• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.56-62
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• 2003

To investigate the entrapping behavior of blue crab, rock shell and green ling, which are mainly caught with the other trap nets in the coastal area of Yellow Sea, by the using duration of trap nets through the water tank experiment. We select the three kinds of trap nets which have different using duration such as new, 6 months and 12 months used one, and observe the entrapping ratio into the trap nets, respectively. In the mean while, in order to obtain the basic data for the estimate of mesh selectivity of the other trap nets, the entrapping behavior into the trap nets for green ling which has high activity compared to blue crab and rock shell, are examined to the three kinds of mesh size (35mm, 50mm and 65mm). The results are as follows ; 1. The mean entrapping ratio of blue crab by the using duration of trap nets in high with 4.4 fishes (44.0%) in the 6 months used one, become lower with 2.9 fishes (28.0%) in the new one, and with 2.0 fishes (20.0%) in the 12 months used one. 2. The mean entrapping ratio of rock shell by the using duration of trap nets in high with 7.3 fishes (36.7%) in the new one, and become lower with 7.2 fishes (35.8%) in the 6 months used one, and with 5.7 fishes (28.3%) in the 12 months used one. 3. The mean entrapping ratio of green ling by the using duration of trap nets in high with 3.4 fishes (34.0%) in the 6 months used one, and become lower with 3.0 fishes (30.0%) in the new one, and with 2.8 fishes (28.0%) in the 12 months used one. 4. The mean residual ratio of green ling by the mesh size of trap nets is high with 2.4 fishes (24.0%) in the 35mm mesh size, and become lower with 2.2 fishes (22.0%) in the 50mm mesh size and 2.0 fishes (20.0%) in the 65mm mesh size.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.145-172
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• 1984

In order to assess the physical growth pattern of Korean Youth, the authors measured the body height, body weight, chestgirth and sitting height of 40967 persons (24832 males and 16135 females) from primary schools, middle and high schools and colleges of metropolitan (urban) and rural areas, and calculated the mene, standard deviation, standard error and coefficient variance of the body weight chestgirth, sitting height and various pertinent index by body height to demonstrate the standard physical growth and development by body height of sex and age. The following conclusions were obtained. 1. Physical growth and development: Rapid growth of physical growth in terms of body height has been observed among males in the age $7{\sim}15$ and among female $7{\sim}13$. Growth in terms of body height turned out to be slower among students of higher age by both sexes. The age of cross over between to sexes is between 10 to 13 years where upon girls out grows boys. Maximum annual growth were upon girls out grows boys. Maximum annual growth were both of 6.16cm from 8 to 9 years old and 12 to 13 years old for boys and 7.2cm from 8 to 9 and 6.1cm from 9 to 10 for girls. This indicates that girls enter a rapidly growing stage 2 years earlier than boys. Meanwhile, prominent improvement in body height of national students over period of ten year was noticed. 2. The distribution status of body height by age: The distribution status of body height by age were as follows; 7 year of age: boys-30cm range of body height from 104.0cm to 133.9cm, girls-27cm from 104.0cm to 130.9cm 8 year of age: boys-30cm from 116.0 to 145.9cm girls-33cm from 113.0 to 145.9cm 9 year of age: boys-30cm from 116.0 to 145.9cm girls-33cm from 113.0 to 145.9cm 10 year of age: boys-39cm from 116.0 to 154.9cm girls-39cm from 119.0 to 157.9cm 11 year of age: boys-45cm from 119.0 to 163.9cm girls-39cm from 122.0 to 160.9cm 12 year of age: boys-45cm from 125.0 to 169.9cm girls-42cm from 125.0 to 166.9cm 13 year of age: boys-45cm from 128.0 to 172.9cm girls-42cm from 128.0 to 169.9cm 14 year of age: boys-48cm from 131.0 to 178.9cm girls-36cm from 134.0 to 169.9cm 15 year of age: boys-42cm from 137.0 to 181.9cm girls-33cm from 137.0 to 169.9cm 16 year of age: boys-39cm from 146.0 to 184.9cm girls-30cm from 143.0 to 172.9cm 17 year of age: boys-39cm from 146.0 to 184.9cm girls-27cm from 143.0 to 169.9cm 18 year of age: boys-36cm from 152.0 to 187.9cm girls-27cm from 146.0 to 172.9cm 19 year of age: boys-30cm from 155.0 to 184.9cm girls-24cm from 146.0 to 169.9cm 20 year of age: boys-24cm from 158.0 to 181.9cm girls-l8cm from 149.0 to 166.9cm 3. Standard values of body weight, chest-girth and sitting height by body height of age were found all age groups from 7 to 20 years old and listed in tables from3-a to 16-a. 4. Standard values of relative body weight, relative chestgirth and relative sitting height by body height of age were found all age groups from 7 to 20 years old and listed in tables from 3-b to 16-b. 5. Standard values of physical and nutritional indices (Rohrer index, Kaup index, Vervaeck index and Pelidisi index) by body height of age were found all age groups from 7 to 20 years old and listed in tables from 3-c to 16-c.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.53-65
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• 2014

