• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
• /
• v.44 no.3
• /
• pp.449-456
• /
• 2016

This study was aimed to quantify the amount of carbon dioxide emissions and to suggest suitable plans which consider the carbon emission reduction in the manufacturing process of the domestic structural glued laminated timber. Field investigation on two glued laminated timber manufacturers was conducted to find out material flow input values such as raw materials, transportation, manufacturing process, and energy consumption during manufacturing process. Based on the collected data and the relevant literatures about life cycle inventory (LCI), the amount of carbon dioxide emission per unit volume was quantified. Results show that the carbon dioxide emissions for sawing, drying and laminating process are 31.0, 109.0, 94.2 kg $CO_2eq./m^3$, respectively. These results show 13% lesser amount of total carbon dioxide emissions compared with the imported glued laminated timber in Korea. Furthermore, it was decreased about 37% when the fossil fuel would be replaced with biomass fuel in drying process. Findings from this study is effectively used as the basic data on the life cycle assessment of wooden building.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.70 no.1
• /
• pp.84-90
• /
• 1985

The objective of this study is to analyze the market structure and price formation status of imported log from overseas which has leadership of timber price decision mechanism in Korea. The results obtained are as follows; 1) The 53 percents of the total 134 log importing companies are the small scale companies which import less than ten thousand cubic meters per year, and are mainly aimed to do agent task of importing log. 2) The market structure of imported log formed high level 01 oligopolistic structure, but did not make excess profit of oligopoly because of excess import. 3) The bargaining power of Korea on the price decision process in the overseas log exporting market is very weak, because the market has the bilateral oligopoly structure, and the non-systematic importing behavior of Korean log importing companies make the bargaining power of Korea more weak. 4) It is analyzed that Korean domestic marketing system is comperatively simple, but reasonable marketing system is not established because of the disorder of the marketing behavior. From the results obtained above, it is proposed that the government has to establish the general institutional system to control the supply-demand and marketing problems of imported log, in order to establish the rational structure of market and price decision system of imported log.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.40 no.3
• /
• pp.81-90
• /
• 2012

Improvements in the quality of life have resulted in a heightened awareness of safety and the environment. As a result, timber as an environmentally friendly material, is used for landscape facilities and a wide range of purposes. But there are a large number of defects since there are twists and cracks that can be found in wooden landscape facilities. This has led to the use of imported hardwood instead of the Western Hemlock which has been in widespread use. Hardwood is expensive. However, it is being used without any information or research on how much it reduces the actual defects. Construction contractors are in great need of information on the characteristics and defect rates of different types of timber. This study investigated and analyzed the cracks in four types of timber - namely the Western Hemlock, Burckella, Nyatoh and Malas - in order to provide basic information to construction contractor for them to be able to select and use the appropriate type of timber. The main results of this study are as follows. First, the Western Hemlock had 1.90 $cracks/m^2$, Malas had 0.83 $cracks/m^2$, Burckella had 0.14 $cracks/m^2$, and the Nyatoh had the least number of surface defects at 0.04 $cracks/m^2$. Second, while Malas has the highest degree of strength timber, Nyatoh had the smallest defect rate. This showed that having high timber strength does not necessarily mean it has less defects. Third, the Western Hemlock was the least expensive and Burckella was the most expensive. However, considering the cost of repairing defects, it would be economically advantageous to use Burckella and Nyatoh which have low defect rates. This study aimed to provide basic information to landscape construction contractors for them to be able to select and use the appropriate type of timber when constructing wooden outdoor rest furniture. The results are expected to contribute to quality enhancements and defect reduction in landscape facilities.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
• /
• v.35 no.6
• /
• pp.1277-1285
• /
• 2015

It has been known that the conventional retaining wall system with timber lagging and H pile has several problems such as the irregular gap between H-piles, cutting or adding to standard timber, back fill over first step excavation, and especially break-down accident at the disjoint of wall system. In the practical excavation, these problems may lead to worker's accident and the inefficiency of construction economy. To solve the above problems, a new method using prefabricated retaining wall was proposed and verified. The characteristics of the new method is to replace timber wall as free-sliding steel-lagging and connector. To check its verification and application, laboratory tests such as bending strength, tensile strength, and fatigue strength were carried out. Also, a pilot test in the field and numerical simulations under various ground conditions were performed. From the researches, it is found that the prefabricated retaining wall plate can be superior to the conventional timber lagging plate in the strength. It is also found that the proposed methods can be effective in the reuse of retaining wall plate and safe in the disjoint of wall system. Finally, it is desired that the proposed method will be effective in the reduction of the imported timbers and helpful in the safety of retaining wall construction.

• 한국연소학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 2006.10a
• /
• pp.293-298
• /
• 2006

There are many researches in progress on co-firing of coal and biomass to reduce carbon dioxide produced from the coal consumption. This study carried out 200 Kg/h combustion test furnace by mixing coal with timber. Coal was mixed with domestic and imported-wood around 10% to 20% based on input energy. For the mixed fuel, combustion temperature, unburned carbon and the composition of flue gas were analyzed. In addition, the tendency of slagging and fouling was examined using a probe. According to the result of the experiment, combustion temperature was depended on the kind of wood and mixing ratio. The unburned carbon loss was higher with increase of wood biomass mixing ratio, as a result, the total heat loss of furnace was slightly increased. The emission of NOx and SOx were decreased by $3{\sim}20%$ and $21{\sim}60%$ respectively. There are no difference of slagging and fouling tendency between biomass co-firing and coal burning only.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
• /
• v.42 no.3
• /
• pp.173-184
• /
• 2003

