• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.71-81
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• 2009

Food waste has been actively used as a composting material in order to reduce the environmental pollution load and to enhance the recycling of resources. In this study, the longterm effects of continuous application of food waste compost to soils on both the crop production and the soil properties were examined to ensure the safety of food waste compost in agricultural use. In addition, we collected the preliminary data for establishing standard application rate of food waste compost for agricultural utilization. Based on conventional nitrogen application rate of chemical fertilizer for crop cultivation, pig manure compost $(24g\;N\;kg^{-1}$, $8g\;P_2O_5\;kg^{-1}$, and $10.4g\;K_2O\;kg^{-1})$ and food waste compost ($20g\;N\;kg^{-1}$, $20.1g\;P_2O_5\;kg^{-1}$, and $6.5g\;K_2O\;kg^{-1}$) were applied to the upland soil in $2{\times}2{\times}2m$ lysimeter in which lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. crispa), Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris subsp. napus var. pekinensis), red pepper (Capsicum annuum), and potato (Solanum tuberosum) were grown continuously. The crops grown in soils to which food waste compost applied showed better growth responses than the control, whereas some variations were observed in the crops grown in chemical fertilizer treated soils. Continuous application of food waste compost increased the contents of organic matter, nitrogen, and phosphorus, which resulted in improving soil aeration.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.19-25
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• 2000

The leaching behaviour of quinclorac was elucidated using soil columns. On top of each glass column packed with a rice paddy soil up to the 30 cm height were applied three different treatments of [$^{14}C$]quinclorac: quincloiac only (T-1), quinclorac adsorbed onto active carbon (T-2), and quinclorac adsorbed onto a mixture of active carbon and $Ca(OH)_{2}$ (T-3). Half of the columns were planted with rice plants for 17 weeks and half of them unplanted for comparison. Average amounts of $^{14}C$-activity percolated from tile soil columns without rice plants in T-1, T-2, and T-3 were 81.1%, 27.8% and 48.0%, respectively, of tile originally applied $^{14}C$, whereas those with rice plants grown were 36.8%, 9.6% and 11.0%, respectively, indicating that the leaching of [$^{14}C$]quinclorac was significantly affected by vegetation and by treatment with the adsorbents. The bioavailability of the herbicide to rice plants in T-1, T-2, and T-3 were 13.6%, 11.0% and 13.9%, respectively. The residue levels of quinclorac in the edible part of rice grains would be far less than the maximum residue limit (MRL, 0.5 ppm). After the leaching, the amounts of $^{14}C$ remaining in soil in with rice planting T-1, T-2, and T-3 were 36.3%, 73.7%, and 61.8%, whereas those without rice planting were 19.7%, 71.1%, and 52.3%, respectively. The balance sheets indicate that [$^{14}C$]quinclorac translocated to rice shoots would be lost by volatilization and/or in other ways in T-1 and T-3. The $^{14}C$-activity partitioned into the aqueous phase of the leachates collected from all treatments was less than 7% of the total, but it increased gradually with time in the case of rice growing, suggesting tile formation of some polar degradation products.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.53-62
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• 2012