In order to estimate the effect of nutrients addition for phytoplankton growth and community compositons in spring and summer season, we investigated the abiotic and biotic factors of surface and bottom waters at 20 stations of inner and offshore areas in Gwangyang Bay, Korea. Nutrient additional experiments were also conducted to identify any additional nutrient effects on phytoplankton assemblage using the surface water for the assay. Bacillariophyceae occupied more than 90% of total phytoplankton assembleges. Of these, diatom Eucampia zodiacus and Skeletonema costatum-like species was mainly dominated in spring and summer, respectively. Here, we can offer the season why the two diatom population densities were maintained at high levels in both seasons. First, light transparency of spring season in the euphotic zone was greatly improved in the bay. This improvement is one of important factor as tigger of increase in E. zodiacus population. Second, low salinity and high nutrient sources supplied by Seomjin River discharge are a main cue for strong bottom-up effects on S. costatum-like species during the summer rainy season. Based on the algal bio-assays, although maximum growth rate of phytoplankton communities at inner bay (St.8) were similar to those of outer bay (St.20), half-saturation constant ($K_s$) for phosphate at outer bay was slightly lower than those of inner bay. This implied that adapted cells in low nutrient condition of outer bay may have enough grown even the low phosphate and they also have a competitive advantage against other algal species under low nutrient condition. In particular, efficiency of N (+) addition in summer season was higher compared to control and P added experiments. In the bay, silicon was not a major limiting factor for phytoplankton growth, whereas nitrogen (N) was considered as a limiting factor during spring and summer. Therefore, a sufficient silicate supply form water mixing Si recycled from diatom decomposition and river water is favorable form maintaining diatom ecosystems in Gwangyang Bay.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.318-326
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• 2017

Riverine wetlands were reduced and damaged by dredging of rivers and constructing parks in wetlands by Four Rivers Project from 2008 to 2013. Therefore, replacement wetlands were constructed for the compensation of wetland loss by the government. However, It is not enough to manage replacement wetlands. In order to manage the wetlands efficiently, it is necessaty to assess the functions of the wetlands and to manage them according to their functions. Here we performed functional assessments for a replacement wetland called Gangcheon wetland using the modified HGM approach. Hydrological, biogeochemical, animal habitat, and plant habitat functions for the wetland were assessed. To assess the functions, we collected informations for modified HGM approach from the monitored hydrologic data, field survey, published reports and documents for before and after the project, and hydraulic & hydrologic modeling. As the results of the assessment, the hydrological function for the replacement wetland showed 65.5% of the reference wetland, biogeochemical function showed 66.6%, plant habitat function showed 75%, and animal habitat function showed 108.3%. Overall, Gangcheon wetland function after the project was reduced to 78.9% of the function before the project. The decrease in hydrological function is due to the decrease of subsurface storage of water. And the decrease in biogeochemical & pland habitat functions is due to the removal of sandbank around the Gangcheon wetland. To compensate for the reduced function, it is necessary to expand the wetland area and to plant the various vegetation. The modified HGM used in this study can take into account the degree of improvement for replacement wetlands, so it can be used to efficiently manage the replacement wetlands. Also when the wetland is newly constructed, it will be very useful to assess the change of function of the wetland over time.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.375-382
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• 2020

As the 4th Industrial Revolution era in worldwide, interest in autonomous vehicles is increasing. but due to recent safety issues such as pedestrian accidents and car accidents, as a technical model for this, the demand for 3D HD maps (High Definition maps) is increasing in including lanes, road markings, road information, traffic lights and traffic signs etc. However, since some complementary points have been continuously raised according to demand, It is necessary to collect the opinions of institutions and companies utilizing HD maps and to improve HD maps. This study was conducted by utilizing the results of the contest for usability verification of HD Maps hosted by the National Geographic Information Institute and organized by the Spatial Information Industry Promotion Institute. For this study, we researched HD maps' layers and codes for HD maps object usability to improve HD maps, constructed HD maps object usability items accordingly, and contested usability verification of HD maps according to the items The contestants conducted verification and analyzed the results. As a result, the most frequently used code for each layer was the flat intersection, and the code showing the highest usage rate was a safety sign. In addition, the use rate of the sub-section and height obstacles was 16.67% and 8.88%, respectively, showing a low ratio. In order to utilize HD maps in the future, this study is expected to require research to continuously collect opinions from customers and improve data objects and data models that are actually needed by customers.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2012.02a
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• pp.100-101
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• 2012

