• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.378-384
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• 2009

There are differences of Cadmium (Cd) urinary concentration which is considered as indicator of renal tubular dysfunction in other countries, so we have reviewed domestic epidemiological data and suggested Korean health based guidance value (HBGV) for Cd to improve an efficiency of risk management. We decided to apply the WHO calculation model which considered the relationship between dietary intake and Cd concentration in urine sample. It is determined that Cd concentration 2.5 ug/g creatinine in urine as the prevalence of renal tubular dysfunction based on epidemiological data, because there is no renal tubular dysfunction and injury/lesion such as proteinuria at the concentration of 11.63 ug/g creatinine which is the highest Cd concentration in urine from the domestic epidemiological data. It is identified that the ratio between the Cd dietary consumption (8.3~10.4 ug/day) and Cd urinary concentration (0.38 ug/g creatinine) in Korean adult who predicting never been exposed to Cd are 21.8~27.3 and then it is applied to the corresponding model suggested by WHO. Also it is applied that 10% of bioavailability and 50% of excretion rate of absorbed to body (the ratio is 24) were assumed. The estimate of daily Cd consumption level which begins tubular dysfunction is 1 ug/kg bw/day, so we suggest the Korean provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) as 7 ug/kg bw/week.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.174-179
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• 2007

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of Gastrodiae elata Blume fractions on systolic blood pressure and serum lipid profiles in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR/NCrj) fed high fat diet. Twenty-four males SHR weighing approximately 160 g were randomly divided into four groups; A (low molecule, GR-1), B (polysaccharide, GR-2), C (protein, GR-3) fractions of G. elata Blume, respectively, and D (high fat diet as control). After orally tube feeding the fractions of G. elata Blume, there were no differences in final body weights among the treatment groups. Diet intake was somewhat high in the control group (D), but there were no significant differences in feed efficiency ratios. In terms of serum lipid profiles, total-cholesterol level was statistically higher in the control group (D) than in G. elata Blume fraction groups (p<0.05). Triglyceride levels of low molecule (A) and polysaccharide (B) groups were lower by 16% and 11%, respectively than that of the control group (D). HDL-cholesterol level was remarkably higher (p<0.05), whereas LDL-cholesterol level was significantly lower (by 25%) in the group B as compared to the control group (D). Atherogenic index (AI) of G. elata Blume fraction groups were significantly lower than in the control group (p<0.05). Reference blood pressure (RBP) showed an average of $180\sim190mmHg$ at 8 weeks old after 3 weeks on feeding high fat diet. Compared with RBP, final blood pressure of treatment groups (35 days after feeding the fractions of G. elata Blume gractions) were decreased by 1.7% (A), 5.5% (B) and 3.6% (C), respectively, but the control group (D) contrarily showed an increase of 2.6%. Especially, final systolic blood pressure of the polysaccharide group (B) was lower by 22 mmHg than that of the control group (D). From these findings, it can be suggested that polysaccharide fraction may improve blood serum lipids and should be considered as effective in lowering of blood pressure.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.110 no.2
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• pp.198-209
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• 2021

This study evaluated the effects of the dimensional characteristics of containers on the nitrogen status of Quercus serrata, Fraxinus rhynchophylla, and Zelkova serrata in the container nursery stage. Seedlings were grown using 16 container types [four growing densities (100, 144, 196, and 256 seedlings/m²) × four cavity volumes (220, 300, 380, and 460 cm³/cavity)]. Two-way ANOVA was performed to test the differences in nitrogen concentration and seedling content among container types. Additionally, we performed multiple regression analyses to correlate container dimensions and nitrogen content. Container types had a strong influence on nitrogen concentration and the content of the seedling species, with a significant interaction effect between growing density and cavity volume. Cavity volumes were positively correlated with the nitrogen content of the three seedling species, whereas growing density negatively affected those of F. rhynchophylla. Further, nutrient vector analysis revealed that the seedling nutrient loading capacities of the three species, such as efficiency and accumulation, were altered because of the different fertilization effects by container types. The optimal ranges of container dimension by each tree species, obtained multiple regression analysis with nitrogen content, were found to be approximately 180-210 seedlings/m² and 410-460 cm³/cavity for Q. serrata, 100-120 seedlings/m² and 350-420 cm³/cavity for F. rhynchophylla, and 190-220 seedlings/m² and 380-430 cm³/cavity for Z. serrata. This study suggests that an adequate type of container will improve seedling quality with higher nutrient loading capacity production in nursery stages and increase seedling growth in plantation stages.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.38 no.6_1
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• pp.1505-1514
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• 2022