Well-being is a reflection of current sociocultural trends that focus on the quality of life based on economic growth. Furthermore, organic food is believed to help people maintain good health and therefore leads to increased consumption of organic foods. Therefore, consumer interest in organic food is increasing, causing its market to grow, and this trend will be maintained in the future. The abuse of agricultural pesticides, gene manipulation, and bovine spongiform encephalopathy has caused consumers to worry about food safety. The well-being trend has also contributed to consumers' growing interest inorganic food and organic agricultural products. A consumer's choice offood is a complex processes affected by various factors. In particular, organic food is considered an individualistic merit good, considering the consumers' preferences related to certification policies. Therefore, various factors such as personal characteristics and sense of value could affect consumers' decisions. This research focused on an analysis of the factors influencing consumers' purchasing intention for organic food on the basis of an increase in organic food consumption. The research method was based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB). Factors such as consumer characteristics regarding food consumption, purchasing frequency, and other factors affecting purchasing intention were presented. The hypothesis was set using advanced research and stated that it is easier to forecast purchasing intentions by combining the theory of planned behavior and personal characteristics of consumer. The results show that two dimensions, attitude and perceived behavioral control, have statistically significant influence on the purchasing intention. It can be said that a positive attitude toward organic foods in particular increases the possibility of purchasing intention. In addition, consumers who consume more organic food products are more likely to have positive attitudes, and, in the past, purchasing frequency has positively influenced purchasing intention of organic foods. Consumers' negative feelings about the non-purchase of organic foods also showed a negative influence on purchasing intentions. In other words, even though consumers feel uncomfortable when not consuming organic food products, they do not try to purchase such products because of this feeling of discomfort. Furthermore, the subjective norm and the behavioral control of food-related involvement do not have a statistically significant influence on the purchasing intention or attitudes. This research verified the influence of factors related to purchasing intention. This study has several limitations: (1) even though consumers' responses can change based on the type of food, the types of food were not classified in this study; (2) future studies are necessary to analyze the attitudes of consumers on the basis of their purchasing experiences with organic foods.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.75-85
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• 2016

Pectin, a naturally occurring polysaccharide, has in recent years attracted considerable attention. Its benefits are increasingly appreciated by scientists and consumers due to its safety and usefulness. The chemistry and gel-forming characteristics of pectin have enabled to be used in pharmaceutical industry, health promotion and treatment. Yet, it has been rarely used in cosmetics because of its incompatibility with many cosmetic ingredients, including alcohols, and unstable viscosity of pectin gels under various pH and salt conditions. However, low-molecular-weight pectin oligomers have excellent biological activities, and depolymerization of pectin to produce cosmetic ingredients would be very useful. In this study, we attempted the development of cosmetic ingredients using pectin with an excellent effect on human skin. We developed a bio-conversion process that uses enzymatic hydrolysis to produce pectin hydrolysates containing mainly low-molecular-weight pectin oligomers. Gel permeation chromatography was used to determined the ratio of hydrolysis. The molecular weight of the pectin hydrolysates obtained varied between 200 and 2,700 Da. The two newly developed low-molecular-weight pectin hydrolysates, LMPH A and B, had higher anti-oxidative activities than pectin or D-galacturonic. Exposure to UVB radiation induces apoptotic cell death in epidermal cells. Annexin V binding and propidium iodide uptake were measured by flow cytometry to evaluate UVB-induced cell death in HaCaT cells. Both LMPH A and B reduced UVB-induced cell death and increased cell proliferation by 22% and 30% at 0.5% concentration respectively, while pectin had no significant activity. In conclusion, this study suggests that the newly developed low-molecular-weight pectin hydrolysates can be used as safe and biologically active cosmetic ingredients.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.456-463
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• 2009

Background: Although the reports on re-operative coronary revascularization (redo-CABG) have increased, there are only limited reports on redo-CABG using arterial grafts. The aim of this study was to analyze the safety and feasibility of using various arterial grafts for redo-CABG. Material and Method: A consecutive series of patients who underwent 33 redo-CABGs from March 2001 to July 2008 were retrospectively reviewed. We performed conventional CABG in 17 patients, on-pump beating CABG in 7, off-pump CABG in 7 and minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass in 2. The grafted that were used included 34 internal thoracic arteries (ITA), 14 radial arteries, 14 right gastroepiploic arteries and others. Arterial composite grafts were constructed in 26 patients. Of these, a previously patent in-situ left ITA was re-used as the in-flow of a composite graft in 10 patients. Result: No hospital deaths or major wound problems occurred. The post-operative complications included 2 myocardial infarctions (6%), 1 intra-aortic balloon pump insertion (3%), 5 cases of atrial fibrillation (15.1 %) and 3 neurologic complications (9.1%). The meanfollow-up duration was 31.1$\pm$22.7 months and the 3 year survival rate was 86.4%. There were 4 late deaths (2 cardiac deaths) and no recurrent angina during the follow-up period. Conclusion: Redo-CABG with using various arterial grafts is currently a safe, feasible procedure, but further investigation and long term follow-up are needed.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.19-25
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• 2010