The plasma damage free and room temperature processedthin film deposition technology is essential for realization of various next generation organic microelectronic devices such as flexible AMOLED display, flexible OLED lighting, and organic photovoltaic cells because characteristics of fragile organic materials in the plasma process and low glass transition temperatures (Tg) of polymer substrate. In case of directly deposition of metal oxide thin films (including transparent conductive oxide (TCO) and amorphous oxide semiconductor (AOS)) on the organic layers, plasma damages against to the organic materials is fatal. This damage is believed to be originated mainly from high energy energetic particles during the sputtering process such as negative oxygen ions, reflected neutrals by reflection of plasma background gas at the target surface, sputtered atoms, bulk plasma ions, and secondary electrons. To solve this problem, we developed the NBAS (Neutral Beam Assisted Sputtering) process as a plasma damage free and room temperature processed sputtering technology. As a result, electro-optical properties of NBAS processed ITO thin film showed resistivity of $4.0{\times}10^{-4}{\Omega}{\cdot}m$ and high transmittance (>90% at 550 nm) with nano- crystalline structure at room temperature process. Furthermore, in the experiment result of directly deposition of TCO top anode on the inverted structure OLED cell, it is verified that NBAS TCO deposition process does not damages to the underlying organic layers. In case of deposition of transparent conductive oxide (TCO) thin film on the plastic polymer substrate, the room temperature processed sputtering coating of high quality TCO thin film is required. During the sputtering process with higher density plasma, the energetic particles contribute self supplying of activation & crystallization energy without any additional heating and post-annealing and forminga high quality TCO thin film. However, negative oxygen ions which generated from sputteringtarget surface by electron attachment are accelerated to high energy by induced cathode self-bias. Thus the high energy negative oxygen ions can lead to critical physical bombardment damages to forming oxide thin film and this effect does not recover in room temperature process without post thermal annealing. To salve the inherent limitation of plasma sputtering, we have been developed the Magnetic Field Shielded Sputtering (MFSS) process as the high quality oxide thin film deposition process at room temperature. The MFSS process is effectively eliminate or suppress the negative oxygen ions bombardment damage by the plasma limiter which composed permanent magnet array. As a result, electro-optical properties of MFSS processed ITO thin film (resistivity $3.9{\times}10^{-4}{\Omega}{\cdot}cm$, transmittance 95% at 550 nm) have approachedthose of a high temperature DC magnetron sputtering (DMS) ITO thin film were. Also, AOS (a-IGZO) TFTs fabricated by MFSS process without higher temperature post annealing showed very comparable electrical performance with those by DMS process with $400^{\circ}C$ post annealing. They are important to note that the bombardment of a negative oxygen ion which is accelerated by dc self-bias during rf sputtering could degrade the electrical performance of ITO electrodes and a-IGZO TFTs. Finally, we found that reduction of damage from the high energy negative oxygen ions bombardment drives improvement of crystalline structure in the ITO thin film and suppression of the sub-gab states in a-IGZO semiconductor thin film. For realization of organic flexible electronic devices based on plastic substrates, gas barrier coatings are required to prevent the permeation of water and oxygen because organic materials are highly susceptible to water and oxygen. In particular, high efficiency flexible AMOLEDs needs an extremely low water vapor transition rate (WVTR) of $1{\times}10^{-6}gm^{-2}day^{-1}$. The key factor in high quality inorganic gas barrier formation for achieving the very low WVTR required (under ${\sim}10^{-6}gm^{-2}day^{-1}$) is the suppression of nano-sized defect sites and gas diffusion pathways among the grain boundaries. For formation of high quality single inorganic gas barrier layer, we developed high density nano-structured Al2O3 single gas barrier layer usinga NBAS process. The NBAS process can continuously change crystalline structures from an amorphous phase to a nano- crystalline phase with various grain sizes in a single inorganic thin film. As a result, the water vapor transmission rates (WVTR) of the NBAS processed $Al_2O_3$ gas barrier film have improved order of magnitude compared with that of conventional $Al_2O_3$ layers made by the RF magnetron sputteringprocess under the same sputtering conditions; the WVTR of the NBAS processed $Al_2O_3$ gas barrier film was about $5{\times}10^{-6}g/m^2/day$ by just single layer.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.106-119
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• 1988