Beetles belonging to the families Scolytidae, Platypodidae, Bostrichidae, and Lyctidae intercepted from imported timbers at Busan port were investigated from March 1 to November 30 in 2000. In addition, hosts imported country were examined. A total of 52 species of within 23 genera was intercepted from nineteen species of timbers or logs from fifteen countries. In Scolytidae, 35 species of 16 genera in three subfamilies were identified 12 species in Xyleborus, 6 species in Ips, 3 species in Trypodendron, 2 species in Arixyleborus, and 12 species of all different genera including Alinphagous. Scolytidae were intercepted from 16 species of timbers in 13 genera imported from 11 countries. The highest beetles were intercepted from Malaysian lauan. In Platypodidae, 9 species of one genus (Platypus) were intercepted from 6 species of timbers in 4 genera imported from 6 countries including Australia. The highest numbers were intercepted from Malysian lauan. In Bostrychidae, 5 species of 4 genera in two subfamilies were intercepted from 6 species of timbers in 4 genera imported from four countries. In Lyctidae, Trogoxylon sp., Minthea sp., and Minthea rugicollis were intercepted from 3 species of timbers in 2 genera imported from 3 countries.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.36 no.1
• /
• pp.33-37
• /
• 1977

The secular trends and seasonal variation of the prices of imported lauan sawtimber, domestic red pine logs and sawtimber have been analyzed to find out the features and origins of price fluctuation in Korea for the period of 1961~1971. The results may be summarized as follows: 1. The relative prices of red pine logs were raised by 1.23 percent per year, and those of red pine and lauan sawtimber were decreased by 0.10 and 0.93 percent, respectively through the period. As a whole, there is a tendency in the country that timber prices were gradually decreased by lowing timber demand through savings in consumption and exploitation of alternative materials, with the increased supply through continuous log import. 2. There is also a tendency that the seasonal variation reduced in the last 15 years. In the period of 1961~1968, the seasonal price indices were peaked in spring and autumn, but thereafter peaked in spring and dropped down until winter. 3. In secular and seasonal variations of timber prices, the trend of sawtimber prices was dependent upon that of log prices but the fluctuation was larger in log prices.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
• /
• v.4
• /
• pp.163-168
• /
• 1986

This study was carried out to compare the conditions of Korean and Japanese forestry. Two countries were appeared same trend in forestry condition, so our forestry in future can be estimated with compared Japanese forestry, but the results obtained are as follows ; 1) The average forest area per capita of the world, Japan and Korea are 0.9, 0.23 and 0.16 ha, respectively, this means that Korean forest area is not sufficient. The growing stock of forest per capita is $22.5m^3$ in Japan and $3.9m^3$ in Korea, but timber consumptions per capita are $1m^3$ in Japan and $0.2m^3$ in Korea. Those mean that both countries have not a plentiful resource of forestry. 2) The forestry production activity becomes gradually stagnation. Both in Korea and Japan, the reforestation and stumpage felling area show gradually decreasing tendency, the artificial forest ratio of total forest area is, at present, 28% in Korea and 40% in Japan. 3) In forestry demand aspect, the ratio of imported timber is 79% in Korea and 62.4% in Japan. Because the price index of timber is lower than the general price index, the dullness of forestry-related industries is expected in future. 4) The forestry labour supply has gradually difficulty because of the reduction in farming labour. 5) The managements of national forests show deficit operation, at present, both in Korea and Japan. The results above mentioned are derived form the poor forest resources, therefore, it is considered that rather more and continuous investment is necessary, but also forestry should be invested in the territorial conservation aspect.

• Proceeding of Spring/Autumn Annual Conference of KHA
• /
• 2008.04a
• /
• pp.151-155
• /
• 2008

Modernization of cities and housing in Malaysia is the history of the establishment of international trading ports due to worldwide maritime trade and exchange. In cosmopolitan cities, new housing typology appeared from the influence of various ethnic immigrants and with the fusion of traditional Malaysian housing characteristics. This study is focus on classifying the representative housing typology of Malaysia produced through the Modernizaiton of cities. Through reference review and field study, Malaysian Modern housing can be classified into 2 categories. The first one is the transformation of traditional housing. Representative typology is shophouse. Shophouses were imported from the South Coast of China and transformed into Malaysian urban housing. And the other typology is bugalow. Bugalow is the result of the fusion of traditional timber house and Western palazzo. Secondly is urban housing typology. Modern urbanization required maximum utilization of land and new typologies in the form of multi-story apartments, flats and terrace house were developed to accomodate new needs. In the sub-urban areas, the English terrace houses typology was adopted which is based on the British system of land sub-division. And nowdays luxurious housing typology, condominium is one of the popular housing for medium and high society.

• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
• /
• v.13 no.3
• /
• pp.115-121
• /
• 2011

Incheon Port has many advantages for import of log and timber for furniture. More than 50% of lumber which was imported is through Incheon Port. However, most companies move and set up their business by taking lease of workshop. Because of expensive cost of transportation, it is suggested to construct a lumber Industrial district in the North Port in Incheon. By researching the national plans about the North Port and Incheon Ports, an adequate acquaintance of lumber industry in Incheon has been realized. ills study conducted the economic effect analysis for lumber industry clustering and the necessity of cluster composition is derived. Then effectiveness analysis for lumber industry cluster composition is sequentially operated.