Purpose: Laparoscopy-assisted gastrectomy (LAG) is gaining wider acceptance as a minimally invasive treatment for early gastric cancer, but the safety, efficacy and clinical benefits of this type of surgery are still unclear. The purpose of this study is to compare laparoscopy-assisted gastrectomy (LADG) and conventional open distal gastrectomy (CODG) for early gastric cancer (EGC) according to the changes of the postoperative nutritional status and acute inflammatory reaction. Materials and Methods: Eighty seven patients with EGC and who underwent a LADG between March 2006 and May 2009 at Daegu Catholic University Hospital, was enrolled. Over the same period, we enrolled 30 patients who underwent CODG and they were confirmed to have EGC from their pathology. The clinico-pathological features and serologic parameters were evaluated from the medical records and then retrospectively analyzed. Results: There were no differences in the preoperative white blood cell (WBC), C-reactive protein (CRP) level, albumin level, the T4/T8 ratio and the other clinical data between the two groups. The total WBC counts gradually increased and they were significant lower at the $1^{st}$ and $3^{rd}$ postoperative days in the LADG group than that in the CODG group (P=0.001 and 0.008, respectively). The postoperative CRP levels were significantly lower at postoperative $5^{th}$ day in the LADG group (P<0.001). The postoperative albumin and T4/T8 ratio gradually decreased, and the T4/T8 ratio was significantly higher at the $3^{rd}$ postoperative day in the LADG group compared to that in the CODG group (P=0.003). Conclusion: This study demonstrates that the LADG has less of an influence on an acute inflammatory reaction than does CODG. Therefore, it is one of the safe and feasible procedures for the treatment of early gastric cancer.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.651-660
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• 2014

Structural members using ultra high strength concrete which usually used with steel fiber is designed with guidelines based on several investigation of SF-RPC(steel fiber reinforced reactive powder concrete). However, there are not clear design method yet. Especially, SF-RPC member should be casted with steam(90 degree delicious) and members with SF-RPC usually used with precast members. Although the most important design parameter is development method between SF-RPC and steel reinforcement(rebar), there are no clear design method in the SF-RPC member design guidelines. There are many controversial problems on safety and economy. Therefore, in order to make design more optimum safe design, in this study, we investigated bond stress between steel rebar and SF-RPC according to test. Test results were compared with previously suggested analysis method. Test was carried out with direct pull out test using variables of compressive strength of concrete, concrete cover and inclusion ratio of steel fiber. According to test results, bond stress between steel rebar and SF-RPC increased with increase of compressive strength of concrete and concrete cover. Increasing rate of bond stress were decrease with increase of compressive strength of SF-RPC and concrete cover significantly. 1% volume fraction inclusion of steel fiber increase the bond stress between steel rebar and SF-RPC with two times but 2% volume fraction cannot affect the bond stress significantly. There are no exact or empirical equations for evaluation of SF-RPC bond stress. In order to make safe bond design of SF-RPC precast members, previously suggested analysis method for bond stress by Tepfers were evaluated. This method have shown good agreement with test results, especially for steel fiber reinforced RPC.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.220-228
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• 2017

Effects of extraction methods on reducing concentrations of pro-oxidants (total iron and protein) of salmon was determined. For development of the extraction process, the effectiveness of several extraction methods was determined and compared, including heat treatment (60, 80, and $100^{\circ}C$), ion exchange and carboxymethyl (CM)-cellulose column chromatography, and ultrafiltration (UF). Protein, total iron, and anserine contents of salmon extracts were 23.64 mg/mL, $16.20{\mu}g/mL$, and 5.47 mg/mL in non-heated extracts, 7.40 mg/mL, $2.32{\mu}g/mL$, and 5.20 mg/mL in heated extracts at $60^{\circ}C$, 7.64 mg/mL, $1.20{\mu}g/mL$, and 5.21 mg/mL at $80^{\circ}C$, and 7.04 mg/mL, $0.68{\mu}g/mL$, and 4.04 mg/mL at $100^{\circ}C$, respectively. Heating and UF decreased contents of protein and total iron, whereas only UF slightly decreased anserine content. Application of the primary ion exchange method increased the content of anserine up to 16%. Protein and total iron contents by the primary ion exchange method decreased by 70 and 98%, respectively. Secondary ion exchange (CM-cellulose) treatment after primary ion exchange and UF resulted in lower anserine content than the primary ion exchange method. However, the content of impurities (protein, total iron) was lower than in all other salmon extracts. Therefore, primary ion exchange, UF, and secondary ion exchange method were the best extraction processes in this study.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.206-212
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• 2007

