• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.137-143
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• 2008

Chemicals for cosmetics, including skin, the skin absorbs some of the research in the field of science or pharmacy recently, about the environment and the health of the heightened interest in skin absorption, and many other human attributes and absorption evaluation studies are underway in various areas. In this study, The effects of commercial permanent wave products to skin which are composed with cysteine and bases using rat. Results are as follows; the content of penetration 4 hours later with steady state and no significant changeable after 20 hours later. In cysteine groups lag time and permeability coefficient of young skin is 3.32hr and $0.102{\mu}g/cm^2{\cdot}hr$, lag time and permeability coefficient of old skin is 4.04hr and $0.106{\mu}g/cm^2{\cdot}hr$. In conclusion of study lag time and permeability coefficient in old skin and wounded skin are faster than healthy skin. We notified that fine rinkle and rash of skin were changeable in the case of treating with permanent wave drugs than normal skin.

• Biomaterials and Biomechanics in Bioengineering
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.85-104
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• 2016

Stability and loosening of implanted femoral stems in Total Hip Replacement have been well established as barriers to the primary concerns of osseointegration and long term implant survival. In-vitro experiments and finite element modeling have for years been used as a primary tool to assess the bone stem interface with variable methodologies leading to a wide range of micromotion, interference fit and stress shielding values in the literature. The current study aims to provide a comprehensive review of currently utilized methodologies for in-vitro mechanical testing as well as finite element modeling of both micromotion and interference of implanted femoral stems. A total of 12 studies detailed in 33 articles were selected for inclusion. Experimental values of micromotion ranged from 12 to $182{\mu}m$ while finite element analysis reported a wider range from 2.74 to $1,277{\mu}m$. Only two studies were found that modeled bone/implant contact with consideration for interference fit. In studies evaluating stem micromotion in THA, the reference surface at the bone/stem interface should be well defined. Additionally, the amount of penetration considered should be disclosed and associated with bone density and roughness.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.181-190
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• 2023

The fungal pathogen Pseudocercospora fuligena, known to affect tomatoes in the tropics and subtropics, has been reported from temperate climates including the United States and Turkey in recent years. In this study, an isolate from fresh tomatoes and the disease it causes were characterized and infection mechanisms investigated. Macroscopically, both sides of tomato leaves show indistinct effuse patches but prolific production of fuliginous lesions is conspicuous on the abaxial side first but also on the adaxial side later on as infection progressed. Microscopically, fascicles of conidiophores (11-128 ㎛ × 3.5-9 ㎛) arising from stromata and conidia with up to 12 septations were observed. Molecular characterization of the isolate revealed high homology (99.8%) to other P. fuligena isolated from tomatoes in Turkey. Out of the 10 media tested, P. fuligena grew significantly well and sporulated better on unsealed tomato oatmeal agar and carrot leaf decoction agar, both supplemented with CaCO₃. Direct transfer of conidia from profusely sporulating lesions was the easiest and quickest method of isolation for in-vitro studies. Light and scanning electron microscopy on cleared and intact tomato leaves further confirmed stomatal penetration and egress as well as prevalence of primary and secondary infection hyphae. In situ, blocked stomatal aperture areas of 154, 401, and 2,043 ㎛² were recorded at 7, 12, and 17 days after inoculation, respectively. With the recent expanded horizon of the pathosystem and its consequential impact, such studies will be useful for a proper diagnosis, identification and management of the disease on tomato worldwide.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.182-190
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• 2005

The propagation of light radiation within tissues is an important problem that confronts the dosimetry of therapeutic laser delivery and the development of diagnostic spectroscopy. In the clinical application of photodynamic therapy(PDT) and in photobiology, the photon deposition within a tissue determines the spatial distribution of photochemical reactions. Scattered light is measured as a function of the distance (r) between the axis of the incident beam and the detection spot. Consequently, knowledge of the photosensitizer(Chlorophyll-a) function that characterizes a phantom is important. To obtain the results of scattering coefficients(${\mu}s$) of a turbid material from diffusion described by experimental approach. It was measured the energy fluency of photon radiation at the position of penetration depth. From fluorescence experimental method obtained the analytical expression for the scattered light as the values of $(I\;/I_o)_{wavelength}$ vs the distance between the center of the incident beam and optical fiber in terms of the condition of "in situ spectroscopy(optically thick)" and real time by fluorometric measurements.

