• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.215-222
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• 2019

PURPOSE. To evaluate the polishing effect on roughness and color change of pressed and layering ceramics after immersion in coffee solution. MATERIALS AND METHODS. 88 ceramic discs ($1.0mm{\times}10.0mm$) were manufactured - 44 nano-fluorapatite layering ceramics (IPS e.max Ceram. Group C) and 44 pressed lithium disilicate ceramic discs (IPS e. max Press - Group P). Each group was divided into 4 subgroups according to surface treatments: (G) Glaze, (S) Shofu polishing system (Shofu Inc.), (E) Edenta AG polishing System, (KG) $30-{\mu}m$ diamond granulation tip. Surface roughness (Ra) and color change (${\Delta}E$) measurings after the surface treatments were performed, before and 12 days after the immersion in coffee solution. A samples' qualitative analysis was conducted with a scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Data were statistically-treated with one-way-ANOVA and Duncan's tests, apart from paired t-test and Pearson's correlation test (${\alpha}=5%$). RESULTS. The decrescent order, both for surface roughness (Ra) and ${\Delta}E$ for both ceramics were: KG > E > S > G (P<.05). With exception for PG and CG subgroups, which did not present statistical difference between them, all other pressed ceramics subgroups presented smaller Ra values and greater ${\Delta}E$ values than the layering ceramics subgroups (P<.05). CONCLUSION. Although mechanical polishing systems presented intermediate Ra values, their colors were considered clinically acceptable. There is a strong correlation between the surface roughness and the color change of tested ceramics.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제49권2호
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• pp.114-119
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• 2011

연구 목적: 미세 인장결합강도 측정을 위한 시편 제작 시 발생하는 스트레스가 결합강도에 어떠한 영향을 미치는 지를 알아보고자 하였다. 연구 재료 및 방법: 원통 모양의 지르코니아 블럭을 다이아몬드 디스크를 이용해 디스크 형태로 자른 후 소결하였다. 소결된 지르코니아 디스크에 소성시 수축을 고려한 적당한 크기의 틀을 제작하여 LAVA ceram (3M ESPE, Seefeld, Germany) 도재를 축성한 후 소성하였다. 먼저 그룹 1은 디스크 모양의 시편을 충분히 물을 뿌려가며 다이아몬드 디스크를 이용하여 $1{\times}1{\times}7\;mm^3$의 막대기 모양으로 저속에서 절단하였다 (n = 15). 그룹 2는 같은 방법으로 $1.2{\times}1.2{\times}7\;mm^3$로 자른 후 두꺼운 다이아몬드 디스크를 이용해 $1{\times}1{\times}7\;mm^3$로 트리밍하였다 (n = 15). 그 후 특별히 제작된 지그에 각각의 시편을 core-veneer의 접착면이 오염되지 않도록 조심히 접착한 후 미세 인장결합강도 측정기 (Instron 8848, $Instron^{(R)}$ Co., Norwood, USA)를 이용하여 미세 인장결합강도를 측정하였다. 측정이 끝난 시편은 파절면을 stereomicroscope (MZ6, Leica Microsystems GmbH, Wetzlar, Germany) 로 30배 확대 관찰하여 파절의 종류를 구분하였다. 결과: 지르코니아 코어와 비니어링 세라믹 간의 평균 미세 인장결합강도는 절단만 시행한 그룹은 $28.8{\pm}7.0\;MPa$, 절단 후 트리밍을 한 그룹은 $11.0{\pm}33\;MPa$로 절단후 트리밍을 한 시편이 유의성 있게 결합강도가 낮아진 것으로 나타났다 (P=.00). 결론: 미세 인장결합강도 측정을 위한 시편 제작 시 가능한 한 스트레스를 가하지 않고 미세 시편을 제작하는 것이 중요하다고 사료된다.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.324-332
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• 2009

