• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.407-413
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• 1998

The influence of the anion composition of simulated acid rain on cation leaching of two soils with different surface charge properties was examined. Four mixtures of mole ratio of $SO_4:NO_3$(1:0, 2:1, 1:1, 0:1) with pH 2.0 simulated acid rain were applied to an Inceptisols(Gyuam series) and Andisols(Pyeongdae series). The Andisols had higher $SO_4{^{2-}}$ adsorption capacity than the Inceptisols because of its higher point of zero charge(PZC, pH 6.5) than Inceptisols(PZC pH 3.1). Cation leaching in Andisols varied directly with the $NO_3$ content of the leaching input due to higher mobility of $NO_3$ compared with $SO_4$ that was absorbed. The pH of the Andisols was higher with the addition of $Na_2SO_4$ than the addition of $NaNO_3$ indicating that this soil behaves as a base and has a high $SO_4$ adsorption capacity. The relative $NO_3{^-}/SO_4{^{2-}}$ content input had no effect on cation leaching of the Inceptisols. Amounts of leaching on the Andisols by simulated acid rain were higher than Inceptisols. This experiment explained that anion composition of acid rain plays a significant role in the cation leaching of soils which are able to adsorb $SO_4$.

• Proceedings of the KSEEG Conference
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• 2001.04a
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• pp.383-386
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• 2001

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.348-354
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• 2009

We analyzed relationship soil distribution and climatic factors using temperature, precipitation and evapotranspiration maps in Jeju island. The whole area was divided into 5 groups - mesic high moisture region(group1), thermic high moisture region(group2), thermic balanced moisture region(group3), thermic short moisture region(group4), thermic very short moisture region(group5), by soil temperature and monthly moisture balances. By the sequence from group1 to group5, the occupation ratio of soils was increased in order of andisols, inceptisols, alfisols, ultisols in soil orders, and of black soils, very dark brown soils, dark brown soils in soil colors.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.153-162
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• 2015

Land information is important for the international agricultural companies. This study investigated the agriculture and soil information in Sri Lanka. This study is the results from investigation of soil properties and agricultural properties determined by the Soil Taxonomy classification system for the soils in Sri Lanka. The order of the main agricultural imports in Sri Lanka was wheat > refined Sugar > dry Onion > Rice > Lentils. The climate of Sri Lanka is divided into three climatic zones. There are a wet zone, an intermediate zone, and a dry zone. Rainfall of the wet zone was $3,000-5,000mm\;year^{-1}$. The rainfall of the dry zone was less than $1,000m^{-1}$. The intermediate zone was in the middle area. Soil series of Sri Lanka were 109 in total. Detailed information of soil series was: 6 of soil Orders, 15 of Suborders, 39 of Great groups, and 56 of Subgroups. Soil texture of topsoil was much more coarse, but subsoil was gravelly coarse soil. Soil of Sri Lanka was classified as a Soil Order. The orders were Entisols > Alfisols > Ultisols > Inceptisols > Histosols > Vertisols.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.242-248
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• 2014

We have five soil series of pan soils in South Korea out of 391 series: Gangreung, Bugog, Yeongog, Jangweon, and Pogog. Productivity decreases in pan soils as pan horizons impede percolation and capillary rise of water and interrupt root extension. This study was performed to investigate pedogenic processes of pan soils mainly located in footslope and river terrace by analyzing physicochemical properties and soil micro-morphology. Korean pan soils belong to Alfisols, Ultisols, or Inceptisols and have udic or aquic soil moisture regime, mesic temperature regime, and mixed mineral substances. Texture of pan horizons selected for the present study was mainly silty clay loam with clay contents ranging from 26.3 to 45.3%. Bulk density of the pan horizons ranged from 1.4 to $2.1Mg\;m^{-3}$ and their soil structure were subangular or angular structure. In terms of micro-morphological structure, Bt horizon of Gangreung series was formed as platy and striated b-fabric structure possibly affected by uplift of coastal terrace following clay sedimentation by flood. Jangweon series showed micro-morphology of massive structure and crystallic b-fabric as macropores between coarse debris established by debris fall in slope were filled with silt-sized particles. The Bt horizons having massive structure and striated b-fabric in Yeongog, Pogog, and Bugog series implies that those horizons experienced horizontal mass flow after clay accumulation.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 1973