• BMB Reports
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.416-421
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• 2004

The antioxidant activities of NADH and of its analogue, 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-3,5-dicarbethoxy-pyridine ($PyH_2$), were evaluated in vitro. NADH was found to be oxidized by the peroxyl radical derived from 2,2-azobis-(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH) decomposition, in a pH-dependent manner. Both NADH and $PyH_2$ inhibited the peroxidation of egg yolk lecithin (EYL) liposomes, although $PyH_2$ was more effective than NADH when 2,2'-azobis-4-methoxy-2,4-dimethyl-valeronitrile (methoxy-AMVN) was employed to induce EYL liposome peroxidation. The antioxidant activities of NADH and $PyH_2$ were also evaluated by measuring their influences on 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran (DPBF) fluorescence decay in the presence of peroxyl radicals. NADH and $PyH_2$ were much more effective at inhibiting DPBF quenching in Triton X-100 micelles than in liposomes. These results indicate that NADH can inhibit lipid peroxidation despite being hydrophilic. Nevertheless, membrane penetration is an important factor and limits its antioxidant activity.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.26 no.8
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• pp.644-648
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• 2003

To investigate the feasibility of developing a new ondansetron transdermal system, the effects of vehicles and penetration enhancers on the in vitro permeation of ondansetron hydrochloride (OS) from a pressure-sensitive adhesive (PSA) matrices across dorsal hairless mouse skin were studied. Vehicles employed in this study consisted of various ratios of propylene glycol monocaprylate (PGMC)-diethylene glycol monoethyl ether (DGME) co-solvents and PGMC-propylene glycol (PG) co-solvents with 3% oleic acid. $Duro-Tak^\circledR$ 87-2100 and $Duro-Tak^\circledR$ 87-2196 were used as PSAs. The concentration of DGME in PGMC-DGME co-solvent system affected the release rate; as the concentration of DGME increased, the release rate decreased. The cumulative release amount of OS increased as the ratio of PSA to drug solution decreased. The permeation flux was also primarily affected by the amount of PSAs; as the amount decreased, the permeation flux increased. The overall fluxes from matrix formulations were significantly lower when compared to those obtained from solution formulations. The ratio of PG to PGMC did not affect permeation flux, while the lag time decreased significantly from $5.14\pm3.31 to 0.31\pm0.12$ h as the PG increased from 40% to 60%.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 1997

본 연구는 단순배양체계내 소 난포란의 성숙에 요구된는 탄수화물 (glucose, lactate와 pyruvate)을 검토하기 위해 수행하였다. GV(germinal vesicle) 단계의 난구세포로 둘러싸인 소 난자를 단백질, 아미노산 및 호르몬이 첨가되지 않은 modified Tyrodes (mT)에서 24시간, 5% $CO_{2}$ 배양기를 이용하여 성숙배양하였다. Glucose 무첨가군 (0-61%)에 비해 5.6mM의 glucose 첨가군 (71-74%)이 유의적으로 높은 (P<0.05) M-II단계로의 난자 발육을 나타내었다. Glucose를 함유한 배지내에서는 lactate(10mM0와 pyruvate(0.5mM)의 첨가에 따르는 M-II 단계로의 발육에 있어 차이를 보이지 않았다. 그러나 glucose 무첨가 배지에서는 pyruvate와 lactate를 첨가하는 것이 첨가하지 않은 것에 비해 condensed GV(76%vs. 0-2%), M-II, (43-61%vs. 0%)단계에 이른 난자수가 유의적으로 높았다. Glucose 함유 mT배지에 lactate와 pyruvate를 첨가하여 난자를 배양하였을 때, 동결융해 정자와 24시간 정치한 후 난자중 87-93%가 정자침투되었고 39-44%가 전핵단계로 발육하였다. 침투난자의 26-30%는 다정자수정이었다. 결론적으로, GV 단계의 소 난포란은 에너지원으로 lactate, glucose와 Pyruvate를 이용하지만, 감수분열 성숙을 유지하는데 glucose가 가장 효과적이다. 이 결과들로 보아 단순배양배지는 소 난포란의 체외성숙에 영향을 미치는 다양한 물질들을 연구하는데 잠재적으로 유용하다.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.11.1-11.11
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• 2022