근관 치료된 치아의 수복에 있어서 파절은 가장 중요하게 고려되는 점이다. 포스트를 사용해서 수복한다는 것은 치수와 다른 단단한 물질을 근관 내에 삽입한다는 것으로 자연스럽지 못한 구조를 만들어서 고유의 응력분산을 변화시킨다. 오랫동안 수많이 in vitro 연구들이 post-and-core로 수복된 치아의 파절 저항에 대해서 이루어졌지만 어떤 것이 최상의 선택인지에 대해서는 많은 상충되는 관점들이 존재한다. 본 연구의 목적은 유한요소분석법을 사용하여 post-and-core system의 물리적인 성질이 치질의 응력분산에 미치는 영향을 분석하고 어떤 조합이 파절 저항에 도움이 되는지를 알아보는 것이다. 근관 치료된 상악 중절치를 삼차원 유한 요소법으로 Modeling하였다. 1.5 mm의 ferrule 높이를 부여하고 외관은 zirconia ceramic crown으로 지정하였다. 세가지 평행한 형태의 포스트 (zirconia ceramic, glass fiber, and stainless steel)와 두 가지 코어 (Paracore and Tetric ceram) 물질을 6개의 모델로 조합하였다. 각각의 모델은 해면골, 피질골, 치주인대, 그리고 4 mm 근관 충전을 가지도록 설계하였다. 50 N의 정적인 교합력이 치아 장축에서 60도 각도로 치관의 설면에 적용시켰다. 모델들의 응력전달 특징의 차이를 분석하였고, 결과를 나타내는 데는 Maximum von Mises stress 값을 사용하였고 최대 변위량과 정수압도 계산하였다. Glass fiber post로 수복된 경우 높은 탄성계수를 가진 레진 코어 모델 (29.14 MPa)에서 낮은 탄성계수의 코어 모델 (29.21 MPa)보다 더 낮은 응력이 발생하였다. Glass fiber post로 수복된 모델 (0.03497-0.03499 mm)은 다른 포스트로 수복된 모델들 (0.03245-0.03452 mm)보다 더 많은 최대 변위량을 보였다. 이는 glass fiber post로 수복된 치아의 경우가 상대적으로 치아에 가해지는 힘에 의해 더 많이 움직였다는 것을 보여준다. Zirconia ceramic 이나 stainless steel 과 같이 탄성계수가 큰 포스트는 응력을 증가시키지만 포스트가 스트레스를 대부분 흡수하여 치질에는 스트레스가 낮게 나타났다. Glass fiber post로 수복된 모델에서는 코어와 크라운이 만나는 순면 치경부에서 가장 높은 응력이 발생하였다.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.197-207
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• 2001

Development of new ceramics and esthetic needs of patients increase the use of all ceramic restorations. Fractured teeth often need metal post and core as foundation for final restoration. When all ceramic restorations are planned, metal post and core may lead to compromised esthetics because of opacity and gray color of metal post and core. Many techniques have been proposed to solve this problem such as application of an opaque porcelain to the metal core or all ceramic post and core. This study was performed to evaluate effect on color of Empress 2 crown according to various post systems. Color was evaluated by the CIE $L^*a^*b^*$ systems and measured by spectrophotometer (Model CM-3500, Minolta, Japan). Specimens were divided into 4 groups as follows Group 1 : gold cast post specimen + Empress 2 crown specimen Group 2 : application of an opaque porcelain to gold cast post specimen + Empress 2 crown specimen Group 3 : cosmopost specimen + Empress 2 crown specimen Group 4 : In-ceram post specimen + Empress 2 crown specimen. The results obtained as follows, 1. $L^*$ Values showed that group 2, 3, 4 were higher than group 1 with significant difference and group 2, 3, 4 were not significantly different. 2. $a^*$ Values and $b^*$ values also showed that group 2. 3, 4 were higher than group 1 with significant difference and group 2, 3, 4 were not significantly different. 3. ${\Delta}E^* ab$ Values showed that ${\Delta}E^* ab$ 3 was the highest value and ${\Delta}E^* ab$ 5 was the lowest value.

• 대한치과재료학회지
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.129-139
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• 2017

본 연구는 silorane을 기질의 저수축레진과 나노복합레진의 이층 (two-layer) 구조를 갖는 시료의 색과 물리적 성질을 평가하기 위함이다. 실험을 위하여 4종의 나노복합레진(Aelite LS, Grandio, Tetric EvoCeram, Filtek Z350XT )과 1종의 silorane 기질의 복합레진(P90)을 택하고 이들로 층의 두께가 각기 다른 여러 가지 조합의 이층을 만들었다. 색과 굴곡성질 평가를 위해서 나노복합레진과 silorane 레진을 0.5+1.5mm, 1+1mm, 1.5+0.5mm 두께의 조합을 만들었다. 압축성질 평가를 위하여 1.5+4.5mm, 3+3mm, 4.5+1.5mm 두께의 조합을 만들었다. 두께가 각각 2mm (굴곡성질 평가용)와 6mm (압축성질 평가용)인 단층의 시료는 대조군으로 사용하였다. 이들 시료를 이용하여 색, 투명도, 굴곡강도와 굴곡계수 및 압축강도와 압축계수를 측정하였다. 그 결과, 사용된 시료들은 모두 동일한 A3 색조이지만 $L^*$, $a^*$, $b^*$의 색좌표계 값들은 모두 달랐다. 층을 이룬 시료들의 $L^*$, $a^*$, $b^*$값은 위쪽에 위치하는 시료의 두께가 증가할수록 위쪽 레진의 $L^*$, $a^*$, $b^*$값에 가까웠다. 이층을 이룬 시료들의 투명도는 1.92-6.33 이었는데 각층을 이루는 두 시료의 $b^*$값 차이가 클수록 투명도도 증가하였다(p<0.05). 이층을 이룬 시료들의 굴곡강도와 굴곡계수는 각각 108.8-134.0 MPa와 10.95-18.39 GPa이었고 압축강도와 압축계수는 각각 108.3-254.9 MPa와 3.13-4.11 GPa로써 단층 상태의 굴곡강도와 굴곡계수 [(123.2-161.0 MPa)와 (11.64-21.58 GPa)] 그리고 압축강도와 압축계수[(327.4-405.4 MPa)와 (4.02-5.29 GPa)] 보다 모두 낮았다.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제38권5호
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• pp.595-605
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• 2000