Image matching is a crucial preprocessing step for effective utilization of multi-temporal and multi-sensor very high resolution (VHR) satellite images. Deep learning (DL) method which is attracting widespread interest has proven to be an efficient approach to measure the similarity between image pairs in quick and accurate manner by extracting complex and detailed features from satellite images. However, Image matching of VHR satellite images remains challenging due to limitations of DL models in which the results are depending on the quantity and quality of training dataset, as well as the difficulty of creating training dataset with VHR satellite images. Therefore, this study examines the feasibility of DL-based method in matching pair extraction which is the most time-consuming process during image registration. This paper also aims to analyze factors that affect the accuracy based on the configuration of training dataset, when developing training dataset from existing multi-sensor VHR image database with bias for DL-based image matching. For this purpose, the generated training dataset were composed of correct matching pairs and incorrect matching pairs by assigning true and false labels to image pairs extracted using a grid-based Scale Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT) algorithm for a total of 12 multi-temporal and multi-sensor VHR images. The Siamese convolutional neural network (SCNN), proposed for matching pair extraction on constructed training dataset, proceeds with model learning and measures similarities by passing two images in parallel to the two identical convolutional neural network structures. The results from this study confirm that data acquired from VHR satellite image database can be used as DL training dataset and indicate the potential to improve efficiency of the matching process by appropriate configuration of multi-sensor images. DL-based image matching techniques using multi-sensor VHR satellite images are expected to replace existing manual-based feature extraction methods based on its stable performance, thus further develop into an integrated DL-based image registration framework.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.65-77
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• 2022

A study was conducted in Korea on the leaching behavior and possibility of recovery of vanadium and other valuable metals from domestic vanadium titanomagnetite (VTM) by direct acid leaching. In this study, a VTM concentrate containing 0.8% V₂O₅ was used, and the ratio of magnetite to ilmenite was calculated as 1.9:1 by using the HSC program. The leaching behavior of vanadium from the VTM was similar to that of iron, and it was affected by the concentration of sulfuric acid and temperature. Further, titanium could be leached in the form of TiOSO₄ at a temperature higher than 75℃. To improve the leaching efficiency of V, Fe, and Ti in VTM, reductive sulfuric acid and oxidative sulfuric acid leaching were performed. When Na₂SO₃ was used as a reducing agent, the leaching rate of vanadium was 80% of that in that case of leaching by sulfuric acid. Similarly, the leaching rate of titanium increased from 20% to 50%. When Na₂S₂O₈ was used as an oxidation agent, most of the vanadium was leached, and the main residue found by XRD analysis was ilmenite. In studies on the possibility of recovering valuable metals, the selective extraction of metals is hardly achieved by solvent extraction from oxidation leaching solutions; however, in this study, Cyanex 923, a solvation extractant from reductive leaching solutions, could selectively extract Ti.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.71-77
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• 2001

