• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.135-159
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• 2010

The purpose of the study was to investigate the characteristics and economic status of deficit households compared to surplus households. Data from The Household Income and Expenditure Survey 2005 by NSO and 50, 207 salary/wage earners' households were used for the analysis. The statistical methods used were GLM, logit, and cluster analyses. The analysis results showed that 25.3 percent of the households were deficit households. Approximately half of the lowest 20% income group were deficit households. Income deficit households earned 1, 273 thousand less than that of surplus households, whereas consumption of deficit households was 1, 006 thousand more than that of surplus households. The average propensity of consumption of deficit households was 142.1. According to the logit analysis, factors contributing to the probability of belonging to a deficit household included income level, household size, age and educational level, occupation, homeownership, car ownership, and wife's employment status. Deficit households were classified into 5 types: 1) health care expenditure-dominated group, 2) housing expenditure-dominated group, 3) education expenditure-dominated group, 4) money transfer-dominated group, and 5) overall-overconsumption group. The overall-overconsumption group was the largest group of all at 58.5%. It was found that for all five groups, the changes in household size, income group, home ownership, and occupation of the individual were variables that influenced the probability of belonging to a certain group.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.56 no.2
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• pp.5-27
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• 2004

This study estimates the role of public and private income transfer to the income status of women who experienced marital disruption. In detail, this study estimates five major subjects (1) women's socioeconomic background, (2) income and poverty status, (3) family income composition, (4) the anti-poverty effect of public and private income transfers, and (5) factors associated with women's poverty status. Major findings of the study are as follows: First, women's socioeconomic characteristics, income status, and poverty status are different according to what types of marital disruption (separation, divorce, death of spouse) they experienced. Second, the role of public and private income transfers to reduce women's poverty are also different according to their marital status. Third, widow's working condition and the level of public assistance are significantly associated with the poverty status of widow.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.57 no.1
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• pp.271-297
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• 2005

Since the 1980s, the western welfare states have experienced a wide spectrum of socio-economic changes; changes in population composition, the economic globalization, the post-industrialization, an increasing flexibility in the labor market. etc. This study examines the trend of poverty in welfare states, and analyzes how those socio-economic changes are related to it. For these purposes, this study first calculates the poverty indices for several years in 10 welfare states using the Luxembourg Income Study database, and then decomposes the index by subpopulation and income sources. Major findings of this study can be summarized as follows. First of all, the welfare state in general has experienced an increasing trend in the degree of poverty since the 1980s. In particular, poverty has greatly intensified in the United Kingdom and the Netherlands. Many other welfare states including Canada, Germany, Sweden, and Norway have also experienced substantial increases in poverty. The increasing trend of poverty is not wholly due to changes in population composition such as increases in the aging population and one-parent(mother) families. Contrary to the traditional belief, these population groups are not as much poor as the working-age population. In particular, the degree of poverty in the elderly is less severe than in the working-age group. Furthermore, since the 1980s the market income poverty in the aging population has shown a decreasing trend in many welfare states. The degree and trend of poverty in one-parent families vary greatly across countries, owing to the labor market and income transfer policies. The most important reason for the increasing poverty trend in the welfare state is that the degree of poverty has been deepening in the working-age population. Especially, the market income poverty of the working-age population has considerably increased in every country except the Netherlands. Structural changes in the economy and the labor market may drive the increasing trend of poverty. Further studies and deliberate anti-poverty policies are needed to tackle the factors relating to the increase in the market income poverty.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.41-51
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• 2008

As the local bus service diagram after the bus route reform is studied by variable analysis based on traffic card data and income adjustment data, the characteristic of the local bus system is revealed in Busan Metropolitan city. The relationship between traveling length and traveling time is influenced by traveling velocity. In order to keep a headway within 10 minutes, bus service number per minute should be over 0.1013 vehicles. The traveling time of afternoon is generally longer than that of forenoon. Compared with the bus used by a lot people, the deviation of that used by a few people is larger in the all cases of length, headway, time and velocity. According to the analysis of the relationship among card trip number, average income and transfer rate, the relationship between card trip number and average income is expressed as linear function in the general bus and as exponential function in the high-grade & rapid bus. The 1% increase of transfer rate is equal to 6.3 trip/vehicle/day decrease and 4.9 trip/vehicle/day decrease in two bus types respectively. The four effective variables are defined by the discriminant analysis between the profitable routes and the unprofitable; According to discriminant size, bus service number per km, bus via suburb, subway meeting number, bus via university. In order to increase the income when the minibus will be included among public transit transfer system in 2008, it should be necessary to settle the bus network and revitalize the public transit better. In order to decrease the cost, it should be necessary to reorganize the hierarchy between the local bus and the minibus better.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.113-137
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• 1992