Dental ceramics have good aesthetics, biocompatibility, low thermal conductivity, abrasion resistance, and color stability. However poor resistance to fracture and shrinkage during firing process have been limiting factors in their use, particularly in multiunit ceramic restorations. A new method for making all-ceramic crowns that have high strength and low processing shrinkage has been developed and is referred to as the Vita In-Ceram method. This study was performed to investigate the effect of $CeO_2$ addition in borosilicate glasses on the strength of alumina-glass composites. Porous alumina compacts were prepared by slip casting and sintered at $1,100^{\circ}C$ for 2 hours. Dense composites were made by infiltration of molten glass into partially sintered alumina at $1,140^{\circ}C$ for 4 hours. Specimens were polished sequentially from #800 to #2000 diamond disk. and the final surface finishing on the tensile side was received an additional polishing sequence through $1{\mu}m$ diamond paste. Biaxial flexure test was conducted by using ball-on-three-ball method at a crosshead speed of 0.5mm/min. To examine the microstructural aspect of crack propagation in the alumina-glass composites, Vickers-produced indentation crack was made on the tensile surface at a load of 98.0 N and dwell time of 15 sec, and the radial crack patterns were examined by an optical microscope and a scanning electron microscope. The results obtained were summarized as follows; 1. The porosity rates of partially sintered alumina decreased with the rising of firing temperature. 2. The maximum biaxial flexure strength of 423.5MPa in alumina-glass composites was obtained with an addition of 3 mol% $CeO_2$ in glass composition and strength values showed the aspect of decrease with the increase of $CeO_2$ content. 3 The biaxial flexure strength values of alumina-glass composites were decreased with rising the firing temperature. 4. Observation of the fracture surfaces of alumina-glass composites indicated that the enhancement of strength in alumina-glass composites was due to the frictional or geometrical inter-locking of rough fracture surfaces and ligamentary bridging by intact islands of materials left behind the fracture front.

• 대한치과기공학회지
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.299-306
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• 2011

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the shear bond strength by manufacturing the veneering porcelain on the IPS e.max $ZirCAD^{(R)}$ zirconia core, using the layering technique and heat-pressing technique, and to evaluate the clinical stability by comparing to the conventional metal ceramic system. Methods: The Schmitz-Schulmeyer test method was used to evaluate the core-veneer shear bond strength of zirconia core ceramic(IPS e.max $ZirCAD^{(R)}$) and their manufacture recommended two veneering ceramic systems(IPS e.max $ceram^{(R)}$, IPS e. max $ZirPress^{(R)}$). A metal ceramic system(Bellabond $plus^{(R)}$, VITA $VM13^{(R)}$) was used as a control group for the two all ceramic system test groups. The maximum loading and shear bond strength was measured. The average shear strength(MPa) was analyzed with the one-way ANOVA and the Tukey's test(${\alpha}$=.05). The fracture specimens were examined using Microscope to determine the failure pattern. Results: The mean shear bond strengths(SD) in MPa were MBSB control 43.62(2.13); ZBSB 18.65(1.76); ZPSB 18.89(1.54). The shear strengths of the zirconia cores were not significantly different(P>.05). Microscope examination showed that zirconia specimens presented mixed failure, and base metal alloy specimens showed adhesive failure. Conclusion: There was no siginificant different between the layering technique and the heat pressing technique in the veneering methods on the zirconia cores. None of the zirconia core and veneering ceramics could attain the high bond strength values of the metal ceramic combination.