This experiment was designed to improve the production efficiency of germ-line chimeric mice from phospholipase C (PLC)-$\beta$3 or peroxiredoxin (Prx) E -targeted ($\Delta$) ES cells by the investigating the manipulation conditions and characteristics of Jl ES cells. Four targeting clones were isolated to investigate the karyotypical and morphological stability prior to injection. All clones ($\Delta$PLC$\beta$-3 C3, $\Delta$Prx II C3, C10 and I5) showed more than 80% euploidism, however, most of $\Delta$PLC$\beta$-3 C3 clones were extensively differentiated compared to the other clones. Nine of 13 $\Delta$Prx II chimeras appeared to have at least 80% chimerism, whereas $\Delta$PLC$\beta$-3 C3 chimeras had 20% chimerism at most. Therefore, the morphological stability of ES cells under stable euploidism might mainly affect the production rate of high-coat chimeric mice. To increase the collection rate of injectable blastocysts (IBs), 5 to 10 week -aged C57BL/6J female mice were sacrificed at 3.5 days post-coitum. Ten week-aged mice were the most optimal IB donors by showing the highest collection rate (2.94/mouse) of injectable blastocysts without increase of non-injectable embryos (0.29/mouse). Foster mothers might be another factor because ICR x C57BL/6J F1 foster mother showed more increased productivity in litter size (2.8 vs. 5.6) and chimera (0 vs. 35.3%) than those of ICR foster mothers. In conclusion, the efficient production of germ-line chimeras mainly depends on the maintenance of ES cell morphology during targeting procedure, and the establishment of manipulation conditions might be a key point to maximize it.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.587-595
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• 1998

Background: Recombinant adenovirus hold promise as vectors to carry therapeutic genes for several reasons: 1) they can infect both dividing and non-dividing cells; 2) they have the ability to directly transduce tissues in vivo; 3) they can easily be produced in high titer; and 4) they have an established record of safety as vaccination material. However, one of the major limitation in the use of adenoviruses is that transgene expression is quite short because adenovirusees insert their DNA genome episomally rather than by chromosomal integration, and an immune response against the virus destroys cells expressing the therapeutic gene. Since sodium butyrate has been reported to induce adenovirus-mediated gene expression, we hypothesized that treatment of tumor cells, transduced with herpes simples virus thymidine kinase(HSVtk) gene using adenoviral vector, with butyrate could augment the effect of gene therapy. Methods: We transduced HSVtk gene, driven by the cytomegalovirus promoter, into REN cell line(human mesothelioma cell line). Before proceeding with the comparison of HSVtk/ganciclovir mediated bystander killing, we evaluated the effect of butyrate on the growth of tumor cells in order to rule out a potential antitumor effect of butyrate alone, and also on expression of HSVtk gene by Western blot analysis. Then we determined the effects of butyrate on bystander-mediated cell killing in vitro. Results: There was no inhibition of growth of cells exposed to butyrate for 24 hours at a concentration of 1.5mM/L. Toxic effects were seen when the concentration of butyrate was greater than 2.0mM/L. Gene expression was more stable and bystander effect was augmented by butyrate treatment of a concentration of 1.5mM/L. Conclusion: These results provide evidence that butyrate can augment the efficiency of cell killing with HSVtk/GCV system by inducing transgene expression and may thus by a promising new approach to improve responses in gene therapy using adenoviral vectors.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.642-648
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• 2012