For the relief of pain in 3 cases of whiplash syndromes (case I, II and IV) and in one of reflex sympathetic dystrophy (case III), we have carried out six intentional. total spinal blocks (TSB) which attempted two times in case I, three in case II and one in carte III whoso various symptoms were chronically unresponsive to the usual conservative treatments, and a time of cervical epidural and right suprascapular nerve block in case W whose acute symptom lasted 4 drys following the cervical injury (see fables from 1 to 9). During the 753, we have observed clinically the sequential charges of respiration, lid and pupil reflexes, body motion and consciousness. And checked the blood pressure, pulse rate and arterial Pco2. The effectiveness of those blocks has been assessed by using the Visual Analog Scale which is designed to measure the patient$\acute{s}$ subjective intensity of pain and also we have found out the sequelae following those blocks. The methods of the blocks were as the following: 1. Under the N.P.O. for 8~10 hours, the preparations of immediate cardiopulmonary resuscitation and premedication with atropine 0.5mg at thirty minutes before the TSB, it was performed by injecting the mixture of 2% mepivacaine 10 or 15ml and normal saline 10 or 5ml through No. 23 G. spinal needle into the subarachnoid space of $C_7-T_1$ interspinous region with fully flexed neck on the lateral posture. Immediately after the injection of the local anesthetic in the lateral position, the patient$\acute{s}$ were hasten to change Trendelenburg$\acute{s}$ position in order to act the drugs cephalad and to make easy controlled respiration with oxygen. 2. The cervical epidural block was done by injecting the mixture of 0.5% bupivacaine 4ml, normal saline 4ml and triamcinolone 15mg through No. 18 G. Tuohy needle into the epidural space on the same region and posture as the above without premedication.7he suprascapular nerve block was done by injecting of 0.5% bupivacaine 3ml only into the right suprascapular fossa on the sitting posture. The results were as the following: 1. The cessation of respiration was seen within 5 minutes following the subarachnoidal injection of the above 20ml mixture in 2 to 3 minutes and then soon the consciousness began to disappear. The loss of Lid and pupil reflexes noted between 5 to 10 minutes and the size of the dilated pupils was equal between 5 to 20 minutes, but the pupil of the dependent side on tile lateral position was dilated 1 to 3 minutes earlier than that of the independent. The patients had r=ever responded to any stimulations during the TSB except their heart funtion. 2. The recovery of the TSB was as the following, firstly the ankle and lower limb of the independent side began to move slightly with in 34 to 75 minutes after the injection and then that of the dependent Secondly the neck and upper limb moved 6 to 15 minutes later than the lower limb. Thirdly the self respiration began to appear between 40 to 80 minutes from the block. The lid and pupil reacted to touch and light respectively between 40 to 80 minutes but the pupil of the independent side responded earlier than that of the depends. Lastly the consciousness recovered completely between 80 to 125 minutes from the block. 3. In the cardiopulmonary function during the TSB, the blood pressure were stable except the 210/130 tory at the and block of case I. There were bradycardias between 65 to 85 minutes in case I and II but no arrythmia on the EKG. The level of the arterial Pco2 was maintained to 43~45 torr during the TSB. 4. The effectiveness of the above blocks was no pain(0%) in case IV, and light (10~20%) in case I and II but no improvement in case III. 5. The right arm weakness has been complicated as to be Injected accidently the "COLD" local anesthetic at the End block of case I.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.55 no.1
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• pp.83-90
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• 2010