This study examined the morphological, physical and chemical characteristics of the Yesan and the Songjeong series derived from residuum of the granite developed on gently sloping to rolling relief in Honam reclamable land Area. The results of this study are summarized as follows. 1. The morphological characteristics. In the Yesan series, the surface soils(Ap horizons) are brown to dark brown sandy loam. The subsoils(B horizons) are yellowish red to red sandy clay loam to sandy loam and the soil profile development is weak. The Songjeong series, the surface soils (Ap horizons) are washed by erosion, so the subsoils are revealed on the surface, and these are dark red silty clay loam. The subsoils (B horizons) are red silty clay loam and thin clay cutans are formed on the ped faces of the structure. The substrata of two soil series are deeply weathered granitic saprolite. 2. The physical and chemical characteristics. The distribution of clay content tends to increase from surfaces to subsoils with depth gradually. On the Yesan series, the content of clay is less than 18%, soil pH (6.0 in the surface-soil, 4.5-5.0 in the subsoil), the content of organic matter (1.8% in the surface soil, 0.1~0.4% in the subsoil), available phosphate (40 ppm), the cation exchange capacity(4~8 me/100 gr) are very low, and the base saturation (57.8% in the surface soil, 46.3% in the subsoil) is moderate. On the Songjeong series, the content of clay is 30~40%, pH (5.7-6.0), the content of in organic matter (1.25% in the surface soil, 0.1~0.4% in the subsoil), available phosphate(4 ppm), the cation exchange capacity(6.2 me/100 gr in the surface soil, 2~6 me/100gr in the subsoil) are very low, and the base saturation(28.1% in the surfacesoil, 16~23% in the subsoil) is also low. 3. The Yesan and Songjeong series are for med under a temperate humid climate, and classified as Red Yellow Soils in the old classification system. According to U.S.D.A. 7th approximation the former belongs to Typic Dystrochrepts in Inceptisols, and the latter, Typic Hapludults in Ultisols.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.199-205
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• 2008

This study was carried out to find out causes of high Ni content and characteristics of potential increase of Cu and Zn contents in the soils of Jeju area. Soil samples were collected from 4 series of Alfisols, 35 series of Andisols, 9 series of Entisols, 16 series of Inceptisols, and 1 series of Ultisols, respectively. Parent material (gravel) samples were also collected from the same sites where soil samples were taken. Both soil and parent material samples were analyzed for Ni, Cu, and Zn. The average Ni content of all the soil samples was $79.2mg\;kg^{-1}$, which was exceeded warning standard for Ni against the Soil Conservation Act in Korea, whereas that of Cu and Zn contents were lower than the warning standard for Cu and Zn. The difference of Ni, Cu and Zn content was not consistent depending upon soil color. Ni content in the soil samples from Entisols was particularly high, whereas that from the other soil orders was similar to each other. Cu and Zn contents in the soil samples were similar regardless of the difference in soil order. Ni content in Seongsan Formation(SSF), Cinder cone(C) and acicular Feldspar Olivine Basalt(FOB) was high, while that in Feldspar Basalt(FB) and Trachy Andesite lava(TA) was low. Ni content in the non-agricultural land was higher compared with that in the agricultural land, whereas Cu and Zn contents in the non-agricultural land were significantly lower than that of agricultural land. The topsoil/subsoil ratios for Ni content in most of the soil samples were less than 1, while that for total contents of Cu and Zn in many of the soil samples were larger than 1 indicating potential Cu and Zn accumulation in topsoil by artificial reasons.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.110-116
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• 1981

