Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science (한국산림과학회지)

Korean Society of Forest Science (한국산림과학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Effects of Growing Density and Cavity Volume of Containers on the Nitrogen Status of Three Deciduous Hardwood Species in the Nursery Stage

용기의 생육밀도와 용적이 활엽수 3수종의 질소 양분 특성에 미치는 영향

  • Cho, Min Seok (Forest Technology and Management Research Center, National Institute of Forest Science) ;
  • Yang, A-Ram (Division of Global Forestry, National Institute of Forest Science) ;
  • Hwang, Jaehong (Division of Research Planning and Coordination, National Institute of Forest Science) ;
  • Park, Byung Bae (Department of Environment and Forest Resources, Chungnam National University) ;
  • Park, Gwan Soo (Department of Environment and Forest Resources, Chungnam National University)
  • 조민석 (국립산림과학원 산림기술경영연구소) ;
  • 양아람 (국립산림과학원 국제산림연구과) ;
  • 황재홍 (국립산림과학원 연구기획과) ;
  • 박병배 (충남대학교 산림환경자원학과) ;
  • 박관수 (충남대학교 산림환경자원학과)
  • Received : 2021.05.04
  • Accepted : 2021.05.28
  • Published : 2021.06.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

This study evaluated the effects of the dimensional characteristics of containers on the nitrogen status of Quercus serrata, Fraxinus rhynchophylla, and Zelkova serrata in the container nursery stage. Seedlings were grown using 16 container types [four growing densities (100, 144, 196, and 256 seedlings/m2) × four cavity volumes (220, 300, 380, and 460 cm3/cavity)]. Two-way ANOVA was performed to test the differences in nitrogen concentration and seedling content among container types. Additionally, we performed multiple regression analyses to correlate container dimensions and nitrogen content. Container types had a strong influence on nitrogen concentration and the content of the seedling species, with a significant interaction effect between growing density and cavity volume. Cavity volumes were positively correlated with the nitrogen content of the three seedling species, whereas growing density negatively affected those of F. rhynchophylla. Further, nutrient vector analysis revealed that the seedling nutrient loading capacities of the three species, such as efficiency and accumulation, were altered because of the different fertilization effects by container types. The optimal ranges of container dimension by each tree species, obtained multiple regression analysis with nitrogen content, were found to be approximately 180-210 seedlings/m2 and 410-460 cm3/cavity for Q. serrata, 100-120 seedlings/m2 and 350-420 cm3/cavity for F. rhynchophylla, and 190-220 seedlings/m2 and 380-430 cm3/cavity for Z. serrata. This study suggests that an adequate type of container will improve seedling quality with higher nutrient loading capacity production in nursery stages and increase seedling growth in plantation stages.

본 연구는 졸참나무, 물푸레나무, 느티나무를 대상으로 용기 규격이 시설양묘 과정에 질소 양분 특성에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위해 수행되었다. 16 종류의 용기[4 생육밀도(100, 144, 196, 256본/m2) × 4 용적(220, 300, 380, 460 cm3/구)]에서 생산된 묘목의 질소 양분 특성을 조사·분석하였다. 생육밀도와 용적에 따른 용기묘의 질소 양분 농도 및 함량 변화를 알아보기 위해 이원분산분석 및 다중회귀분석을 이용하였다. 세 수종 모두 용기 규격에 따라 묘목의 질소 양분 특성은 유의적 차이를 보였으며, 생육밀도와 용적 두 요인간의 상호작용이 질소 농도 및 함량에서 확인되었다. 세 수종 모두 질소 함량과 용적은 정의 상관관계를 보였지만, 물푸레나무의 질소 함량은 생육밀도와 부의 상관관계를 나타냈다. 추가적으로 양분벡터분석을 실시하여, 용기 규격에 따른 시비 효과 차이로 양분결핍, 과량집적 등의 양분저장능력이 다르다는 것을 확인하였다. 묘목 질소 함량을 기준으로 다중회귀분석기법을 적용한 결과, 졸참나무는 180~210본/m2과 410~460 cm3/구, 물푸레나무는 100~120본/m2과 350~420 cm3/구, 느티나무는 190~220본/m2과 380~430 cm3/구가 최적 용기 규격으로 최종 도출되었다. 수종별 적정 용기 적용으로 시설양묘 과정에서 양분저장능력이 높은 묘목 생산과 함께 조림 후에도 우수한 생장을 기대할 수 있을 것이다.

