than men. In terms of age, it was found that people in their 40s and older had a high level of negative perception. In terms of political inclination, progressive respondents showed a higher negative perception toward nuclear power generation and Fukushima contaminated water. Second, information on nuclear energy was most often collected through the Internet, broadcasting, and SNS. Third, the higher the negative perception of nuclear power generation, the more negative the results were in terms of issues of concern following the discharge of contaminated water at the Fukushima nuclear power plant. Nuclear power cannot be separated from human life. Therefore, it is believed that accurate information and a knowledge delivery system are needed to ensure correct awareness of nuclear power generation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.73-81
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• 2024

This study compared the cortical thickness of patients with mood disorders and a control group to assess structural abnormalities. A retrospective study was conducted from September 2020 to August 2022 at the Department of Psychiatry, P Hospital in Yangsan, Gyeongsangnam-do. The study included 44 individuals diagnosed with mood disorders and 59 healthy individuals without any pathological lesions. The 3D-T1 MPRAGE images obtained from magnetic resonance imaging examinations were utilized, and FreeSurfer software was employed to measure cortical thickness. Statistical analysis involved independent samples t-tests to measure the differences in means between the two groups, and Cohen's d test was used to compare the effect sizes of the differences. Furthermore, the correlation between the measured average cortical thickness and Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale scores was analyzed. The research results revealed that patients with mood disorders exhibited decreased cortical thickness compared to the normal control group in both superior frontal regions, both rostral middle frontal regions, both caudal middle frontal regions, both pars opercularis, pars orbitals, pars triangularis regions, both superior temporal regions, both inferior temporal regions, both lateral orbitofrontal regions, both medial orbitofrontal regions, both fusiform regions, both posterior cingulate regions, both isthmus cingulate regions, both superior parietal regions, both inferior parietal regions, both supramarginal regions, left postcentral region, right bank of the superior temporal sulcus region, right middle temporal region, right rostral anterior cingulate region, and right insula region. Among them, regions that showed differences with effect sizes of 0.8 or higher were left fusiform (d=0.82), pars opercularis (d=0.94), superior frontal (d=0.88), right lateral orbitofrontal (d=0.85), and pars orbitalis (d=0.89). Additionally, there was a weak negative correlation between PANSS scores and average cortical thickness in both the left hemisphere (r=-0.234) and right hemisphere (r=-0.230). These findings are expected to be helpful in identifying areas of cortical thickness reduction in patients with mood disorders compared to healthy individuals and understanding the relationship between symptom severity and cortical thickness changes.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.64 no.6
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• pp.414-421
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• 2008

Background: Recently, in addition to multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB), extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) has become rapidly growing public health threat. This study examined the clinical differences between pulmonary TB patients with extensively drug resistance (XDR) and multi-drug resistance (MDR) at the National Medical Center in Korea in order to determine the clinical characteristics associated more with XDR-TB than MDR-TB. Methods: Patients who received a diagnosis of culture-confirmed pulmonary TB and a drug sensitivity test (DST) for anti-TB drugs at the National Medical Center between January 2000 and August 2007 were enrolled in this study. The patients were identified into the XDR-TB or MDR-TB group according to the DST results. The clinical characteristics were reviewed retrospectively from the medical records. Statistical analysis for the comparisons was performed using a ${\chi}^2$-test, independent samples t-test or binary logistic regression where appropriate. Results: A total 314 patients with culture-confirmed pulmonary TB were included. Among them, 18 patients (5.7%) had XDR-TB and 69 patients (22%) had MDR-TB excluding XDR-TB. A comparison of the clinical characteristics, revealed the XDR-TB group to have a higher frequency of a prior pulmonary resection for the treatment of TB (odds ratio [OR], 3.974; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.052~15.011; P value 0.032) and longer average previous treatment duration with anti-TB drugs, including a treatment interruption period prior to the diagnosis of XDR, than the MDR-TB group (XDR-TB group, 72.67 months; MDR-TB group, 13.09 months; average treatment duration difference between two groups, 59.582 months; 95% CI, 31.743~87.420; P value, 0.000). In addition, a longer previous treatment duration with anti-TB drugs was significantly associated with XDR-TB (OR, 1.076; 95% CI, 1.038~1.117; P value, 0.000). A comparison of the other clinical characteristics revealed the XDR-TB group to have a higher frequency of male gender, diabetes mellitus (DM), age under 45, treatment interruption history, cavitations on simple chest radiograph and positive result of sputum AFB staining at the time of diagnosis of XDR. However, the association was not statistically significant. Conclusion: Pulmonary TB patients with XDR have a higher frequency of a prior pulmonary resection and longer previous treatment duration with anti-TB drugs than those with MDR. In addition, a longer previous treatment duration with anti-TB drugs is significantly associated with XDR-TB.

• 대한공업교육학회지
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.1-19
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• 2018

As the BIM designing technology has been applied recently in the construction field, architectural design education in the field of work and university has been changing to 3D modeling. Nevertheless, architectural design & drafting education in the construction specialized vocational high school is not responding appropriately to change. Despite the fact that students need to have 3D modeling design ability, there is a very lack of 3D housing design instructional material that can satisfy the change. The purpose of this study is to develop BIM-based 3D modeling instruction material and apply to analyze effect on interest and task performance ability on Housing Design. The 3D modeling instruction material used in this study was developed through four stages of preparation, development, implementation and evaluation according to the PDIE model procedure. Also, the experimental design model for hypothesis testing was used nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design. Based on the experimental design model, BIM-based 3D modeling instruction material was performed in the experimental group and 2D CAD-based standard instruction material was taught in the control group. Experimental treatment was conducted on the students of construction specialized vocatinonal high school, and applied to the subject of Professional Drafting in the 12 hours. Before and after the experimental treatment, the interest and task performance ability on Housing Design were tested. Based on the test results, we analyzed the effects of the 3D modeling instruction material through the independent samples t-test. The results of the study are as follows. First, BIM-based 3D modeling instruction material was developed of 'Housing Design & Drafting' unit on the subject of Professional Drafting in construction specialized vocational high school. Second, the application of 3D modeling instruction material has shown to be effective in improving students' interest. Third, the application of 3D modeling instruction material has shown to be effective in improving students' task performance ability on Housing Design.