This study aimed to describe the outcomes of the GentleWave system (GW) (Sonendo) on root canal treatment. Published articles were collected from scientific databases (MEDLINE/PubMed platform, Web of Science, Scopus, Science Direct and Embase). A total of 24 studies were collected from August/2014 to July/2021, 20 in vitro and 4 clinical. GW System was not associated with extrusion of the irrigant, promoted faster organic dissolution than conventional syringe irrigation (CSI), passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI) continuous ultrasonic irrigation (CUI) and EndoVac, reduced more bacterial DNA and biofilm than PUI and CUI, promoted higher penetration of sodium hypochlorite into dentinal tubules than PUI and CUI in vitro, and removed more intracanal medication than CSI and PUI. GW was able to remove pulp tissue and calcifications. Moreover, its ability to remove hard-tissue debris and smear layer was better than that of CSI, and its ability to remove root canal obturation residues was lower or similar to that of PUI, and similar to that of CSI and EndoVac. Regarding root canal obturation of minimally instrumented molar canals, GW was associated with high-quality obturation. Clinically, the success rate of endodontic treatment using GW was 97.3%, and the short-term postoperative pain in the GW group was not different from CSI. Further research, mainly clinical, is needed to establish whether GW has any advantages over other available irrigation methods.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.153-161
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• 2003

This study has evaluated effect of the spermatozoa incubation on the glycosidase activity and fertilizing ability in vitro in the pig. To identify sperm glycosidases specific for sugar residues found in the zona pellucida of pig oocytes, the spermatozoa were treated experimentally and assayed for activities of $\alpha$-L-fucosidase, $\alpha$-D-mannosidase, $\beta$-D-galactosidase and N-acetyl-$\beta$-D-glucosaminidase ($\beta$-GlcNAc'ase). The glycosidases activity were higher in spermatozoa incubated for 2h than without incubation. The $\beta$-GlcNAc'ase activity was at least two-fold higher than other glycosidase regardless of spermatozoa incubation. In the same glycosidases, the activity had a tendency to increase as time of spermatozoa incubation was prolonged, but there were no differences in spermatozoa incubated during the various periods (4~24h). The percentages of spermatozoa that reached acrosome reaction were affected by glycosidases in the medium (P<0.05, for mannosidase), and were higher in spermatozoa with that than without incubation. On the other hand, the spermatozoa motility were decreased with incubation periods, but no effects by different glycosidases on the change of sperm motility during the various periods of incubation. In other experiment, the binding and penetration of pig spermatozoa were tested with oocytes matured in vitro in the presence of various glycosidase. The penetration rates were decreased with incubation of spermatozoa when oocytes were inseminated in medium with different glycosidases. These rates were higher in spermatozoa non-incubated than with incubation for 2h (P<0.05 for GlcNAc'ase; P<0.01 for control group). The sperm-zona binding rate in control group were higherthan in medium with glycosidases. In addition, the highest binding rate were obtained in medium with GlcNAc'ase. In all glycosidases, the sperm-zona binding rate in spermatozoa without incubation were higher than incubation for 2h. The significant differences were obtained in spermatozoa treated with $\alpha$-D-mannosidase (P<0.05). These results suggest that $\beta$-GlcNAc'ase is present mainly in the plasma membrane of pig spermatozoa. It was also shown that the glycosidase activity were increased in all glycosidases in spite of low sperm-zona binding rate and penetration rates by spermatozoa incubation.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Developmental Biology Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.110-110
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• 2003

The high incidence of polyspermic fertilization is one of the major causes lowering the overall efficiency of porcine IVF. The common procedure for IVF involves the co-culture of both gametes in the medium drop, which increases sperm concentration and incidence of polyspermy. Therefore, the present study was carried out to increase the efficiency of porcine IVF by reducing polyspermy using a modified swim-up method. This method modifies conventional swim-up washing by placing oocytes directly at the time of washing. Sperm pellet was prepared in the tube and mature oocytes were placed on cell strainer with $70 \mu m$ pore size (Falcon 2350) at the top of the tube. After insemination, the oocytes were stained for examination. Also, the developmental potential of fertilized embryos was measured to evaluate for the feasibility of this method. While having similar penetration rates in both methods ($86.67 \pm 2.36% to 83.33 \pm 1.36%$), there was a significant reduction of polyspermy in modified swim-up method ($17.50 \pm 1.60%$) compare to the control ($44.1 \pm 3.70%$ (p<0.05). Subsequent culture showed higher rate of blastocyst formation in modified swim-up method (20.44$\pm$0.99%) than the control ($15.73 \pm 3.26%$) (P<0.05), even though there was no significant difference. These results suggest that, by controlling the number of spermatozoa reaching the oocytes, porcine oocytes might be protected from polyspermy in vitro. Also, the developmental potential of the fertilized embryos using this method could be improved by increasing the pool of spermatozoa with better quality. Further optimization of the procedure required to implicate this method in routine porcine IVF.