• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
• /
• v.17 no.5
• /
• pp.762-771
• /
• 2005

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify characteristics of patients who were recipients of decision-making DNR, to describe the situations of DNR, and to analyze the APACHE III and MOF scores. Method: Data collection was conducted through reviews of medical records of 51 patients and through interviews with families of patients who were decision-makers for DNR at C university K Hospital located in Seoul from April to September 2002. Results: The men's APACHE III and MOF scores were higher than the women's and the non cancer patients were higher than cancer patients. Some 80.4% of DNR orders was by communication, while 11.8% of consents were written. Each of APACHE III and MOF scores of patients in the intensive care unit was higher than the patients in general ward at both points of admission and decision-making of DNR. APACHE III and MOF scores positively correlated statistically with each other. Conclusions: The findings of this study suggest that APACHE III and MOF scores be useful for decision-making of DNR as a tool measuring severity.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
• /
• v.42 no.3
• /
• pp.238-248
• /
• 2014

The metalloid arsenic (Z = 33) is considered to be a significant potential threat to human health due to its ubiquity and toxicity, even in rural regions. In this study a rural region contaminated with arsenic, located at longitude $85^{\circ}$ 32'E and latitude $25^{\circ}$ 11'N, was initially examined. Arsenic tolerant bacteria from the rhizosphere of Amaranthas viridis were found and identified as Bacillus licheniformis through 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The potential for the uptake and removal of arsenic at 3, 6 and 9 mM [As(V)], and 2, 4 and 6 mM [As(III)], and for the reduction of the above concentrations of As(V) to As(III) by the Bacillus licheniformis were then assessed. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) for As(V) and As(III) was determined to be 10 and 7 mM, respectively. At 3 mM 100% As(V) was uptaken by the bacteria with the liberation of 42% As(III) into the medium, whereas at 6 mM As(V), 76% AS(V) was removed from the media and 56% was reduced to As(III). At 2 mM As(III), the bacteria consumed 100%, whereas at 6 mM, the As(III) consumption was only 40%. The role of pH was significant for the speciation, availability and toxicity of the arsenic, which was measured as the variation in growth, uptake and content of cell protein. Both As(V) and As(III) were most toxic at around a neutral pH, whereas both acidic and basic pH favored growth, but at variable levels. Contrary to many reports, the total cell protein content in the bacteria was enhanced by both As(V) and As(III) stress.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
• /
• v.32 no.2
• /
• pp.180-189
• /
• 2021

N-Heteroaryl carbazoles were synthesized with thermal heating in the presence of Cu(I) catalyst and used as main ligands for the preparation of heteroleptic Ir(III) complexes. In these Ir(III) complexes, 6-membered ring structures of Ir-ligand chelation were found by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The blue shift of photoluminescence for Ir(III) complexes was observed in the case of the strong bond formation between Ir and ancillary ligands. It also has been clearly shown that the higher electron density of heteroaryl aromatic ring influenced shorter maximum photoluminescence wavelength (λmax) of Ir(III) complexes. Since the new Ir(III) complexes showed good phosphorescent emission, they could be potentially used as OLED materials in the emission Layer.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
• /
• v.34 no.5
• /
• pp.295-303
• /
• 2012

Removal of total nitrogen (T-N) and total phosphorus (T-P) was evaluated in a DEPHANOX process by adding Al(III) to the separator to maintain T-P in the final effluent below 0.2 mg/L. pH in each reactor was maintained 7~8 after addition of Al(III) to the levels of 5, 10, 15 mg/L. The removal efficiency of COD and T-N decreased at higher Al(III) dose, but T-P removal efficiency increased from 76.28 to 84.02, 94.66% at Al(III) dose of 5, 10, 15 mg/L, respectively. T-P in effluent showed 0.17 mg/L at Al(III) dose of 15 mg/L. Minimum 15 mg/L of Al(III) was required to maitain T-P below 0.2 mg/L in the final effluent.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
• /
• v.51 no.11
• /
• pp.1158-1164
• /
• 2008