Keywords

References

  1. Aghai, M.M., Pinto, J.R. and Davis, A.S. 2014. Container volume and growing density influence western larch (Larix occidentalis Nutt.) seedling development during nursery culture and establishment. New Forests 45: 199-213. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-013-9402-8
  2. Apholo, P. and Rikala, R. 2003. Field performance of silver-birch planting-stock grown at different spacing and in containers of different volume. New Forests 25: 93-108. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022618810937
  3. Bae, S.W., Kim, S.K., Lee, K.S. and Kim, Y.S. 2006. Systematization of broad-leaved mixed forest tending. Korea Forest Research Institute. pp. 95.
  4. Benzian, R., Brown, R.M. and Freeman, S.C.R. 1974. Effect of late-season top-dressing of N (and K) applied to conifer transplants in the nursery on their survival and growth on British forest sites. Forestry 47(2): 153-184. https://doi.org/10.1093/forestry/47.2.153
  5. Cho, M.S., Jeong, J. and Yang, A.R. 2017. Growing density and cavity volume of container influence major temperate broad-leaved tree species of physiological characteristics in nursery stage. Journal of Korean Forest Society 106(1): 40-53. https://doi.org/10.14578/JKFS.2017.106.1.40
  6. Cho, M.S., Lee, S.W., Hwang, J. and Kim, S.K. 2012. Growth performances of container seedlings of deciduous hardwood plantation species grown at different container types. Journal of Korean Forest Society 101(2): 324-332.
  7. Cho, M.S., Yang, A.R., Jeong, J. and Kim, W.K. 2018. Development of container nursery production system for high quality seedling of major hardwood species. National Institute of Forest Science. pp. 129.
  8. Dominguez-Lerena, S., Sierra, N.H., Manzano, I.C., Bueno, L.O., Rubira, J.L.P. and Mexal, J.G. 2006. Container characteristics influence Pinus pinea seedling development in the nursery and field. Forest Ecology and Management 221(1-3): 63-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2005.08.031
  9. Epstein, E. 1972. Mineral Nutrition of Plants: Principles and Perspectives. John Wiley and Sons. New York. pp. 412.
  10. Epstein, E. 1999. Silicon. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology 50: 641-664. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.arplant.50.1.641
  11. Haase, D.L. and Rose, R. 1995. Vector analysis and its use for interpreting plant nutrient shifts in response to silvicultural treatments. Forest Science 41(1): 54-66. https://doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/41.1.54
  12. Haase, D.L., Rose, R. and Trobaugh, J. 2006. Field performance of three stock sizes of Douglas-fir container seedlings grown with slow-release fertilizer in the nursery growing medium. New Forests 31: 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-004-5396-6
  13. Hsu, Y.M., Tseng, M.J. and Lin, C.H. 1996. Container volume affects growth and development of wax apple. HortScience 31(7): 1139-1142. https://doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.7.1139
  14. Imo, M. and Timmer, V.R. 1999. Vector competition analysis of black spruce seedling responses to nutrient loading and vegetation control. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 29(4): 474-486. https://doi.org/10.1139/x99-020
  15. Ingestad, T. 1979. Mineral nutrient requirements of Pinus silvestris and Picea abies seedlings. Physiologia Plantarum 45(4): 373-380. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1979.tb02599.x
  16. Jones Jr, J.B. 1999. Soil and Plant Analysis Laboratory Registry. 2nd eds. Soil and Plant Analysis Council. CRC Press LLC. Florida. pp. 209.
  17. KFS (Korea Forest Service). 2020a. Statistical Yearbook of Forestry in 2020. pp. 448.
  18. KFS (Korea Forest Service). 2020b. The Guidelines for Seed and Nursery Practices. pp. 76.
  19. KFS (Korea Forest Service). 2021. Annual Action Plan of Forest Resources in 2021. pp. 436.
  20. Landis, T.D., Tinus, R.W., McDonald, S.E. and Barnett, J.P. 1989. Seedling nutrition and irrigation. The Container Tree Nursery Manual: Agriculture Handbook 674. Vol. 4. USDA. Forest Service. Washington. pp. 674.
  21. Landis, T.D., Tinus, R.W., McDonald, S.E. and Barnett, J.P. 1990. Containers and Growing Media. The Container Tree Nursery Manual: Agriculture Handbook 674. Vol. 2. USDA. Forest Service. Washington. pp. 88.
  22. Lugo, A.E., Cuevas, E. and Sanchez, M.J. 1990. Nutrients and mass in litter and top soil of ten tropical tree plantations. Plant and Soil 125: 263-280. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00010665
  23. Luis, V.C., Puertolas, J., Climent, J., Peters, J., GonzalezRodriguez, A.M., Morales, D. and Jimenez, M.S. 2009. Nursery fertilization enhances survival and physiological status in Canary Island pine (Pinus canariensis) seedlings planted in a semiarid environment. European Journal of Forest Research 128: 221-229. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10342-009-0257-7
  24. Malik, V.S. and Timmer, V.R. 1995. Interaction of nutrient loaded black spruce seedlings with neighbouring vegetation in greenhouse environments. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 25(6): 1017-1023. https://doi.org/10.1139/x95-110
  25. Margolis, H.A. and Waring, R.H. 1986. Carbon and nitrogen allocation patterns of Douglas-fir seedlings fertilized with nitrogen in autumn. II. Field performance. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 16(5): 903-909. https://doi.org/10.1139/x86-161
  26. Nambiar, E.K.S. and Fife, D.N. 1991. Nutrient retranslocation in temperate conifers. Tree Physiology 9(1-2): 185-207. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/9.1-2.185