Crop characteristics of 179 sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) resources collected in Korea were investigated in order to establish basic data for the improvement of crop breeding. Spike types of 179 sorghum resources were classified as 5 types of open-loose type, broom-tillering type, half broom-tillering type, extreme-compact type and compact type, of which broom-tillering type was the highest ratio of 38.0% (68 plant resources) of 179 germplasm. In the existence and nonexistence of spike awn in 179 sorghum resources, 28.5% (51 plant resources) showed existence of spike awn, whereas the rest of 71.5% (128 plant resources) had no spike awn. Seed type was classified as 5 types, of which circle-shape showed the highest ratio of 43.0% (77 plant resources) and the lowest was inclined-circle shape by 7.3% (13 plant resources). Seed color was classified as 4 colors of brown, white, whitish brown, and yellowish brown, of which yellowish brown was the highest ratio of 84.4% (151 plant resources) among them. Days from seeding to heading date showed the range from 67 to 88 days with the average of 77.4 days and the highest frequency proportion of it was the group from 76 to 80 days, which occupied 37.4% (67 plant resources) of 179 germplasm. 179 sorghum resources showed high variation in the range of culm length with the average of 253.8 cm and group from 92 cm to 360 cm of culm length showed the highest frequency proportion of 20.6% (37 plant resources). Spike length showed the range from 15 to 49 cm with the average of 28.8 cm and the highest frequency distribution of it was the group from 31 to 35 cm with the proportion of 26.3% (47 plant resources), whereas the lowest was below 15 cm with the proportion of 0.6%. Days from seeding to physiological maturity showed the range from 110 to 146 days with the average of 125.5 days and the highest frequency proportion (39.7%) of it was the group from 111 to 115 days, while there were also occupied with 2 plant resources below 110 days and 23 plant resources over 141 days among 179 germplasm. Number of grains per spike showed the range from 163 to 4,532 grains with the average of 2,068.6 grains and group from 1,601 to 2,000 grains per spike was the highest frequency distribution with the proportion of 25.7% (46 plant resources). 1000 grains weight showed the range from 10.6 to 38.1g with the average of 25.6g and group from 26.0 to 30.0g was the highest frequency distribution with the proportion of 44.1% (79 plant resources).

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.236-244
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• 1999

A feasibility study was performed to examine the agronomic application of treated sewage on paddy rice culture by field experiment. The domestic sewage was treated by the constructed wetland system which was in subsurface flow type and consisted of sand and macrophyte. The effluent of the wetland system was adjusted to maintain the total nitrogen concentration below $25mgL^{-1}$ and used for irrigation water. Four treatments include (1) irrigation of treated sewage after concentration adjusted with conventional fertilization (TWCF), (2) irrigation of treated sewage after concentration adjusted with half of the conventional fertilization (TWHF), (3) irrigation of treated sewage after concentration adjusted without fertilization (TWNF), and (4) irrigation of treated sewage as it was without fertilization (SWNF). These cases were compared to the control case of tap water irrigation with conventional fertilization (Control). Generally, addition of the treated sewage to the irrigation water showed no adverse affect on paddy rice culture, and even improvement was noticed in both growth and yields. TWCF showed the best result and the yields exceed the Control in about 10%. Overall performance of the treatments was TWCF, Control, TWHF, TWNF, and SWNF in decreasing order. From this study, it appears that reuse of treated sewage as a supplemental irrigation water could be feasible and practical alternative for ultimate sewage disposal which often causes water quality problem to the receiving water body. For full scale application, further study is recommended on the specific guidelines of major water quality components and public health.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.37-60
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• 2007

This study has been historically reviewed the clothing and textiles education through references. The clothing and textiles education had been informally offered as a part of household skill, skill of daily life and home skill before the law of school education was established. Therefore, we have reviewed the changes in the clothing and textiles education by separating the prior period between the end of the old Korea and the liberation in 1945, from the later period from the liberation up to now. And also contents of clothing and textiles education between before and after the revision of the 7th curriculum were compared and analyzed. The clothing and textiles education had put emphasis on sewing, handicraft and household during the prior period from the end of the old Korea to the liberation, but after liberation, it became involved in Home Economics Education. The number of classes and the contents of clothing and textiles education had been increased and deepened from the 1st term to the 5th term of curriculum. In particular, the 4th and 5th term of curriculum became a turning point where home life section was intensified. Even though the number of classes was reduced during the 6th term of curriculum, with increase in target school grades for this education, and Home Economics in the middle school remained an independent subject matter. However, during the 7th term of curriculum, Technology-Home Economics Education in the middle school courses led to losing independent subject name and shrinking its contents. Through the revision in the 7th curriculum, the clothing and textiles education achieved great improvement and progress by gaining balance in distribution of contents among school grades and balance between theory and practice. However it still remains as an issue to be more studied and resolved how well the contents are matched with the interests and attention of students. We need to consider and reflect request of students under learner-centered curriculum. Considering enormous changes in the environment surrounding the clothing and textiles education, it is crystal clear that the gap between existing contents of education and teaching methods and our real life will be widened. Because students' perceptions of value have been diversified, it is our task to develop better contents and learning system in order to help students have interests, attention and desire in clothing and textiles life in line with social needs for desirable clothing and textiles education.