Purpose : To investigate the discriminative ability of pediatric index of mortality 2 (PIM2) and pediatric risk of mortality III (PRISM III) in predicting mortality in children admitted into the intensive care unit (ICU). Methods : We retrospectively analyzed variables of PIM2 and PRISM III based on medical records with children cared for in a single hospital ICU from January 2003 to December 2007. Exclusions were children who died within 2 h of admission into ICU or hopeless discharge. We used Students t test and ANOVA for general characteristics and for correlation between survivors and non-survivors for variables of PIM2 and PRISM III. In addition, we performed multiple logistic regression analysis for Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit, receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) for discrimination, and calculated standardized mortality ratio (SMR) for estimation of prediction. Results : We collected 193 medical records but analyzed 190 events because three children died within 2 h of ICU admission. The variables of PIM2 correlated with survival, except for the presence of post-procedure and low risk. In PRISM III, there was a significant correlation for cardiovascular/neurologic signs, arterial blood gas analysis but not for biochemical and hematologic data. Discriminatory performance by ROC showed an area under the curve 0.858 (95% confidence interval; 0.779-0.938) for PIM2, 0.798 (95% CI; 0.686-0.891) for PRISM III, respectively. Further, SMR was calculated approximately as 1 for the 2 systems, and multiple logistic regression analysis showed ${\chi}^2(13)=14.986$, P=0.308 for PIM2, ${\chi}^2(13)=12.899$, P=0.456 for PRISM III in Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit. However, PIM2 was significant for PRISM III in the likelihood ratio test (${\chi}^2(4)=55.3$, P<0.01). Conclusion : We identified two acceptable scoring systems (PRISM III, PIM2) for the prediction of mortality in children admitted into the ICU. PIM2 was more accurate and had a better fit than PRISM III on the model tested.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
• /
• v.18 no.2
• /
• pp.128-136
• /
• 2004

The overall objective of this research was to find out the role of rapid mixing conditions in the species of hydrolyzed Al(III) formed by different Al(III) coagulants. When an Al(III) salt is added to water, monomers, polymers, or solid precipitates may form. Different Al(III) coagulants (alum and PACl) show to have different Al species distribution over a rapid mixing condition. During the rapid mixing period, for alum, formation of dissolved Al(III) (monomer and polymer) increases, but for PACl, precipitates of $Al(OH)_{3(s)}$. increases rapidly. Also, for alum, higher mixing speed favoured Al(III) polymers formation over precipitates of $Al(OH)_{3(s)}$ but for PACl, higher mixing speed formed more precipitates of $Al(OH)_{3(s)}$. At A/D and sweep condition, both $Al(OH)_{3(s)}$ and dissolved Al(III) (monomer and polymer) exist, concurrent reactions by both mechanism appear to cause simultaneous precipitation.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
• /
• v.9 no.4
• /
• pp.223-230
• /
• 2009

Purpose: Circular stapled gastrectomy has been the favored procedure with its feasibility and the shortened operative time, but anastomotic leakage, stenosis and bleeding have been reported as problems. The aim of this study was to identify what can be done to supplement the safety of this technique by examining the potential complications of performing circular stapled gastrojejunosomy after radical subtotal gastrectomy. Materials and Methods: As subjects, this study selected 1,391 patients who underwent gastrojejunostomy after radical subtotal gastrectomy because of gastric cancer at our Department of Surgery from Jan. 1998 to Dec. 2007. The patients were divided into Group I (n=479) who underwent hand-sewn gastrojejunostomy, Group II (n=48) who underwent linear stapled gastrojejunostomy and Group III (n=864) who underwent circular stapled gastrojejunostomy. Group III was re-divided into two subgroups on the basis of the point of time that a visual check was intraoperatively performed at the anastomotic site: Group III-A (n=198) before and Group III-B (n=666) after. The characteristics and complications of the patients were then compared. Results: For the comparison of the complications between Group I, Group II and Group III, anastomotic leakage was found in 7 cases (1.5%) in Group I, in 1 case (2.0%) in Group II and in 10 case (1.2%) in Group III, and anastomotic stenosis were found in 4 cases (0.8%) in Group I, 1 case (2.0%) in Group II and 5 case (0.6%) in Group III. Anastomotic bleeding was found in 32 cases (6.7%) in Group I, in 5 cases (10.4%) in Group II and in 67 cases (7.7%) in Group III. For the comparison of complications between Group III-A and Group III-B, anastomotic bleeding was found in 57 cases (28.8%) in Group III-A and 10 cases (1.5%) in Group III-B and the difference was statistically significant (P=0.037). Conclusion: Circular stapled gastrojejunostomy after radical subtotal gastrectomy is recommended because of the safety and feasibility of this technique, but bleeding at the anastomotic site may be the critical issue. In conclusion, direct inspection for bleeding at the anastomotic site during the operation will improve the safety of performing circular stapler anastomosis.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• v.43 no.4
• /
• pp.423-429
• /
• 1999