• 대한치과보존학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한치과보존학회 2001년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.235-237
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• 2001

;Dentistry has benefited from tremendous advances in technology with the introduction of new techniques and materials, and patients are aware that esthetic approaches in dentistry can change one's appearance. Increasingly. tooth-colored restorative materials have been used for restoration of posterior teeth. Tooth-colored restoration for posterior teeth can be divided into three categories: 1) the direct techniques that can be made in a single appointment and are an intraoral procedure utilizing composites: 2) the semidirect techniques that require both an intraoral and an extraoral procedure and are luted chairside utilizing composites: and 3) the indirect techniques that require several appointments and the expertise of a dental technician working with either composites or ceramics. But, resin restoration has inherent drawbacks of microleakage. polymerization shrinkage, thermal cycling problems. and wear in stress-bearing areas. On the other hand, Ceramic restorations have many advantages over resin restorations. Ceramic inlays are reported to have less leakage than resin restoration and to fit better. although marginal fidelity depends on technique and is laboratory dependent. Adhesion of luting resin is more reliable and durable to etched ceramic material than to treated resin composite. In view of color matching, periodontal health. resistance to abrasion, ceramic restoration is superior to resin restorationl. Materials which have been used for the fabrication of ceramic restorations are various. Conventional powder slurry ceramics are also available. Castable ceramics are produced by centrifugal casting of heat-treated glass ceramics. and machinable ceramics are feldspathic porcelains or cast glass ceramics which are milled using a CAD/CAM apparatus to produce inlays (for example, Cered. They may also be copy milled using the Celay apparatus. Pressable ceramics are produced from feldspathic porcelain which is supplied in ingot form and heated and moulded under pressure to produce a restoration. Infiltrated ceramics are another class of material which are available for use as ceramic inlays. An example is $In-Ceram^{\circledR}$(Vident. California, USA) which consists of a porous aluminum oxide or spinell core infiltrated with glass and subsequently veneered with feldspathic porcelain. In the 1980s. the development of compatible refractory materials made fabrication easier. and the development of adhesive resin cements greatly improved clinical success rates. This case report presents esthetic ceramic inlays for posterior teeth.teeth.

• 구강회복응용과학지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.221-230
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• 2006

Recently, the need for esthetic results has increased the interest for all-ceramic crown prosthesis. Furthermore, the development of zirconium core via CAD/CAM system has allowed the all ceramic restorations to be applied to almost all fixed prosthesis situations. But, the increased strength has been reported to increase in proportion with the bond strength of cement, and recently, the tribochemical system which increases the bond strength through, silica coating and silanization has been introduced. The purpose of this study was to compare the $Rocatec^{TM}$ system and $CoJet^{TM}$ system with the traditional acid etching and silanization method of the irconium based ceramic. The surface character was observed via SEM(X2000), and the bond strength with the resin cement were measured. 50 In-Ceram Zirconia (Adens, Korea) discs were fabricated and embedded in resin, group 1 was treated with glass-bead blasting and cleaning, group 2 was treated with 20% HF for 10 minutes and silanized, group 3 was treated with the $Rocatec^{TM}$ system, and group 4 was treated with the $CoJet^{TM}$ system. Each group was comprised of 10 specimens. The specimens were cemented to a $3mm{\times}5mm$ resin block with Super-Bond C&B. The shear bond strength was measured with the $Instron^{(R)}$ 8871 at a crosshead speed of 0.5mm/min. The results were as follows. 1. According to SEM results, there were little difference between group 1 & group 2, but in group 3 and 4, silica coating was detected and there was increase in surface roughness. 2. The shear bond strength decreased in the order of group 3(46.28MPa), group 4(42.04MPa), group 2(31.56MPa), and group 1(27.46MPa). 3. There was significant differnce between group 1&2 and group 3&4(p<0.05). From the results above, it can be considered that the conventional method of acid etching and silane treatment cannot increase the bond strength with resin cements, and that by applying the tribochemical system of $Rocatec^{TM}$ system and $CoJet^{TM}$ system, we can achieve a stronger all ceramic restoration. Further studies on surface treatments to increase the bond strength are thought to be needed.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.199-206
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• 2001

플라즈마 아크 광원을 사용하는 광중합기를 저출력 할로겐 광원을 사용하는 전통적인 광중합기와 비교 평가하기 위하여, 세 종류의 복합레진을 두께가 2, 3, 4, 5mm인 몰드에 충전하고 레진 상면을 할로겐광으로 40초간, 플라즈마광으로 3, 6, 9초간 조사한 후 레진 상면과 하면의 표면미세경도를 각각 측정하였다. 레진시편 상면의 표면경도와 하면의 표면경도 간의 차이는, 두께 2mm 시편에 할로겐광을 40초간 조사하였거나 플라즈마광을 9초간 조사한 경우들을 제외하고, 모두 유의하였다(P<0.05). 레진시편 상면의 표면경도는 전체 실험군들에서 서로 유의한 차이가 없었다. 레진시편 하면의 표면경도는 전체적으로 보아 할로겐광을 40초간 조사한 군들에서 가장 높았고 플라즈마광의 조사시간이 감소함에 따라 감소하였으며 레진시편의 두께가 증가함에 따라 감소하였다. 이상의 결과는 복합레진의 중합깊이 측면에서 볼 때 3, 6, 9초간 조사하는 고출력 플라즈마광의 중합능력이 40초간 조사하는 저출력 할로겐광의 중합능력에 미치지 못함을 시사한다.