Soil surface charge which manipulates some important soil physico-chemical properties such as nutrient and water holding abilities, colloidal stability and soil erosion was investigated in wide range of soil pH, using soils developed originally from same volcanic ash deposit but under different rainfall condition in Hawaii. The results can be summarized as follows : 1. Ustollic Camorthid (Kawaihae soil) which was developed under the lowest rainfall (less than 500 mm/yr) revealed low Z.P.C. (4.5-5.0) and less dependence of net charge on concentration of indifferent electrolytes. 2. Typic Hydrandepts (Akaka and Hilo soils) which were developed under the high rainfall (3050-7600 mm/yr) showed the Z.P.C. in between 5.5-7.0 and high dependence of net charge on concentration of indifferent electroytes. 3. It was found by X-ray diffraction together with total chemical analysis that amorphous materials were dominant (above 6.0%) in Typic Hydrandepts while dehydrated halloy-site (1 : 1 clay minerals) was dominant (45-50%) in Ustollic Camorthid. 4. In spite of little difference in particle size distribution of the soils, the difference of specific surface area was remarkable showing the order of Akaka (289) > Hilo (268) > Kawaihae (93). 5. It was evident, taking account of apparent field pH values, 5.2 of Akaka, 5.5 of Hilo and 7.0 of Kawaihae soil, respectively, that Akaka, and Hilo soils would show either positive or near zero (+ or 0) of ${\Delta}pH$ while Kawaihae soil would exhibit negative (-) of ${\Delta}pH$ at natural field condition.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.623-640
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• 2013

Soil organic carbon (SOC) of soil series is necessary to calculate soil C sequestration due to IPCC default categorized by climate regions and by soil types. The 3,400 thousand data were downloaded from agricultural soil information system and analyzed to get averages of soil order, soil series, and textual family for the three different soil management practices in Korea. The SOC content was $13.3{\pm}5.38g\;kg^{-1}$ in paddy field, $13.7{\pm}7.19g\;kg^{-1}$ in upland field, and $15.2{\pm}8.22g\;kg^{-1}$ in orchard soil, respectively. As SOC in orchard was 10% greater than that in upland, orchard must be managed with applying compost. The SOCs of inceptisols, which was largely distributed in Korea, were $13.6{\pm}5.48g\;kg^{-1}$ in paddy field, $14.1{\pm}7.38g\;kg^{-1}$ in upland field, and $15.3{\pm}8.20g\;kg^{-1}$ in orchard soil, respectively. The SOCs of alfisols were $13.6{\pm}4.96g\;kg^{-1}$ in paddy field, $13.7{\pm}6.99g\;kg^{-1}$ in upland field, and $15.6{\pm}8.59g\;kg^{-1}$ in orchard soil, respectively. The SOCs of entisols were $11.7{\pm}5.16g\;kg^{-1}$ in paddy field, $12.8{\pm}7.05g\;kg^{-1}$ in upland field, and $13.7{\pm}7.81g\;kg^{-1}$ in orchard soil, respectively. The SOCs of ultisols were $12.7{\pm}4.79g\;kg^{-1}$ in paddy field, $12.7{\pm}6.22g\;kg^{-1}$ in upland field, and $16.3{\pm}8.49g\;kg^{-1}$ in orchard soil, respectively. The fact that soils containing greater clay content in textual family had also more SOC content revealed that SOC could be also dependent on some soil properties as well as soil order. Because SOC differences among soil series representing same textual family were greater than those among textual family, SOC differences should be mainly affected by management practices such as compost application.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.31
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• pp.36-44
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• 1998