The purpose of this study was to figure out the urban establishing families' economic structures(income, expenditure, assets, first-present-future housing cost etc.), the states of first-present housing, the future housing plans, and the housing preferences. For this purpose 274 establishing families in Seoul and its metro-politan area were interviewed through the standardized questionnares. Finally 264 questionnares were analyzed. The major findings were as follows; 1. The important source of their monthly incomes was the labor income. But there was often the transfer income from their parents. And the important items of monthly expenditures were savings and foods. In higher income classes, the traffic cost was important relatively. 2. It was found that the urban establishing families were very dependent on their parents for their first-present housing costs. The dependency was stronger in high education classes compared to the low. This was the case in future housing costs. 3. The states and changes of first-present housing showed the demands for an apartment, homeowership, and privacy. These tendencies were higher in high education classes compared to low education classes, but the demands for future housing were according to the monthly income. The present locations were determined majorly by the distance from office and parents. 4. Their housing preferences were different from the present housing states. Furnished rental housing, open living space, large common spaces, and common using of unusual appliances etc. were more preferred by high education classes compared to low education classes.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.103-116
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to examine the economic status of retired elderly households. This study especially looked for the differences in the economic status among retired elderly households and the level of subjective financial strain. The data were drawn from the data of 2000 Korean Labor and Income Panel Study (KLIPS) conducted by the Korea Labor Institute. The major findings are as follows: 1) The levels of income in the retired households were found to be lower than those of the employed elderly households, and the transfer income took the biggest portion out of 5 income types reflecting high economic dependency. 2) The levels of expenditure were found to be similar to the minimum living cost, and the food cost at home was 41.9% of the expenditure. 3) About 40% and 27.3% of households reported that they felt financial strain due to food expenditures at home and health care respectively. 4) Ninety percent of all assets were found to be real estate, reflecting the lack of asset liquidity. Further, retired elderly households were classified as 'not at all strained financially', 'moderate', 'seriously strained', and 'extremely strained' groups according to their subjective assessment. The last two groups showed the lower level of income and expenditures than the first two groups. In particular, 26.5% of retired elderly households belonged to 'extremely strained' group and showed very serious economic problems.

• Journal of Technology Innovation
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.141-163
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• 2008

Technology transfer from public research institutes is receiving an ever increasing importance in today's fast growing economy. Many factors have been cited as influencing the transfer performance. This study is focused on the strategy of institutes which is characterized by technology strategic factors and organizational/institutional factors. Methodologically, the technology strategy is represented by the information contained in applied patents, and the performance of technology transfer is indicated by the number of licensing contracts and royalty income. To further improve the contribution of public research institutes through technology transfer, I argue that individual institutes become more specialized in specific field and become more open to collaboration. It is also recommended that public research institutes gather together since it is easy to form the consortium of technology licensing office and it is not necessary to be located near the industrial field.

• Korean Parent-Child Health Journal
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.80-88
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• 2012

Purpose: This study was done to investigate the level of uncertainty, transfer anxiety, and to identify the participant's characteristics those influence them by targeting the mothers of transferred patients from the pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) to the general ward. Methods: This study was a descriptive correlational study. The participants were 94 mothers of children who had been scheduled to transfer from the PICU. Results: The item mean score for uncertainty was 2.16 (4 scale), transfer anxiety was 2.15 (4 scale). There were statistically significant positive correlation between uncertainty and transfer anxiety (r=.591). The level of uncertainty significantly differed according to education level (p=.035), duration of marriage (p=.043), and monthly income (p=.022). The level of transfer anxiety significantly differed according to religion (p=.044), duration of marriage (p=.043), and severity of illness at transfer (p=.047). Conclusion: In order to reduce the transfer anxiety and uncertainty of the mothers of patients, efficient communication with medical staff and clear informations are needed to reduce ambiguity. Also, standard protocol should be developed for improving communication among medical staffs.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.267-274
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• 2021

This paper examines the impact of the Basic Pension scheme in terms of poverty reduction and income distribution among elderly households by focusing on the differences in the household type. It compares the data before (2013) and after (2016, 2019) the introduction of Basic Pension by using Household Income and Expenditure Survey data. Empirical analyses indicate that, first, the overall income and the public income transfer of the elderly households increased during the period compared. Second, the poverty rate was considerably higher for the elderly living alone than for other household types. The government policy led to poverty-reduction for all types of elderly households, wherein the effect was most profound in the case of elderly living with spouse. Third, income distribution improved for all types of elderly households, though maximum margin was observed in the case of the elderly living alone. Fourth, according to the multivariate logit regression, the Basic Pension had a positive impact on reducing the risk of poverty (defined as below 40% of median income) among the elderly households.

• 한국노년학
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.1445-1461
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• 2009

The primary purpose of this study is to find policy implications by examining the trends in income inequality of the Korean aged and factors contributing to these. For analysis, this study used the 2nd, 5th, 7th and 9th wave of 'Korean Labour and Income Panel Study'. The findings are as follows. First, total income inequality of the elderly rose greatly after 1998 and is decreasing after 2001. Secondly, the Gini coefficient decomposition by income sources shows that earned income was the factor most responsible for the income inequality of the elderly. But its influences of the elderly income inequality is gradually decreasing during analysing periods. Third, assets income and public pensions have a great effects on the elderly income inequality. They increases the income inequality of the elderly households. Forth, interfamily transfer income and public assistance income reduces income inequality of the elderly.