To evaluate the water quality in Juksancheon constructed wetlands for treating non-point source pollution, the removal rates of nutrients in water and the total amounts of T-N and T-P uptakes by water plants were investigated. Chemical characteristics of T-N and T-P in sediment were investigated. The concentrations of BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand), COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand), SS (Suspended Solids), T-N and T-P in inflow were 0.07~1.47, 0.60~2.65, 0.50~4.60, 1.38~6.26 and $0.08{\sim}0.32mg\;L^{-1}$, respectively. The removal rates of BOD, COD, SS, T-N, and T-P were -10, 51, 66, -3 and 5%, respectively. The maximum amount of T-N uptake by water plants in August was $368.7mg\;plant^{-1}$ in the $2^{nd}$ treatment stage by Nymphoides peltata, $1314.6mg\;plant^{-1}$ in the $3^{rd}$ treatment stage by Iris pseudacorus, $1160.4mg\;plant^{-1}$ in the $4^{th}$ treatment stage by Nymphaea tetragona GEORGI, respectively. The maximum amount of T-P uptake by water plants in August was $121.7mg\;plant^{-1}$ by Nymphoides peltata in the $2^{nd}$ treatment stage, $268.7mg\;plant^{-1}$ by Iris pseudacorus in the $3^{rd}$ treatment stage and $212.0mg\;plant^{-1}$ by Nymphaea tetragona GEORGI in the $4^{th}$ treatment stage, respectively. Organic matter contents in sediments were not different. Contents of T-N and T-P in sediments were higher in spring. Microbial biomass C:N:P ratios in sediments in spring, summer, autumn and winter were 117~140:1~4:1, 86~126:5~6:1, 68~101:2~6:1 and 47~138:2~4:1, respectively. We could conclude that Juksancheon constructed wetlands show high removal efficiencies of COD and SS. However, improvements of management in winter season should be considered to improve the removal efficiencies of pollutants.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.258-265
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• 2009

To develop environmentally friendly constructed wetlands(CWs) for treating domestic sewage which was produced in farming and fishing village, the efficiency of water treatment at different ventilation systems in the vertical bed, depths of horizontal bed, and sewage loads was investigated. In the vertical bed, BOD and COD by duplex ventilation system were lower than those by single ventilation system. But T-N and T-P concentrations by both ventilation systems in the vertical bed were little different. In the horizontal bed, BOD, COD, T-N and T-P in 1.0 m and 1.3 m depths were little different. To reduce the CWs' area and to improve the pollutant removal efficiencies, the optimum depth of horizontal bed was 1.3 m. In single and duplex ventilation CWs, the removal rate of BOD, COD, SS, T-N and T-P decreased slightly with the sewage load increases. In same sewage load conditions, the removal rates of BOD, COD, SS, T-N and T-P by duplex ventilation CWs were higher than those by single ventilation CWs. In summary, to effectively treat domestic sewage from farming and fishing village, the optimum constructed wetlands would be the duplex ventilation CWs.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.211-218
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• 2006

This experiment was conducted to study the effects of the natural deep sea water, which contained approximately 2.3% salt, and various minerals of K, Mg, Ca, Na, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu etc, on the immune response and antioxidant activity in rats. 24 Sprague Dawley rats were randomly allotted to a control group and 3 treatment groups. Control rats were supplied with filtered tap water, and each treatment group rats were supplied with 0.5% deep sea water, 1% deep sea water and Jijangsoo, respectively, which is upper clear water separated from sediment by the clay. Feed and water were provided ad libitum throughout the experiment that lasted for 4 weeks. The results showed that 1% deep sea water group showed the highest values in weight gain, feed intake, and feed efficiency than those of other groups. The levels of water intake of 1%- and 0.5%-deep sea water, and Jijangsoo group were 49.1%, 22.8%, and 40.5% higher than that of control group, respectively. The Jijangsoo group rats showed that perirenal and epididymal adipose tissue weights were decreased by 32% and 25%(p<0.05), respectively, when compared to control group rats. There were no remarkable differences of serum glucose concentration among all experimental groups. However, insulin concentration of experimental groups were remarkably increased in order of Jijangsoo (4.54), 1% deep sea water (3.70), 0.5% deep sea water (3.25)(p<0.05). B cell and T cell stimulation were increased about 44.7% and 207%, respectively, by 0.5% deep sea water in comparison with control (p<0.05). TBARS values of 0.5 % deep sea water group were significantly lower than that of control(p<0.05). Catalase and SOD activities of 0.5 % deep sea water group were 200% and 47% higher than that of control, respectively. From the results, it can be concluded that the supply of natural deep sea water can slightly improve the physiological activity which modulates immune response and antioxidant activity in rats.