우리 나라에서 토양의 점토광물에 관한 최초의 연구는 1958년 김제지방의 답 토양에 관한 연구로 (Dewan, 1958)시작되었다. 1960년대 시작하여 1970년대 까지는 주로 토양점토광물의 동정이 이루어 졌다. 점토광물의 동정(同定)에 사용된 잔적토(殘積土)(Residual Soil)로는 화강암(花崗岩), 화강편마암(花崗片麻岩), 현무암(玄武岩), 석회암(石灰岩), 혈암(頁岩), 제(第)3기층(紀層), 홍적층(洪積層) 유래 토양과 토양종류별(土壤種類別)로는 과부식회색토(寡腐植灰色土), 염류토(鹽類土), 충적토(沖積土), 적황색토(赤黃色土), 화산회토(火山灰土), 퇴적토(堆積土), 갈색토(褐色土), 암쇄토(岩碎土), 저위생산답(低位生産畓)이였으며, 토양점토광물(土壤粘土鑛物)과 작물수량성(作物收量性) 관계에 관한 연구가 실시되었다. 1980년대에 들어와서는 토양중의 1차광물과 점토광물의 풍화에 대한 안정도와 1차광물의 동정이 행해졌으며, 이밖에 Kaolinite 입자의 전하에 관한 연구등 점토광물의 흡착과 활성 연구, 점토광물의 토양개량재로서의 흡착과 화학적 특성 변화 연구와 점토광물의 토양개량 시용효과에 관한 연구가 행해졌다. 1990년대에 들어와서는 토양 중의 1차광물과 점토광물의 정량에 대한 자료가 축척되었고, 토양의 풍화에 대한 안정성과 생성기작, Zeolite와 새로운 광물이 합성되었다. 또한 합성광물을 이용한 농업과 산업광물로의 응용성 환경 산업에서의 적용가능성에 대한 평가가 시도되었다. 토양의 점토광물의 조성에 관한 연구는 토양 모재를 중심으로 이루어졌는데, 화강암(花崗岩)에서는 Halloysite, 화강편마암(花崗片麻岩)에서는 Kaolinite, Metahalloysite, Illite, 산성암(酸性岩)에서는 Kaolinite, Venrmiculite와 Chlorite의 중간광물, 현무암(玄武岩)에서는 Illite, Kaolinite, Vermiculite, 석회암(石灰岩)에서는 Vermiculite-Chlorite 중간광물, Kaolinite와 Illite, 혈암(頁岩)에서는 Kaolinite, Halloysite, Illite 외 Vermiculite-Chlorite, 화산회토(火山灰土)에서는 Allophane이 주광물이었다. Soil Taxonomy와 토양광물과의 관계에서, 답 토양에서는 Entisols의 주점토광물은 2:1형과 1:1형 광물이지만 Inceptisols와 Alfisols에서는 Halloysite가 대부분이다. 밭 토양의 경우는 Alfisols의 주점토광물은 Vermiculite, Illite, Kaolinite이었고, Ultisols에서는 Vermiculite-Chlorite 중간광물이었다. 산림토양에서는 Inceptisols중에서 Andept는 Allophane, Alfisols에서는 2:1 광물이지만, Ultisols에서는 Halloysite이다. 모재별 조암 광물의 풍화와 점토광물의 생성과정에서 화강암(花崗岩)과 화강편마암(花崗片麻岩)의 장석류(長石類)는 kaoline광물로, 이 밖의 운모광물(雲母鑛物), 녹니석(綠泥石), 각섬석(角閃石), 휘석(輝石)으로부터 생성된 illite, chlorite, vermiculite는 풍화중간에 혼층단계(混層段階)를 거쳐서 kaoline 광물로 풍화된다. 석회암(石灰岩) 토양의 smectite가 Mg농도가 높은 토양용액으로부터 침전되어 생성되었거나 운모 또는 chlorite에서 유래된 vermiculite의 변성작용에 의해 생성되고, 혈암(頁岩)토양의 점토에 illite가 주로 풍화에 저항성이 큰 미립자의 함수백운모(含水白雲母)로부터 유래되며, 현무암(玄武岩) 중의 장석류(長石類)는 kaoline광물로, 휘석(輝石)은 chlorite${\rightarrow}$illite의 풍화과정을 거친다. Zeolite, 함불석 Bentonite, Bentonite 등 우량점토 광물이 분포과 광물조성, 이화학적 특성이 조사되었고, 토양의 물리적, 화학적 성질의 개선을 필요로 하는 토양의 개량을 위해서 Bentonite, Zeolite, Vermiculite 등의 토양 개량재(改良材)로서의 기초연구와 이들 개량재 시용효과에 관한 연구 등이 주로 논토양에서 수행되었다. 점토광물과 수량관계를 보면 Montmorillonite를 주점토광물로 함유된 답 토양의 수도수량이 1:1 광물을 주점토광물로 함유하고 있는 토양에서의 수도수량 보다 높았다. 토양광물에 관한 기초연구(基礎硏究)로서 양이온교환능과 포화이온의 영향, 입자의 전기화학적 성질, 흡탈착 성질, 표면적과 등전점, 해성점토에 대한 압밀점토(壓密粘土)의 변형율(變形率)의 추정 등이 주로 연구되었다. 부가가치가 낮거나 폐기되는 광물을 이용하여 토양개량재 혹은 흡착제를 형성하는 연구가 알카리 처리에 의한 Zeolite 합성에 집중되었다.