Purpose: The number of laparoscopy assisted distal gastrectomies (LADG) is gradually increasing for the treatment of early gastric cancer (EGC) patients as a surgical modality for improving quality of life. However, there are few reports on laparoscopy-assisted total gastrectomy (LATG), mainly because this procedure is performed relatively infrequently, and the procedure is more complicated than LADG. This study was performed to evaluate the technical feasibility, safety, and surgical results of LATG with lymphadenectomy through a review of our experience. Materials and Methods: From July 2003 to June 2007, 77 LATG with Roux-en-Y esophagojejunostomy were performed for patients with a preoperative diagnosis of EGC. The clinicopathological features and surgical outcomes were analyzed. Results: There were 49 males and 28 females in the study with a mean age of 61 years (range $30{\sim}85$ years). The mean operation time was 210 minutes (range $100{\sim}400$ minutes) and the operation time was gradually decreased as the case numbers increased. There were 13 operative morbidities (16.9%) and no operative mortalities. The restoration of bowel motility was noted at 3.2 postoperative days; a soft diet was started at 4.4 postoperative days and the duration of hospital stay was 10 days. There were 20 mucosal lesions, 32 submucosal lesions, 15 proper muscle lesions, 7 subserosal lesions and 3 serosal lesions. A total of 20 patients were treated by D2 lymph node dissection, 55 patients were treated by D1+$\beta$ lymph node dissection, and two patients were treated by D1+$\alpha$ lymph node dissection. The mean number of retrieved lymph nodes was 42 (range $11{\sim}86$). Lymph node metastases were noted in 12 patients. Conclusion: This study indicated LATG could be applied safely and effectively for patients with EGC. However, a prospective study comparing laparoscopy-assisted versus open gastrectomy for short-term and long-term surgical outcome is needed.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.389-397
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• 2018

The structure of glycan residues attached to glycoproteins can influence the biological activity, stability, and safety of pharmaceutical proteins delivered from transgenic pig milk. The production of therapeutic glycoprotein in transgenic livestock animals is limited, as the glycosylation of mammary gland cells and the production of glycoproteins with the desired homogeneous glycoform remain a challenge. The ${\beta}$-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminylatransferase1 (B3GNT1) gene is an important enzyme that attaches N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) to galactose (Gal) residues for protein glycosylation; however, there is limited information about pig glycosyltransferases. Therefore, we cloned the pig B3GNT1 (pB3GNT1) and investigated its functional properties that could attach N-acetylglucosamine to galactose residue. Using several different primers, a partial pB3GNT1 mRNA sequence containing the full open reading frame (ORF) was isolated from liver tissue. The ORF of pB3GNT1 contained 1,248 nucleotides and encoded 415 amino acid residues. Organ-dependent expression of the pB3GNT1 gene was confirmed in various organs from adult and juvenile pigs. The pB3GNT1 mRNA expression level was high in the muscles of the heart and small intestine but was lower in the lungs. For functional characterization of pB3GNT1, we established a stable expression of the pB3GNT1 gene in the porcine kidney cell line (PK-15). As a result, it was suggested that the glycosylation pattern of pB3GNT1 expression in PK-15 cells did not affect the total sialic acid level but increased the poly N-acetyllactosamine level. The results of this study can be used to produce glycoproteins with improved properties and therapeutic potential for the generation of desired glycosylation using transgenic pigs as bioreactors.