  27. Niinemets, u. and Tamm, u. 2005. Species differences in timing of leaf fall and foliage chemistry modify nutrient resorption efficiency in deciduous temperate forest stands. Tree Physiology 25(8): 1001-1014. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/25.8.1001
  28. Noh, J.N. and Cho, M.S. 2020. Early growth performance of Zelkova serrata trees according to seedling age and planting density. Journal of Korean Forest Society 109(4): 390-399.
  29. Park, B.B., Byun, J.K., Sung, J.H. and Cho, M.S. 2013. Study of optimal fertilization with vector analysis in hardwood and softwood seedlings. Journal of Agriculture and Life Science 47(5): 95-107.
  30. Park, B.B., Cho, M.S., Lee, S.W., Yanai, R.D. and Lee, D.K. 2012. Minimizing nutrient leaching and improving nutrient use efficiency of Liriodendron tulipifera and Larix leptolepis in a container nursery system. New Forests 43: 57-68. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-011-9266-8
  31. Paterson, J. 1996. Growing environment and container type influence field performance of black spruce container stock. New Forests 13: 329-339. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006598611412
  32. Puertolas, J., Gil, L. and Pardos, J.A. 2003. Effects of nutritional status and seedling size on field performance of Pinus halepensis planted on former arable land in the Mediterranean basin. Forestry 76(2): 159-168. https://doi.org/10.1093/forestry/76.2.159
  33. Rikala, R. 1989. Planting performance of size grade scots pine seedlings. Forestry 62(Supplement): 29-37. https://doi.org/10.1093/forestry/62.1.29
  34. Romero, A.E., Ryder, J., Fisher, J.T. and Mexal, J.G. 1986. Root system modification of container stock for arid land plantings. Forest Ecology and Management 16(1-4): 281-290. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(86)90028-9
  35. RDA (Rural Development Adminstration). 2000. Methods of Soil and Plant Analysis. National Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology. pp. 202.
  36. Salifu, K.F. and Jacobs, D.F. 2006. Characterizing fertility targets and multi-element interactions in nursery culture of Quercus rubra seedlings. Annals of Forest Science 63: 231-237. https://doi.org/10.1051/forest:2006001
  37. Salifu, K.F., Jacobs, D.F. and Birge, Z.K.D. 2009. Nursery nitrogen loading improves field performance of bareroot oak seedlings planted on abandoned mine lands. Restoration Ecology 17(3): 339-349. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-100X.2008.00373.x
  38. Salifu, K.F. and Timmer, V.R. 2003a. Nitrogen retranslocation response of young Picea marianna to nitrogen-15 supply. Soil Science Society of America Journal 67(1): 309-317. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2003.3090
  39. Salifu, K.F. and Timmer, V.R. 2003b. Optimizing nitrogen loading in Picea mariana seedlings during nursery culture. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 33(7): 1287-1294. https://doi.org/10.1139/x03-057
  40. Switzer, G.L. and Nelson L.E. 1963. Effects of nursery fertility and density on seedling characteristics, yield, and field performance of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.). Soil Science Society of America Journal 27(4): 461-464. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1963.03615995002700040028x
  41. Teng, Y. and Timmer, V.R. 1995. Rhizosphere phosphorus depletion induced by heavy nitrogen fertilization in forest nursery soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal 59(1): 227-233. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1995.03615995005900010035x
  42. Timmer, V.R. 1996. Exponential nutrient loading: a new fertilization technique to improve seedling performance on competitive sites. New Forests 13: 275-295.
  43. Timmer, V.R. and Stone, E.L. 1978. Comparative foliar analysis of young balsam fir fertilized with nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and lime. Soil Science Society of America Journal 42(1): 125-130. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1978.03615995004200010027x
  44. Timmer, V.R., Armstrong, G. and Millar, B.D. 1991. Steady-state nutrient preconditioning and early outplanting performance of containerized black spruce seedlings. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 21(5): 585-594. https://doi.org/10.1139/x91-080
  45. Tsakaldimi1, M., Zagas, T., Tsitsoni, T. and Ganatsas, P. 2005. Root morphology, stem growth and field performance of seedlings of two Mediterranean evergreen oak species raised in different container types. Plant and Soil 278: 85-93 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-005-2580-1
  46. Van den Driessche, R. 1984. Relationship between spacing and nitrogen fertilization of seedlings in the nursery, seedling mineral nutrition and outplanting performance. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 14(3): 431-436. https://doi.org/10.1139/x84-076
  47. Van den Driessche, R. 1988. Nursery growth of conifer seedlings using fertilizers of different solubilities and application time, and their forest growth. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 18(2): 172-180. https://doi.org/10.1139/x88-027
  48. Way, D.A., Seegobin, S.D. and Sage, R.F. 2007. The effect of carbon and nutrient loading during nursery culture on the growth of black spruce seedlings: a six-year field study. New Forests 34: 307-312. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-007-9053-8
  49. Yang, A.R., Hwang, J., Cho, M.S. and Son, Y. 2016. The effect of fertilization on early growth of konara oak and Japanese zelkova seedlings planted in a harvested pitch pine plantation. Journal of Forestry Research 27(4): 863-870. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11676-016-0210-9