A spectrofluorimetric method for the determination of Fe(III) in aqueous solution with 4,5-dihydroxy-1,3-benzenedisulfonic acid(Tiron) as a fluorimetric reporter was developed. Tiron, which is very soluble in water,is a good fluorimetric reagent. However, when Tiron was complexed with Fe(III), the fluorescent intensity was decreased proportionally with the concentration of Fe(III) by a quenching effect. The excitation and fluorescene wavelength of Tiron showing the quenching effect by Fe(III) at pH 4.5 were 312 nm and 341 nm, respectively. The highest sensitivities were shown at Tiron concentration of $1.0{\times}10^{-2}M$. To enhance the quenching effect, the Fe(III)-Tiron complex solution was heated to 80$^{\circ}C$ for 90 minutes. As for Fe(III), the most interfering ion was Cu(II). The interference effects could be mostly eliminated by pH adjustment or by adding EDTA. The concentration ranges showing the linear response to Fe(III) was from $5.0{\times}10^{-7}M\;to\;6.0{\times}10^{-5}M$ With this proposed method, the detection limits of Fe(III) was $2.8{\times}10^{-6}M$. Recovery of Fe(lII) in a synthetic sample was almost quantitative. Based on experimental results, it is proposed that the above technique can be applied to the practical determination of Fe(III).

• The korean journal of orthodontics
• /
• v.17 no.1
• /
• pp.119-134
• /
• 1987

This study was undertaken to find out oropharyngeal movement of the class III malocclusion patients during swallowing by using the cinefluoroscopic method. The experimental group was composed of fifteen male adults with class III malocclusion whose mean age was 24.4 yrs. The control group was composed of fifteen male adults with normal occlusion whose mean age was 24.8 yrs. The results were as follows: 1. The horizontal position of the tongue tip was more anterior in the class III malocclusion group than in the normal group through all stages. 2. The tongue level was lower in the class III malocclusion group than in the normal group during stage 1, stage 3, and stage 4. 3. The horizontal position of the hyoid bone was more anterior in the class III malocclusion group than in the normal group during stage 1 only. 4. The tip of the soft palate was lower in the class III malocclusion group than in the normal group during stage 1 only, and there was no significant difference in the velar movement between the class III malocclusion group and the normal group during swallowing. 5. There was a significant difference in the interincisal distance, but no significant difference in the intermolar distance between the class III malocclusion group and the normal group through all stages. 6. Among 4 stages of each group, there was a significant difference in the movements of the dorsum of the tongue, the hyoid bone, and the soft palates And there was a significant difference in the movement .of the tongue tip of the normal group, but no significant difference in the movement of the tongue tip of the class III malocclusion group.

• Journal of the Korean Statistical Society
• /
• v.19 no.1
• /
• pp.15-23
• /
• 1990

The basic conditions for a parallel flats fraction to be a search design of resolution III.2 have been developed in Um (1980, 1981, 1983, 1984). A series of resolution III.2 search design for $3^n, n=4, 5, 6$ are presented in Um (1988). In this paper a resoultion III.3 search design for $3^4$ is presented.